Juneteenth

For other uses, see Juneteenth (disambiguation).

Juneteenth (officially Juneteenth National Independence Day) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the end of slavery. Its name is a combination of the words "June" and "nineteenth", as it is celebrated on the anniversary of June 19, 1865, when as the American Civil War was ending, Major General Gordon Granger ordered the final enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas.^[8][9] Originating in Galveston, Juneteenth has since been observed annually in various parts of the United States, often broadly celebrating African-American culture.

Juneteenth
Juneteenth festival in Milwaukee, 2019
Official name	Juneteenth National Independence Day
Also called	Jubilee Day^[1] Emancipation Day (Texas)^[2]^[3] Freedom Day Black Independence Day^[4]
Observed by	United States
Type	Federal
Significance	Emancipation of enslaved people in the United States
Celebrations	Festivals, partying, parades, church services
Observances	African-American history, culture, and progress
Date	June 19^[a]
Frequency	Annually
First time	June 19, 1866 (celebration) June 19, 2021 (federal holiday)^[b]
Started by	Early celebrations were held by Christian churches and the Freedmen's Bureau
Related to	Emancipation Day Honor America Days

Early celebrations date back to 1866, at first involving church-centered community gatherings in Texas. They spread across the South and became more commercialized in the 1920s and 1930s, often centering on a food festival. Participants in the Great Migration brought these celebrations to the rest of the country. During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, these celebrations were eclipsed by the nonviolent determination to achieve civil rights, but grew in popularity again in the 1970s with a focus on African-American freedom and African-American arts. Beginning with Texas by proclamation in 1938, and by legislation in 1979, every U.S. state and the District of Columbia has formally recognized the holiday in some way. Juneteenth is also celebrated by the Mascogos, descendants of Black Seminoles who escaped from slavery in 1852 and settled in Coahuila, Mexico.

The day was recognized as a federal holiday in 2021, when President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law. Juneteenth became the first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was adopted in 1983.^[10]

Celebrations and traditions

What Is Juneteenth?, a 2020 video by the House Democratic Caucus

 

Traditional African dance and music performed for Juneteenth, 2019

The holiday is considered the "longest-running African-American holiday"^[11] and has been called "America's second Independence Day."^[12][13] Juneteenth falls on June 19 and has often been celebrated on the third Saturday in June. Historian Mitch Kachun considers that celebrations of the end of slavery have three goals: "to celebrate, to educate, and to agitate".^[14]

Early celebrations consisted of baseball, fishing, and rodeos. African Americans were often prohibited from using public facilities for their celebrations, so they were often held at churches or near water. Celebrations were characterized by elaborate large meals and people wearing their best clothing.^[11] It was common for formerly enslaved people and their descendants to make a pilgrimage to Galveston.^[15] As early festivals received news coverage, Janice Hume and Noah Arceneaux consider that they "served to assimilate African-American memories within the dominant 'American story'".^[16]

Observance today is primarily in local celebrations.^[17] In many places, Juneteenth has become a multicultural holiday.^[18] Traditions include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation which promised freedom, singing traditional songs such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and reading of works by noted African-American writers, such as Ralph Ellison and Maya Angelou.^[17] Celebrations include picnics, rodeos, street fairs, cookouts, family reunions, park parties, historical reenactments, blues festivals, and Miss Juneteenth contests.^{[11][15][19][20][21]} Red food and drinks are traditional during the celebrations, including red velvet cake and strawberry soda, with red meant to represent resilience and joy.^[20][15][22]

Juneteenth celebrations often include lectures and exhibitions on African-American culture.^[14] The modern holiday places much emphasis on teaching about African-American heritage. Karen M. Thomas wrote in Emerge that "community leaders have latched on to [Juneteenth] to help instill a sense of heritage and pride in black youth". Celebrations are commonly accompanied by voter registration efforts, the performing of plays, and retelling stories.^[23] The holiday is also a celebration of soul food and other food with African-American influences. In Tourism Review International, Anne Donovan and Karen DeBres write that "Barbecue is the centerpiece of most Juneteenth celebrations".^[24] Major news networks now host specials and marathons on national outlets featuring prominent Black voices.^[25]

Many other countries celebrate Emancipation Day on August 1, and a few on other dates. The people of Nacimiento in Mexico hold a festival and reunion, known as el Día de los Negros on June 19.^[26][27][28] Since 2021, the United Nations has designated August 31 as the International Day for People of African Descent. ^[29]

History

 

Abolition of slavery in the United States in the Civil War period (the blues and darker greens in the above map occurred before the civil war period):

  Exclusion of slavery by Congressional action, 1861

  Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862

  Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, 1 Jan 1863

  Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863

  Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War

  Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864

  Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865

  Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, 18 Dec 1865

  Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment

 

Areas covered by the Emancipation Proclamation are in red. Slave-holding areas not covered are in blue.

On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln announced that the Emancipation Proclamation would go into effect on January 1, 1863, promising freedom to enslaved people in all of the rebellious parts of Southern states of the Confederacy including Texas.^{[30][31][c][d]} Enforcement of the Proclamation generally relied upon the advance of Union troops. Texas, as the most remote state of the former Confederacy, had seen an expansion of slavery because the presence of Union troops was low as the American Civil War ended; thus, the enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation had been slow and inconsistent there prior to Granger's order.^[9]

Early history

The Civil War and celebrations of emancipation

Further information: Slave states and free states

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), emancipation came at different times in different parts of the Southern United States. Large celebrations of emancipation, often called Jubilees (recalling the biblical Jubilee, in which enslaved people were freed), took place on September 22, January 1, July 4, August 1, April 6, and November 1, among other dates. When emancipation finally came to Texas, on June 19, 1865, as the southern rebellion collapsed, celebration was widespread.^[34] While that date did not actually mark the unequivocal end of slavery, even in Texas, June 19 came to be a day of shared commemoration across the United States – created, preserved, and spread by ordinary African Americans – of slavery's wartime demise.^[9]

End of slavery in Texas

Further information: Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in the midst of the Civil War on September 22, 1862, declaring that if the rebels did not end the fighting and rejoin the Union, all enslaved people in the Confederacy would be freed on the first day of the following year.^[35] On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that all enslaved people in the Confederate States of America in rebellion and not in Union hands were freed.^[35][c]

More isolated geographically, planters and other slaveholders had migrated into Texas from eastern states to escape the fighting, and many brought enslaved people with them, increasing by the thousands the enslaved population in the state at the end of the Civil War.^[9] Although most lived in rural areas, more than 1,000 resided in Galveston or Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns.^[36] By 1865, there were an estimated 250,000 enslaved people in Texas.^[9][8]

Despite the surrender of Confederate General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, the western Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi did not surrender until June 2.^[9] On the morning of June 19, 1865, Union Major General Gordon Granger arrived on the island of Galveston^[37] to take command of the more than 2,000 federal troops recently landed in the department of Texas to enforce the emancipation of its enslaved population and oversee Reconstruction, nullifying all laws passed within Texas during the war by Confederate lawmakers.^[37][38] The order informed all Texans that, in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all enslaved people were free:

The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere.^[39]

Longstanding urban legend places a historic reading of General Order No. 3 at Ashton Villa; however, no historical evidence supports such claims.^[40] There is no evidence that Granger or any of his troops proclaimed the Ordinance by reading it aloud. All indications are that copies of the Ordinance were posted in public places, including the Negro Church on Broadway, since renamed Reedy Chapel A.M.E. Church.^[41]

On June 21, 2014, the Galveston Historical Foundation and Texas Historical Commission erected a Juneteenth plaque where the Osterman Building once stood signifying the location of Major General Granger's Union Headquarters believed to be where he issued his general orders.^[42]

Although this event commemorates the end of slavery, emancipation for the remaining enslaved in two Union border states, Delaware and Kentucky, would not come until December 6, 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified.^[43][c][e] The freedom of formerly enslaved people in Texas was given state law status in a series of Texas Supreme Court decisions between 1868 and 1874.^[45]

•  
  Major General Gordon Granger issued General Order No. 3 formally informing Texas residents that slavery had ended.
•  
  General Order No. 3, June 19, 1865

Early Juneteenth celebrations

Formerly enslaved people in Galveston rejoiced after General Order No. 3.^[46] One year later, on June 19, 1866, freedmen in Texas organized the first of what became annual commemorations of "Jubilee Day".^[39] Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed African Americans.^[47] Other independence observances occurred on January 1 or 4.^[48]

In some cities, Black people were barred from using public parks because of state-sponsored segregation of facilities. Across parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land to hold their celebrations.^[9][39] The day was first celebrated in Austin in 1867 under the auspices of the Freedmen's Bureau, and it had been listed on a "calendar of public events" by 1872.^[43] That year, Black leaders in Texas raised $1,000 for the purchase of 10 acres (4 ha) of land, today known as Houston's Emancipation Park, to celebrate Juneteenth.^[49]

The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas. In Limestone County, an estimated 30,000 Black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations.^[43][11] The Black community began using the word Juneteenth for Jubilee Day early in the 1890s.^[8] The Current Issue, a Texas periodical, used the word as early as 1909,^[50] and that year a book on San Antonio remarked, with condescension, on "June 'teenth'".^[51]

Decline of celebrations during the Jim Crow era

In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised Black people, excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passed Jim Crow laws imposing second-class status.^[52] Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because "upwardly mobile blacks ... were ashamed of their slave past and aspired to assimilate into mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school ... and other pursuits." Others who migrated to the Northern United States could not take time off or simply dropped the celebration.^[11]

The Great Depression forced many Black people off farms and into the cities to find work, where they had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, the Texas State Fair served as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Governor of Texas James Allred issued a proclamation stating in part:^[53]

Whereas, the Negroes in the State of Texas observe June 19 as the official day for the celebration of Emancipation from slavery; and

Whereas, June 19, 1865, was the date when General [Gordon] Granger, who had command of the Military District of Texas, issued a proclamation notifying the Negroes of Texas that they were free; and

Whereas, since that time, Texas Negroes have observed this day with suitable holiday ceremony, except during such years when the day comes on a Sunday; when the Governor of the State is asked to proclaim the following day as the holiday for State observance by Negroes; and

Whereas, June 19, 1938, this year falls on Sunday; NOW, THEREFORE, I, JAMES V. ALLRED, Governor of the State of Texas, do set aside and proclaim the day of June 20, 1938, as the date for observance of EMANCIPATION DAY

in Texas, and do urge all members of the Negro race in Texas to observe the day in a manner appropriate to its importance to them.

Seventy thousand people attended a "Juneteenth Jamboree" in 1951.^[53] From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of the Great Migration, more than five million Black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historian Isabel Wilkerson writes, "The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles, Oakland, Seattle, and other places they went."^[54] In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by a migrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.^[55]

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement focused the attention of African Americans on expanding freedom and integrating. As a result, observations of the holiday declined again, though it was still celebrated in Texas.^[47][48]

•  
  Band performing in Texas for Emancipation Day, 1900
•  
  Celebration of Emancipation Day in 1900, Texas
•  
  Emancipation Day celebration in Richmond, Virginia, 1905

Revival of celebrations

1960s–1980s

 

Flyer for a 1980 Juneteenth celebration at the Seattle Center

Juneteenth soon saw a revival as Black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. In Atlanta, some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968 Poor People's Campaign to Washington, DC, called by Rev. Ralph Abernathy, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference made June 19 the "Solidarity Day of the Poor People’s Campaign".^[43][55] In the subsequent revival, large celebrations in Minneapolis and Milwaukee emerged, ^[15] as well as across the Eastern United States.^[56]

In 1974, Houston began holding large-scale celebrations again,^[8] and Fort Worth, Texas, followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year.^[47] The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees.^[56] In 1979, the Texas Legislature made the occasion a state holiday.^[57] In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.^[8]

Prayer breakfast and commemorative celebrations

 

Al Edwards statue

In 1979, Democratic State Representative Al Edwards of Houston successfully sponsored legislation to make Juneteenth a paid Texas state holiday. The same year, he hosted the inaugural Al Edwards prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration on the grounds of the 1859 home, Ashton Villa. As one of the few existing buildings from the Civil War era and popular in local myth and legend as the location of Major General Granger's order, Edwards's annual celebration includes a local historian dressed as the Union general^[58] reading General Order No. 3 from the second-story balcony of the home. The Emancipation Proclamation is also read and speeches are made.^[59][60] Representative Al Edwards died of natural causes April 29, 2020, at the age of 83,^[61] but the annual prayer breakfast and commemorative celebration continued at Ashton Villa, with the late legislator's son Jason Edwards speaking in his father's place.^[62][63]

Official statewide recognitions

In the late 1970s, when the Texas Legislature declared Juneteenth a "holiday of significance ... particularly to the blacks of Texas,"^[48] it became the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday.^[64] The bill passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January 1, 1980. Before 2000, three more U.S. states officially observed the day, and over the next two decades it was recognized as an official observance in all states, except South Dakota, until becoming a federal holiday.^[4]

Juneteenth in pop culture and the mass media

Since the 1980s and 1990s, the holiday has been more widely celebrated among African-American communities and has seen increasing mainstream attention in the US.^[11][65] In 1991, there was an exhibition by the Anacostia Community Museum (part of the Smithsonian Institution) called "Juneteenth '91, Freedom Revisited."^[15] In 1994, a group of community leaders gathered at Christian Unity Baptist Church in New Orleans to work for greater national celebration of Juneteenth.^[11][65] Expatriates have celebrated it in cities abroad, such as Paris.^[19] Some US military bases in other countries sponsor celebrations, in addition to those of private groups.^[19][66] In 1999, Ralph Ellison's novel Juneteenth was published, increasing recognition of the holiday.^[67] By 2006, at least 200 cities celebrated the day.^[15]

In 1997, activist Ben Haith created the Juneteenth flag, which was further refined by illustrator Lisa Jeanne Graf. In 2000, the flag was first hoisted at the Roxbury Heritage State Park in Boston by Haith. The star at the center represents Texas and the extension of freedom for all African Americans throughout the whole nation. The burst around the star represents a nova and the red curve represents a horizon, standing for a new era for African Americans. The red, white, and blue colors represent the American flag, which shows that African Americans and their enslaved ancestors are Americans, and the national belief in liberty and justice for all citizens.^[68][69]

The holiday gained mainstream awareness outside African-American communities through depictions in media, such as episodes of TV series Atlanta (2016)^[70] and Black-ish (2017),^[71] the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday by Aloe Blacc, The Roots,^[72] and Fonzworth Bentley.^[73][74] In 2018, Apple added Juneteenth to its calendars in iOS under official U.S. holidays.^[75] Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other ways, such as a moment of silence.^[76][77]

In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions, including Twitter, the National Football League, Nike, began treating Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers,^[78] and Google Calendar added Juneteenth to its U.S. Holidays calendar.^[79] Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth,^[80][81] either as a "day of reflection" or as a university holiday with paid time off for faculty and staff.^[81]

The 2020 mother-daughter film on the holiday's pageant culture, Miss Juneteenth, celebrates African-American women who are "determined to stand on their own," while a resourceful mother is "getting past a sexist tendency in her community to keep women in their place."^[82]

Becoming a federal holiday

 

President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law, June 17, 2021

In 1996, the first federal legislation to recognize "Juneteenth Independence Day" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, H.J. Res. 195, sponsored by Barbara-Rose Collins (D-MI). In 1997, Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint Resolution 11 and House Joint Resolution 56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Resolution 175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage), who "successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth Independence Day", and the continued leadership of the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation.^[83]

In the 2000s and 2010s, activists continued a long process to push Congress towards official recognition of Juneteenth.^[84] Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation sought a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of observance.^[9] By 2016, 45 states were recognizing the occasion.^[57] Activist Opal Lee, often referred to as the "grandmother of Juneteenth",^[85] campaigned for decades to make Juneteenth a federal holiday, leading walks in many states to promote the idea.^[86] In 2016–17 at the age of 89, she led a symbolic walk from Fort Worth, Texas to Washington D.C. to advocate for the federal holiday.^[57][87] When it was officially made a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, she was standing beside President Joe Biden as he signed the bill.^[86]

Juneteenth became one of five date-specific federal holidays along with New Year's Day (January 1), Independence Day (July 4), Veterans Day (November 11), and Christmas Day (December 25). Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was declared a holiday in 1986.^[88][89][90] Juneteenth also falls within the statutory Honor America Days period, which lasts for 21 days from Flag Day (June 14) to Independence Day (July 4).

Legal observance

State and local

 

Adoption of Juneteenth as a commemoration or holiday in the US by states, in the years before the federal holiday in 2021

  Recognized before 2000

  Recognized between 2000 and 2009

  Recognized between 2010 and 2021

As of 2023, 24 of these states and the District of Columbia have also made it a paid holiday for state or district workers. Federal government employees in all states are covered by the federal holiday.

Texas was the first state to recognize the date by enacted law, in 1980. By 2002, eight states officially recognized Juneteenth^[91] and four years later 15 states recognized the holiday.^[48] By 2008, just over half of the states recognized Juneteenth in some way.^[92] By 2019, 47 states and the District of Columbia recognized Juneteenth,^[93] although as of 2020 only Texas had adopted the holiday as a paid holiday for state employees.^[94]

In June 2019, Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Wolf recognized Juneteenth as a holiday in the state.^[95] In the yearlong aftermath of the murder of George Floyd that occurred on May 25, 2020, nine states designated Juneteenth a paid holiday,^[96] including New York, Washington, and Virginia.^[97] In 2020, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker issued a proclamation that the day would be marked as "Juneteenth Independence Day". This followed the filing of bills by both the House and Senate to make Juneteenth a state holiday. Baker did not comment on these bills specifically but promised to grant the observance of Juneteenth greater importance.^[98] On June 16, 2021, Illinois adopted a law changing its ceremonial holiday to a paid state holiday.^[99]

Some cities and counties have also recognized Juneteenth through proclamation. In 2020, Juneteenth was formally recognized by New York City (as an annual official city holiday and public school holiday, starting in 2021).^[100][101] Cook County, Illinois, adopted an ordinance to make Juneteenth a paid county holiday.^[102] The City and County of Honolulu recognizes it as an "annual day of honor and reflection",^[103] and Portland, Oregon (as a day of remembrance and action and a paid holiday for city employees).^[104]

North Dakota approved recognition of Juneteenth as a state-recognized annual holiday on April 13, 2021,^[105] with Hawaii becoming the 49th state to recognize the holiday on June 16, 2021.^{[f][106][107]} On June 16, 2020, South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem proclaimed that the following June 19, 2020 was to be Juneteenth Day for that year only, spurning calls for it to be recognized annually, rather than just for 2020.^[108] In February 2022, South Dakota became the last state to recognize Juneteenth as an annual state holiday or observance.^[109] Its law provided for following the federal law even before it was official.^[110] On May 2, 2022, Colorado Governor Jared Polis signed a bill changing the state's ceremonial observance to a state holiday and it is now the 11th state holiday in Colorado.^[111]

As of May 30, 2023, 24 states and the District of Columbia have made Juneteenth a paid holiday for state employees, with the remainder maintaining a ceremonial observance (New Mexico's personnel board declared it a paid worker holiday, although it is not a statutory holiday in New Mexico):^[112]

States and Juneteenth paid holiday

State or insular area	First official observance	Paid state holiday adopted	Notes
California	2003	2022
Colorado	2004	2022
Connecticut	2003	2023
Delaware	2000	2021^[113]
District of Columbia	2003	2021
Georgia	2011	2022
Idaho	2001	2021
Illinois	2003	2021
Louisiana	2003	2021^[114]
Maine	2011	2021^[115]
Maryland	2014	2022
Massachusetts	2007	2022
Minnesota	1996	2023^[116]
Missouri	2003	2022
Nebraska	2009	2022
Nevada	2011	2022
New Jersey	2004	2020^[117]	Observed on the third Friday in June
New Mexico	2006	2022
New York	2004	2020^[118]
Ohio	2006	2021
Oregon	2001	2021
South Dakota	2021	2022
Tennessee	2007	2023
Texas	1939	1980
Utah	2016	2022
Virginia	2007	2020^[119]
Washington	2007	2021

National

Juneteenth National Independence Day Act

Long title	An Act to amend title 5, United States Code, to designate Juneteenth National Independence Day as a legal public holiday.
Enacted by	the 117th United States Congress
Effective	June 17, 2021
Citations
Public law	Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 117–17 (text) (PDF)
Statutes at Large	135 Stat. 287
Codification
Titles amended	Title 5—Government Organization and Employees
U.S.C. sections amended	5 U.S.C. § 6103
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 475 by Ed Markey (D–MA) on February 25, 2021 Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary Passed the Senate on June 15, 2021 (unanimous consent) Passed the House on June 16, 2021 (415–14) Signed into law by President Joe Biden on June 17, 2021

Juneteenth is a federal holiday in the United States. For decades, activists and congress members (led by many African Americans) proposed legislation, advocated for, and built support for state and national observances. During his campaign for president in June 2020, Joe Biden publicly celebrated the holiday.^[120] President Donald Trump, during his campaign for reelection, added making the day a national holiday part of his "Platinum Plan for Black America".^[121] Spurred on by Opal Lee, the racial justice movement and the Congressional Black Caucus, on June 15, 2021, the Senate unanimously passed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act,^[122] establishing Juneteenth as a federal holiday. It passed through the House of Representatives by a 415–14 vote on June 16.^[123][124]

President Joe Biden signed the bill (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 117–17 (text) (PDF))^[125][126] on June 17, 2021, making Juneteenth the eleventh American federal holiday and the first to obtain legal observance as a federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was designated in 1983.^{[127][89][90]} According to the bill, federal government employees will now get to take the day off every year on June 19, or should the date fall on a Saturday or Sunday, they will get the Friday or Monday closest to the Saturday or Sunday on which the date falls.^[128]

See also

•  Civil rights movement portal
•  United States portal
•  Holidays portal

• History of African Americans in Texas
• Independence Day (United States)
• List of African-American holidays
• Negro Election Day
• Public holidays in the United States

Explanatory notes

1. The holiday name is a portmanteau of June and nineteenth.^[5][6]
2. First observed on Federal calendars on Friday, June 18, 2021, then Monday, June 20, 2022, per Federal law (5 U.S.C. § 6103), establishing that holidays falling on a Saturday or Sunday are observed on the Friday prior (if the holiday falls on Saturday) or the Monday following (if the holiday falls on Sunday).^[7]
3. Enslaved people in Union hands had not been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation due to the limited scope of presidential "war powers". See Emancipation Proclamation#Coverage for more information.
4. Although the Emancipation Proclamation declared an end to slavery in the Confederate States, it did not end slavery in the places that were then deemed loyal to the Union (the border states, nor in certain counties or parishes of Louisiana and Virginia). Freedom there generally came through other methods before the end of the war. But as a result, for a short while after the fall of the Confederacy, slavery remained legal in Delaware and Kentucky.^[32][33] Those enslaved people were not freed until the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished chattel slavery nationwide, on December 6, 1865.
5. Unlike in Texas, where slavery grew during the war, in Kentucky, due largely to Union military measures and escapes to Union lines, the number of those enslaved fell by over 70%.^[44]
6. In June of 2020, Hawaii's first African-American Miss Hawaii USA, Samantha Neyland, founded Hawaii for Juneteenth, a coalition and grassroots movement. Hawaii for Juneteenth lobbied the Hawaii State Legislature into successfully passing SB939, introduced by Senator Glenn Wakai and signed into law by Governor David Ige on June 16, 2021.

Citations

1. "Cel-Liberation Style! Fourth Annual Juneteenth Day Kicks off June 19". Milwaukee Star. June 12, 1975. from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
2. Silva, Daniella (June 16, 2020). "What to know about Juneteenth, the emancipation holiday". NBC News. from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
3. Davis, Kenneth C. (June 15, 2011). "Juneteenth: Our Other Independence Day". Smithsonian. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
4. Smith, Erin M. (July 1, 2022). Juneteenth: Fact Sheet (CRS Report R44865) (Report). Version 26. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
5. . Black Voice News. June 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012.
6. Gulevich, Tanya (2003). Encyclopedia of Christmas and New Year's Celebrations. Omnigraphics. pp. 188–211. ISBN 9780780806252.
7. "Federal Holidays". U.S. Office of Personnel Management. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
8. Garrett-Scott, Shennette (2013). ""When Peace Come": Teaching the Significance of Juneteenth". Black History Bulletin. 76 (2): 19–25. doi:10.1353/bhb.2013.0015. JSTOR 24759690. S2CID 245657706.
9. Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (January 16, 2013). "What Is Juneteenth?". PBS. from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
10. "President Biden Signs the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act Into Law". YouTube. June 17, 2021. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021.
11. Knight 2011.
12. "The Historical Legacy of Juneteenth". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Smithsonian.com. from the original on June 18, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
13. . History and Culture Explainer. National Geographic. June 12, 2023. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
14. Hume & Arceneaux 2008, p. 156.
15. Jaynes 2005.
16. Hume & Arceneaux 2008, p. 159.
17. Taylor, 2002. pp. 28–29.
18. Hume & Arceneaux 2008, p. 158.
19. Moskin, Julie (June 18, 2004). "Late to Freedom's Party, Texans Spread Word of Black Holiday". The New York Times. from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
20. Taylor, Nicole (June 13, 2017). "Hot Links and Red Drinks: The Rich Food Tradition of Juneteenth". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
21. Acosta, Teresa Palomo (June 15, 2010). "Juneteenth". Texas Historical Society. from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
22. Amen, Sunyatta (June 10, 2022). "For Juneteenth, this hibiscus red drink is steeped in history". Washington Post. from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
23. Thomas, Karen M. (June 1993). "Texas: Juneteenth Day". Emerge. Vol. 8, no. 4. p. 31.
24. Donovan, Anne; DeBres, Karen (2006). "Foods of Freedom: Juneteenth as a Culinary Tourist Attraction". Tourism Review International. Putnam Valley, New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation. 9 (4): 379–389. doi:10.3727/154427206776330562.
25. "How and where to celebrate Juneteenth 2023 across the U.S. this holiday weekend - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. June 16, 2023. from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
26. Ferguson, Wes (June 19, 2019). "Why This Mexican Village Celebrates Juneteenth". Texas Monthly. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
27. "Black Kos, Remember the Mascogos, Afro-Indigenous-Mexican-Americans for Cinco De Mayo". Daily Kos. May 3, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
28. "Mascogos. Siempre listos para partir". El Universal (in Spanish). September 19, 2016. from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017. Sin embargo, la fiesta de la comunidad es el 19 de junio – el Juneteenth Day en Estados Unidos – el día que los esclavos de Galveston, Texas, supieron que eran libres.
29. "Honouring the contributions of the African diaspora". UN.org. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
30. "Our Documents - Emancipation Proclamation (1863)". ourdocuments.gov. April 9, 2021. from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
31. "The Emancipation Proclamation". National Archives Museum. October 6, 2015. from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
32. "10 Facts: The Emancipation Proclamation". American Battlefield Trust. August 9, 2012. from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
33. Taylor, Amy. "The Border States (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
34. "Juneteenth and the Emancipation Proclamation". JSTOR Daily. June 18, 2020. from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
35. "Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862". The National Archives. from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
36. Barr (1996), p. 24.
37. "Serial set (no. 3100-3500)". July 20, 1896 – via Google Books.
38. Brown, DeNeen L. (June 19, 2020). "Juneteenth celebrates 'a moment of indescribable joy': Slavery's end in Texas". The Washington Post. from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
39. "Juneteenth". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
40. Cotham, Ed (June 18, 2014). "Juneteenth: Four myths and one great truth". The Daily News. from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
41. Burnett, John (June 20, 2022). "Four enduring myths about Juneteenth are not based on facts". NPR. from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
42. Rice, Harvey (June 22, 2014). "Galveston unveils long-awaited Juneteenth marker". Houston Chronicle. from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
43. Wynn 2009.
44. Harrison, Lowell H. (Fall 1983). "Slavery in Kentucky: A Civil War Casualty". The Kentucky Review. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky. 5 (1): 38–40.
45. Campbell, Randolph (1984). "The End of Slavery in Texas: A Research Note". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. 88 (1): 71–80. JSTOR 30239840.
46. "It Happened: June 19". Milwaukee Star. Vol. 14, no. 42. June 27, 1974. from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
47. "Juneteenth Adds Continuity to Black Tradition". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. June 13, 1976. p. 100. from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com  .
48. Wilson 2006, p. 239.
49. Mustakeem 2007.
50. "The Current Issue". Louis J. Wortham and John S. Bonner. June 20, 1908. from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023 – via Google Books.
51. "San Antonio: Historical and Modern". Passing Show Publishing Company. June 20, 1909. from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023 – via Google Books.
52. Adams, Luther (2010). Way Up North in Louisville: African American Migration in the Urban South, 1930–1970. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807899434.
53. Wiggins, William H. Jr. (1987). "Juneteenth: A Red Spot Day on the Texas Calendar". In Abernethy, Francis Edward; Govenar, Alan B.; Mullen, Patrick B. (eds.). Juneteenth Texas. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. pp. 237–254. ISBN 1574410180.
54. Wilkerson, Isabel (2010). The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration. New York City: Random House. ISBN 9780679604075. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
55. Blanck, Emily (March 2019). "Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016". Western Historical Quarterly. Logan, Utah: Utah State University. 50 (2): 85–112. doi:10.1093/whq/whz003.
56. Wiggins, William H. (June–July 1993). "Juneteenth: tracking the progress of an emancipation celebration". American Visions. 8 (3).
57. Hochman, David (June/July 2022). "The History of Juneteenth". AARP: The Magazine. p. 70.
58. Reynolds, Jennifer (June 19, 2020). "Juneteenth celebrated in Galveston". The Daily News. from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
59. Evans, Thayer (June 15, 2006). "Galveston to receive Juneteenth statue". Houston Chronicle. from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
60. Rice, Harvey (June 19, 2015). "Houston legislator recalls fight for Juneteenth holiday". Houston Chronicle. from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
61. Scherer, Jasper (April 29, 2020). "Al Edwards, former state rep behind bill that created Juneteenth, dies at 83". Houston Chronicle. from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
62. DeGrood, Matt (June 19, 2020). "Galveston County Juneteenth events give voice to history, even amid pandemic". The Daily News. from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
63. Ferguson, John Wayne (June 19, 2020). "After crises and loss, Juneteenth in Galveston 'feels different'". The Daily News. from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
64. Dingus, Anne (June 2001). "Once a Texas-only holiday marking the end of slavery, Juneteenth is now celebrated nationwide with high spirits and hot barbecue". Texas Monthly. from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
65. Chandler, D.L. (June 19, 2012). "Juneteenth: Celebrating The Early Moments Of Freedom Today". News One (Pakistani TV channel). from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
66. . Juneteenth.com. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2006.
67. Guzzio 1999.
68. Gagosz, Alexa (June 16, 2021). "What does the Juneteenth Flag mean?". The Boston Globe. from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
69. Kaur, Harmeet; Mullery, Will (June 19, 2020). "The Juneteenth flag is full of symbols. Here's what they mean". CNN. from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
70. Ho, Rodney (October 25, 2016). "FX's 'Atlanta' recap ('Juneteenth'): season 1, episode 9". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
71. Framke, Caroline (October 4, 2017). "Black-ish's musical episode about Juneteenth is a pointed lesson on American ignorance". Vox. from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
72. ABC News (October 4, 2017). "I Am A Slave". from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2018 – via YouTube.
73. ABC (October 9, 2017). "We Built This". Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021 – via YouTube.
74. Butler, Berhonie (October 4, 2017). "'Blackish' gives a powerful history lesson – with nods to 'Hamilton' and 'Schoolhouse Rock'". The Washington Post. from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
75. Ciaccia, Chris (February 16, 2018). "Apple's iCal calendar mysteriously deletes Easter". Fox News. from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
76. Dzhanova, Yelena (June 19, 2020). "Here's a running list of all the big companies observing Juneteenth this year". CNBC. from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
77. Duffy, Clare (June 18, 2020). "A growing number of companies are giving employees the day off to celebrate Juneteenth". CNN Business. from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
78. Brooks, Kristopher J. (June 19, 2020). "Starting the trend for making Juneteenth a company holiday". CBS News. from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
79. Vonau, Manuel (June 16, 2020). "Google makes Juneteenth an official Google Calendar holiday". Android Police. from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
80. Anderson, Greta (June 19, 2020). "Growing Recognition of Juneteenth". Inside Higher Ed. from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
81. Ly, Laura (June 20, 2020). "Amid nationwide rallies and celebrations, more cities, states and universities designate Juneteenth as an official holiday". cnn.com. CNN. from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
82. Travers, Peter (June 17, 2020). "'Miss Juneteenth' Review: A Beauty Pageant, in the Eye of the Beholder". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
83. "S.Res.175 – A resolution observing Juneteenth Independence Day, June 19, 1865, the day on which slavery finally came to an end in the United States". United States Congress. June 19, 2013. from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
84. Turner, E.H. (2006). "Juneteenth: The Evolution of an Emancipation Celebration". European Contributions to American Studies. 65: 69–81.
85. David Hochman. "The Grandmother of Juneteenth". AARP Magazine. No. June/July 2022. p. 21.
86. Romo, Vanessa (June 17, 2021). "One Woman's Decades-Long Fight To Make Juneteenth A U.S. Holiday". NPR. from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
87. Jackson, Angelique (June 17, 2021). "Why 94-Year-Old Activist Opal Lee Marched to Make Juneteenth a National Holiday". Variety. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
88. "Juneteenth: US to add federal holiday marking end of slavery". BBC News. June 17, 2021. from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
89. Broadwater, Luke (June 16, 2021). "Bill to Make Juneteenth a Federal Holiday Heads to Biden's Desk". The New York Times. from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
90. "Biden signs into law bill establishing Juneteenth as federal holiday". NBC News. June 17, 2021. from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
91. Dart, Bob (June 19, 2002). "Juneteenth Crossing Nation". The Baltimore Sun. pp. A2. from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com  .
92. Cruz, Gilbert (June 18, 2008). "A Brief History of Juneteenth". Time. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
93. Shabad, Rebecca (June 19, 2020). "Senators propose bill to make Juneteenth a federal holiday". NBC News. from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
94. Stewart, Caleb (June 16, 2020). "Virginia likely to become the 2nd state marking Juneteenth as a state holiday". WHSV. from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
95. "Juneteenth Now A State Holiday In Pennsylvania". CBS Pittsburgh. June 19, 2019. from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
96. "Juneteenth celebrations in the Twin Cities". Minnesota Public Radio. June 19, 2021. from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
97. "Congress approves bill to make Juneteenth a federal holiday". Associated Press. June 16, 2021. from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
98. Reed, Jodi (June 19, 2020). "MA lawmakers declare 'Juneteenth' as state holiday". WWLP.com. from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
99. Petrella, Dan; Yin, Alice (June 16, 2021). "Juneteenth to Become Official State Holiday in Illinois Under Bill Signed into Law by Gov. J.B. Pritzker". Chicago Tribune. from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
100. "New York City declares Juneteenth an official holiday". BBC News. June 19, 2020. from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
101. Troutman, Matt (May 4, 2021). "No More Snow Days: NYC Schools Will Go Remote For Severe Weather". New York City, NY Patch. from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
102. Washington, Kelly (December 22, 2020). "Cook County Recognizes Juneteenth as a Paid Day Off for County Workers". Chicago Defender. from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
103. "Honolulu to officially recognize Juneteenth". KHON2. June 19, 2020. from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
104. Smalstig, Madison (June 16, 2020). "City of Portland will make Juneteenth a paid holiday, day of remembrance". The Oregonian. from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
105. Benth, Morgan (April 13, 2021). "Gov. Burgum signs bill making Juneteenth a holiday in ND". KFYR-TV.com. from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
106. "Hawaiʻi Becomes 49th State to Recognize Juneteenth, Biden Signs Federal Holiday Bill". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. June 17, 2021. from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
107. Yamamoto, Kacie (June 17, 2021). "Gov. David Ige signs bills recognizing Juneteenth, Kalaupapa Month". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. p. B2. from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
108. Kaczke, Lisa; Huber, Makenzie (June 18, 2020). "As Noem issues Juneteenth proclamation, some South Dakotans push for state-recognized holiday". Argus Leader. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
109. US News. "Juneteenth Finally Official State Holiday in South Dakota". from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
110. "South Dakota recognizes Juneteenth holiday for state employees". KELO. June 18, 2021. from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
111. Tassy, Elaine. "Juneteenth is now a Colorado state holiday". Colorado Public Radio. from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
112. Galena, Devon (May 30, 2023). Juneteenth Fact Sheet (update 27) (Report) (27 ed.). Congressional Research Service.
113. McAneny, D. J. (October 27, 2021). "Carney signs law declaring June 19th a state holiday before 'Grandmother of Juneteenth'". WDEL 101.7FM. from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
114. Rosato, Chris; Gremillion, Bria (June 7, 2021). "Juneteenth is officially a state holiday in Louisiana". www.wafb.com. from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
115. Writer, Gillian GrahamStaff (June 14, 2021). "Juneteenth is declared an official state holiday in Maine". Press Herald. from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
116. Tribune, Zoë Jackson Star. "Gov. Walz signs bills making Juneteenth a state holiday and banning hair discrimination". Star Tribune. from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
117. "Office of the Governor | Governor Murphy Signs Legislation Designating Juneteenth as a State and Public Holiday". www.nj.gov. from the original on September 11, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
118. "Governor Cuomo Signs Legiation Designating Juneteenth as an Official Public Holiday in New York State". ocfs.ny.gov. from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
119. Foster, Richard (October 19, 2020). "Virginia lawmakers make Juneteenth a state holiday". Virginia Business. from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
120. Pager, Tyler (September 29, 2020). "Biden Seeks Contrast With Trump in Celebrating Juneteenth". Bloomberg News. from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
121. Capps, Kriston (September 29, 2020). "What's in Trump's 'Platinum Plan' for Black America?". Bloomberg CityLab. from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
122. "S.475 - Juneteenth National Independence Day Act". Congressional Record 117th Congress (2021–2022). June 17, 2021. from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
123. Barrett, Ted; Zaslav, Ali; Rogers, Alex (June 16, 2021). "Senate unanimously passes a bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday". CNN. from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
124. Grayer, Annie; Diaz, Daniella (June 16, 2021). "Congress passes bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday". CNN. from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
125. White House Briefing Room (June 18, 2021). "Bill Signed: S. 475". Statements and Releases. whitehouse.gov. from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
126. Watson, Kathryn (June 18, 2021). "Biden signs bill making Juneteenth a federal holiday". CBS News. from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
127. "Juneteenth: US to add federal holiday marking end of slavery". BBC News. June 17, 2021. from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
128. Tapp, Tom; Dominic, Patten (June 17, 2021). "President Biden to Sign Bill Tomorrow Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday". Deadline Hollywood. from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.

General and cited references

• Barr, Alwyn (1996). Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806128788.
• Blanck, Emily. "Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016." Western Historical Quarterly 50.2 (2019): 85–112. Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016
• Cromartie, J. Vern. "Freedom Came at Different Times: A Comparative Analysis of Emancipation Day and Juneteenth Celebrations." NAAAS Conference Proceedings. National Association of African American Studies, (2014) online.
• Donovan, Anne, and Karen De Bres. "Foods of freedom: Juneteenth as a culinary tourist attraction." Tourism Review International 9.4 (2006): 379–389. link
• Gordon-Reed, Annette (2021). On Juneteenth, New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1631498831. OCLC 1196176524
• Guzzio, Tracie Church (1999). "Juneteenth". In Samuels, Wilford D. (ed.). Encyclopedia of African-American Literature. Facts on File.^{[ISBN missing]}
• Hume, Noah; Arceneaux, Janice (2008). "Public Memory, Cultural Legacy, and Press Coverage of the Juneteenth Revival". Journalism History. 34 (3): 155–162. doi:10.1080/00947679.2008.12062768. S2CID 142605823.
• Jaynes, Gerald David (2005). "Juneteenth". Encyclopedia of African American Society. Vol. 1. Sage Publications. pp. 481–482. ISBN 9781452265414.
• Knight, Gladys L. (2011). "Juneteenth". Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture. Greenwood. pp. 798–801. OCLC 694734649.^{[ISBN missing]}
• Mustakeem, Sowandé (2007). "Juneteenth". In Rodriguez, Junius (ed.). Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. Routledge.^{[ISBN missing]}
• Taylor, Charles A. (2002). Juneteenth: A Celebration of Freedom. Open Hand Pub Llc. ISBN 978-0940880689.
• Turner, E. H. "Juneteenth: The Evolution of an Emancipation Celebration." European Contributions to American Studies. 65 (2006): 69–81.
• Wiggins Jr, William H. "They Closed the Town Up, Man! Reflections on the Civic and Political Dimensions of Juneteenth." in Celebration: Studies in Festivity and Ritual, ed. Victor Turner (1982): 284–295.
• Wilson, Charles R. (2006). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 4: Myth, Manners, and Memory. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807830291. JSTOR 10.5149/9781469616704_wilson.
• Wynn, Linda T. (2009). "Juneteenth". In Carney Smith, Jessica (ed.). Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience. Credo Reference.^{[ISBN missing]}

Further reading

• Cotham, Edward T. Jr. (2021). Juneteenth: The Story Behind the Celebration. State House Press. ISBN 978-1649670007.

External links

• Juneteenth at Curlie
• Jennifer Schuessler, "Liberation as Death Sentence", The New York Times, June 11, 2012
• Juneteenth: Fact Sheet Congressional Research Service (updated July 1, 2022)
• Juneteenth World Wide Celebration, website for 150th anniversary celebration
• Juneteenth Historical Marker, Juneteenth historical marker at 2201 Strand, Galveston, TX 77550
• 2022 Holidays, United States Office of Personal Management
• Celebrating Freedom: Juneteenth and Emancipation Day Commemorations, Richmond, Va., Social Welfare History Project, Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries