Johnson grass or Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense, is a plant in the grass family, Poaceae, native to Asia and northern Africa.[1] The plant has been introduced to all continents except Antarctica, and most larger islands and archipelagos. It reproduces by rhizomes and seeds.
Johnson grass has been used for forage and to stop erosion, but it is often considered a weed because:
Foliage that becomes wilted from frost or hot, dry weather can contain sufficient amounts of hydrogen cyanide to kill cattle and horses if it is eaten in quantity.
The foliage can cause 'bloat' in such herbivores from the accumulation of excessive nitrates; otherwise, it is edible.
It grows and spreads rapidly, it can 'choke out' other cash crops planted by farmers.
This species occurs in crop fields, pastures, abandoned fields, rights-of-way, forest edges, and along streambanks. It thrives in open, disturbed, rich, bottom ground, particularly in cultivated fields. Johnson grass that is resistant to the common herbicideglyphosate has been found in Argentina and the United States.[2][3][4] It is considered to be one of the ten worst weeds in the world.[5] In the United States, Johnson grass is listed as either a noxious or quarantined weed in 19 states.[6] With Sorghum bicolor it is a parent of Sorghum × almum, a forage crop also considered a weed in places.[7]
It is named after an Alabama plantation owner, Colonel William Johnson, who sowed its seeds on river-bottom farm land circa 1840. The plant was already established in several US states a decade earlier, having been introduced as a prospective forage or accidentally as a seedlot contaminant.[8][9][10]
In early 20th century Talladega County (Alabama), feelings about Johnson grass were mixed. It was considered a nutritious, palatable and productive forage, but many farmers still found it undesirable. Fields of this grass fell into a "sod bound" state of insufficient new growth unless they were plowed every two or three seasons.[11]
A genetic study employing microsatellite markers has investigated Johnsongrass populations across 12 US states and confirmed that the weed was introduced to US from Alabama and North Carolina. Moreover, the study also detected an unreported independent introduction from Arizona. After trans-continental railroad building the two founding populations began to intermix at around Texas shifting diversity from centers of introduction.[12]
The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that Sorghum halepense is a "strong, erect-growing species, varying from two to ten feet high, succulent when young, a splendid grass for a cattle run, though not much sought after by sheep. It is a free seeder. The settlers on the banks of the Hawkesbury (New South Wales) look upon it as a recent importation, and seed of it has been distributed under the name of Panicum speciabile. (WooUs) Coast of Queensland, New South Wales, and Western Australia."[13]
A rhizome of Sorghum halepense
Referencesedit
^"Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".
^Western Farm Press. Johnsongrass resistance to glyphosate confirmed in Argentina, Aug 28, 2006. (accessed 2010.01.06)
^Monsanto. Glyphosate-resistant Johnsongrass Confirmed in Two Locations 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, March 12, 2008. (accessed 2010.01.06)
^Delta Farm Press. Glyphosate-resistant Johnsongrass in Mid-South 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, March 19, 2008 (accessed 2010.01.06)
^Holm, L. G., P. Donald; J. V. Pancho; J. P. Herberger (1977). The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. Honolulu, Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii. ISBN9780894644153 – via BugwoodWiki.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Sorghum Halepense". usda.gov. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
^Heuzé, V.; Tran, G.; Baumont, R. (11 May 2015). "Columbus grass (Sorghum x almum)". Feedipedia – Animal Feed Resources Information System. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^Dept of Soil and Crop Science, Texas A & M University
^Ohio State Uni. Agricultural Research and Development Center
^Sezen, U.U. (2016). "Multi-Phase US Spread and Habitat Switching of a Post-Columbian Invasive, Sorghum halepense". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0164584. doi:10.1080/00049158.1993.10674627. PMC5068735. PMID 27755565.
^Mooney, Charles N.; Mann, Charles J. (1907). "Soil Survey of Talladega County, Alabama" (PDF). pp. 407–408 – via United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
^Sezen, U.U. (2016). "Multi-Phase US Spread and Habitat Switching of a Post-Columbian Invasive, Sorghum halepense". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0164584. doi:10.1080/00049158.1993.10674627. PMC5068735. PMID 27755565.
^J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
External linksedit
Johnsongrass – US Department of Agriculture
Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses – JOHNSON GRASS page. Includes photos.
Species Profile - Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Johnsongrass.
Thus was born the Johnsongrass, A historical account of how Johnsongrass was introduced to North America, KURIOUS Science Blog. Describes findings from a genetic study investigating introduction and spread of Johnsongrass in USA.
January 01, 1970
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Johnson grass or Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense is a plant in the grass family Poaceae native to Asia and northern Africa 1 The plant has been introduced to all continents except Antarctica and most larger islands and archipelagos It reproduces by rhizomes and seeds Johnson grass Sorghum halepense Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Clade Commelinids Order Poales Family Poaceae Subfamily Panicoideae Genus Sorghum Species S halepense Binomial name Sorghum halepense L Pers Johnson grass has been used for forage and to stop erosion but it is often considered a weed because Foliage that becomes wilted from frost or hot dry weather can contain sufficient amounts of hydrogen cyanide to kill cattle and horses if it is eaten in quantity The foliage can cause bloat in such herbivores from the accumulation of excessive nitrates otherwise it is edible It grows and spreads rapidly it can choke out other cash crops planted by farmers This species occurs in crop fields pastures abandoned fields rights of way forest edges and along streambanks It thrives in open disturbed rich bottom ground particularly in cultivated fields Johnson grass that is resistant to the common herbicide glyphosate has been found in Argentina and the United States 2 3 4 It is considered to be one of the ten worst weeds in the world 5 In the United States Johnson grass is listed as either a noxious or quarantined weed in 19 states 6 With Sorghum bicolor it is a parent of Sorghum almum a forage crop also considered a weed in places 7 It is named after an Alabama plantation owner Colonel William Johnson who sowed its seeds on river bottom farm land circa 1840 The plant was already established in several US states a decade earlier having been introduced as a prospective forage or accidentally as a seedlot contaminant 8 9 10 In early 20th century Talladega County Alabama feelings about Johnson grass were mixed It was considered a nutritious palatable and productive forage but many farmers still found it undesirable Fields of this grass fell into a sod bound state of insufficient new growth unless they were plowed every two or three seasons 11 A genetic study employing microsatellite markers has investigated Johnsongrass populations across 12 US states and confirmed that the weed was introduced to US from Alabama and North Carolina Moreover the study also detected an unreported independent introduction from Arizona After trans continental railroad building the two founding populations began to intermix at around Texas shifting diversity from centers of introduction 12 The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that Sorghum halepense is a strong erect growing species varying from two to ten feet high succulent when young a splendid grass for a cattle run though not much sought after by sheep It is a free seeder The settlers on the banks of the Hawkesbury New South Wales look upon it as a recent importation and seed of it has been distributed under the name of Panicum speciabile WooUs Coast of Queensland New South Wales and Western Australia 13 A rhizome of Sorghum halepenseReferences edit Sorghum halepense L Pers Plants of the World Online Kew Science Western Farm Press Johnsongrass resistance to glyphosate confirmed in Argentina Aug 28 2006 accessed 2010 01 06 Monsanto Glyphosate resistant Johnsongrass Confirmed in Two Locations Archived 2011 07 14 at the Wayback Machine March 12 2008 accessed 2010 01 06 Delta Farm Press Glyphosate resistant Johnsongrass in Mid South Archived 2008 05 11 at the Wayback Machine March 19 2008 accessed 2010 01 06 Holm L G P Donald J V Pancho J P Herberger 1977 The World s Worst Weeds Distribution and Biology Honolulu Hawaii The University Press of Hawaii ISBN 9780894644153 via BugwoodWiki a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sorghum Halepense usda gov United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 11 November 2019 Heuze V Tran G Baumont R 11 May 2015 Columbus grass Sorghum x almum Feedipedia Animal Feed Resources Information System Feedipedia a programme by INRAE CIRAD AFZ and FAO Retrieved 24 July 2021 Dept of Soil and Crop Science Texas A amp M University Ohio State Uni Agricultural Research and Development Center Sezen U U 2016 Multi Phase US Spread and Habitat Switching of a Post Columbian Invasive Sorghum halepense PLOS ONE 11 10 e0164584 doi 10 1080 00049158 1993 10674627 PMC 5068735 PMID 27755565 Mooney Charles N Mann Charles J 1907 Soil Survey of Talladega County Alabama PDF pp 407 408 via United States Department of Agriculture USDA Sezen U U 2016 Multi Phase US Spread and Habitat Switching of a Post Columbian Invasive Sorghum halepense PLOS ONE 11 10 e0164584 doi 10 1080 00049158 1993 10674627 PMC 5068735 PMID 27755565 J H Maiden 1889 The useful native plants of Australia Including Tasmania Turner and Henderson Sydney External links editJohnsongrass US Department of Agriculture Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses JOHNSON GRASS page Includes photos Species Profile Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense National Invasive Species Information Center United States National Agricultural Library Lists general information and resources for Johnsongrass Thus was born the Johnsongrass A historical account of how Johnsongrass was introduced to North America KURIOUS Science Blog Describes findings from a genetic study investigating introduction and spread of Johnsongrass in USA Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Johnson grass amp oldid 1177768856, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
