The Cacua[5][4][6] language, also known as Kakua[7] or Kakwa, is an indigenous language spoken by a few hundred people in Colombia and Brazil. There are many monolinguals, especially children.[5] Apart from being close to or a dialect of Nukak, its classification is uncertain.
The language is spoken by indigenous American Cacua [Kakua] people that live in Colombian and Brazilian[6] interfluvial tropical forests higher than 200 metres (660 ft) in elevation. The people have traditional livelihoods such as nomadic hunting-gathering and swidden agriculture.[8] There are some non-native speakers of Cacua that are predominantly missionary workers. Their presence has resulted in the translation of religious Christian texts, notably the Christian Bible.[9]
Distributionedit
The speakers are located in Wacara (In Cacua: Wacará) which is 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Mitu (In Cacua and Spanish: Mitú) in the lower Vaupes Region.[5] (In Spanish: Departamento del Vaupés). A second Kakua settlement is "Nuevo Pueblo" (New Town), which is an inland forest village between the Vaupés and the Papurí rivers.[1]
Classificationedit
There are two dialects: Vaupés Cacua and Macú-Paraná Cacua. Cacua is mutually intelligible with Nukak,[5] and is considered a dialect of the latter by Martins (1999). See that article for further classification.
Other names for this language include: Bára, Cakua, Kákwa, Macu de Cubeo, Macu de Desano, Macu de Guanano, Macú-Paraná, Wacara.[5]
Phonologyedit
Kakwa has 6 vowels: /a, e, i, ɨ, o, u/.[10] The /o/ sound occurs only marginally in the Wacara dialect, while being attested for the Nuevo Pueblo dialect. In nasal contexts only five vowels can occur.[1]
Nasalization in Kakwa is a prosodic property of the morpheme that affects all segments within each morpheme except voiceless stops and glottalized palatal glide in initial position. Each morpheme is either completely nasal or completely oral.[1]
Kakwa is a tonal language and displays 3 contrastive phonological tones: Rising (LH), falling] (HL), and low (L).[1]
Grammaredit
The language uses both subject-object-verb and object-verb-subject word order.[5]
Bilingualism and literacyedit
Reports gathered by SIL in 1982 stated that many speakers are monolingual, particularly children.[1] Another promising aspect is that even though literacy is low by international standards, it is higher in the aboriginal language, at around 10%, compared to 5% in Spanish, the opposite situation of most indigenous languages of the Americas.[5] Cacua uses a Latin alphabet.[5]
Sample textedit
Ded pah jwiít jwĩ jwíih cãac cha pahatji naáwát[11]
^Fabre, Alain (2015). "PUINAVE-MAKU" (PDF). Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
^Eberhard, David M.; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fenni, eds. (2020). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (Twenty-third ed.). Dallas: SIL International. Retrieved 2020-06-30. Puinavean
^ ab"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: cbv". ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International. Retrieved 2017-07-03. Name: Cacua
^ abcdefghLewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2015). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (Eighteenth ed.). Dallas: SIL International. Retrieved 2020-06-30. Cacua
^Cathcart, Marilyn (1973). "Cacua" (PDF). Aspectos de la cultura material de grupos étnicos de Colombia. Vol. I. Lomalinda: Townsend. pp. 101–123.
^. Kids Ministry International. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Cacua language
^"SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
^Ded pah jwiít jwĩ jw... 1997 (in Cacua), Ethnologue
Phonology and grammar
Bolaños Quiñónez, Katherine Elizabeth (2010). Kakua phonology: first approach (Masters thesis). University of Texas at Austin. hdl:2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2485.
Bolaños Quiñonez, Katherine Elizabeth (2016). A grammar of Kakua (PhD thesis). Universiteit van Amsterdam. hdl:11245/1.541978.
External linksedit
Colombian Languages Collection of Katherine Bolaños Quiñonez at the Archive of the indigenous Languages of Latin America. Contains 43 archival recordings of over 1 hour of spoken Kakwa.
October 27, 2023
kakwa, language, kakwa, dialect, south, sudan, africa, cacua, language, also, known, kakua, kakwa, indigenous, language, spoken, hundred, people, colombia, brazil, there, many, monolinguals, especially, children, apart, from, being, close, dialect, nukak, clas. For the Kakwa dialect of South Sudan see Kakwa language Africa The Cacua 5 4 6 language also known as Kakua 7 or Kakwa is an indigenous language spoken by a few hundred people in Colombia and Brazil There are many monolinguals especially children 5 Apart from being close to or a dialect of Nukak its classification is uncertain CacuaKakua KakwaNative toColombia Vaupes Brazil Amazonas Native speakers250 2015 1 Language familyPuinave Maku 2 3 Northwestern Puinave MakuNukak KakwaCacuaWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code cbv class extiw title iso639 3 cbv cbv a Cacua 4 Glottologcacu1241ELPKakua Contents 1 Overview 2 Distribution 3 Classification 4 Phonology 5 Grammar 6 Bilingualism and literacy 7 Sample text 8 References 9 External linksOverview editThe language is spoken by indigenous American Cacua Kakua people that live in Colombian and Brazilian 6 interfluvial tropical forests higher than 200 metres 660 ft in elevation The people have traditional livelihoods such as nomadic hunting gathering and swidden agriculture 8 There are some non native speakers of Cacua that are predominantly missionary workers Their presence has resulted in the translation of religious Christian texts notably the Christian Bible 9 Distribution editThe speakers are located in Wacara In Cacua Wacara which is 30 kilometres 19 mi from Mitu In Cacua and Spanish Mitu in the lower Vaupes Region 5 In Spanish Departamento del Vaupes A second Kakua settlement is Nuevo Pueblo New Town which is an inland forest village between the Vaupes and the Papuri rivers 1 Classification editThere are two dialects Vaupes Cacua and Macu Parana Cacua Cacua is mutually intelligible with Nukak 5 and is considered a dialect of the latter by Martins 1999 See that article for further classification Other names for this language include Bara Cakua Kakwa Macu de Cubeo Macu de Desano Macu de Guanano Macu Parana Wacara 5 Phonology editKakwa has 6 vowels a e i ɨ o u 10 The o sound occurs only marginally in the Wacara dialect while being attested for the Nuevo Pueblo dialect In nasal contexts only five vowels can occur 1 Kakwa has seventeen consonants Consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalStop voiceless p t t ʃ k ʔvoiced b d gcreaky voice b d ɡ Fricative f hNasal m n ɲApproximant plain j wcreaky voice j w Nasalization in Kakwa is a prosodic property of the morpheme that affects all segments within each morpheme except voiceless stops and glottalized palatal glide in initial position Each morpheme is either completely nasal or completely oral 1 Kakwa is a tonal language and displays 3 contrastive phonological tones Rising LH falling HL and low L 1 Grammar editThe language uses both subject object verb and object verb subject word order 5 Bilingualism and literacy editReports gathered by SIL in 1982 stated that many speakers are monolingual particularly children 1 Another promising aspect is that even though literacy is low by international standards it is higher in the aboriginal language at around 10 compared to 5 in Spanish the opposite situation of most indigenous languages of the Americas 5 Cacua uses a Latin alphabet 5 Sample text editDed pah jwiit jwĩ jwiih caac cha pahatji naawat 11 References edit a b c d e f Bolanos Katherine 2016 A Grammar of Kakua Utrecht LOT ISBN 978 94 6093 215 1 Fabre Alain 2015 PUINAVE MAKU PDF Diccionario etnolinguistico y guia bibliografica de los pueblos indigenas sudamericanos Retrieved 2020 06 30 Eberhard David M Gary F Simons Charles D Fenni eds 2020 Ethnologue Languages of the World Twenty third ed Dallas SIL International Retrieved 2020 06 30 Puinavean a b Documentation for ISO 639 identifier cbv ISO 639 3 Registration Authority SIL International Retrieved 2017 07 03 Name Cacua a b c d e f g h Lewis M Paul Gary F Simons Charles D Fennig eds 2015 Ethnologue Languages of the World Eighteenth ed Dallas SIL International Retrieved 2020 06 30 Cacua a b Cacua entry Global Recordings Hammarstrom Harald Forke Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian eds 2020 Kakua Glottolog 4 3 Cathcart Marilyn 1973 Cacua PDF Aspectos de la cultura material de grupos etnicos de Colombia Vol I Lomalinda Townsend pp 101 123 Bogota Explosion Kids Ministry International Archived from the original on 2007 10 22 Cacua language SAPhon South American Phonological Inventories linguistics berkeley edu Retrieved 2018 08 09 Ded pah jwiit jwĩ jw 1997 in Cacua Ethnologue Phonology and grammarBolanos Quinonez Katherine Elizabeth 2010 Kakua phonology first approach Masters thesis University of Texas at Austin hdl 2152 ETD UT 2010 12 2485 Bolanos Quinonez Katherine Elizabeth 2016 A grammar of Kakua PhD thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam hdl 11245 1 541978 External links editColombian Languages Collection of Katherine Bolanos Quinonez at the Archive of the indigenous Languages of Latin America Contains 43 archival recordings of over 1 hour of spoken Kakwa Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kakwa language amp oldid 1144989172, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
