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Anglo-Polish alliance

Events leading to World War II
  1. Treaty of Versailles 1919
  2. Polish–Soviet War 1919
  3. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919
  4. Treaty of Trianon 1920
  5. Treaty of Rapallo 1920
  6. Franco-Polish alliance 1921
  7. March on Rome 1922
  8. Corfu incident 1923
  9. Occupation of the Ruhr 1923–1925
  10. Mein Kampf 1925
  11. Second Italo-Senussi War 1923–1932
  12. Dawes Plan 1924
  13. Locarno Treaties 1925
  14. Young Plan 1929
  15. Great Depression 1929
  16. Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931
  17. Pacification of Manchukuo 1931–1942
  18. January 28 incident 1932
  19. Geneva Conference 1932–1934
  20. Defense of the Great Wall 1933
  21. Battle of Rehe 1933
  22. Nazis' rise to power in Germany 1933
  23. Tanggu Truce 1933
  24. Italo-Soviet Pact 1933
  25. Inner Mongolian Campaign 1933–1936
  26. German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 1934
  27. Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935
  28. Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935
  29. He–Umezu Agreement 1935
  30. Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935
  31. December 9th Movement
  32. Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–1936
  33. Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936
  34. Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
  35. Italo-German "Axis" protocol 1936
  36. Anti-Comintern Pact 1936
  37. Suiyuan campaign 1936
  38. Xi'an Incident 1936
  39. Second Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945
  40. USS Panay incident 1937
  41. Anschluss Mar. 1938
  42. May Crisis May 1938
  43. Battle of Lake Khasan July–Aug. 1938
  44. Bled Agreement Aug. 1938
  45. Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War Sep. 1938
  46. Munich Agreement Sep. 1938
  47. First Vienna Award Nov. 1938
  48. German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939
  49. Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine Mar. 1939
  50. German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939
  51. Slovak–Hungarian War Mar. 1939
  52. Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War Mar.–Apr. 1939
  53. Danzig Crisis Mar.–Aug. 1939
  54. British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939
  55. Italian invasion of Albania Apr. 1939
  56. Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations Apr.–Aug. 1939
  57. Pact of Steel May 1939
  58. Battles of Khalkhin Gol May–Sep. 1939
  59. Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939
  60. Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939

The military alliance between the United Kingdom and Poland was formalised by the Anglo-Polish Agreement in 1939, with subsequent addenda of 1940 and 1944,[1] for mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Nazi Germany, as specified in a secret protocol.[2][3][4]

Background

The United Kingdom had been attempting to create a four-way alliance to contain Germany, with France, Poland and the Soviet Union. Poland's Jozef Beck was disturbed by the prospect of any alliance with the Soviets. He also feared the reaction of Berlin to the four-way alliance, which might be seen as the encirclement of Germany. Beck, however, saw an opportunity and so he proposed a secret agreement on consultation to British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax that was received on 24th March, 1939. When questioned by Halifax, Polish Foreign Minister Edward Bernard Raczyński said that he thought that Beck had British aid in mind in the event of an attack on Poland, but it would not be a mutual agreement.[5]

British assurance to Poland

On 31 March 1939, in response to Nazi Germany's defiance of the Munich Agreement and its occupation of Czechoslovakia,[6] in Parliament, the United Kingdom pledged the support of itself and France to assure Polish independence:

...in the event of any action which clearly threatened Polish independence, and which the Polish Government accordingly considered it vital to resist with their national forces, His Majesty's Government would feel themselves bound at once to lend the Polish Government all support in their power. They have given the Polish Government an assurance to this effect. I may add that the French Government have authorised me to make it plain that they stand in the same position in this matter as do His Majesty's Government.[7]

The British Chiefs of Staff at the time however noted that "we could give no direct help by land, sea or air."[8]

On 6 April, during a visit to London by the Polish foreign minister, it was agreed to formalise the assurance as an Anglo–Polish military alliance, pending negotiations.[9][10] The text of the "Anglo-Polish Communiqué" stated that the two governments were "in complete agreement on certain general principles" and that it was "agreed that the two countries were prepared to enter into an agreement of permanent and reciprocal character...". The British Blue Book for 1939 indicates that formal agreement was not signed until 25 August.[11]

That assurance was extended on 13 April to Greece and Romania, after Italy's invasion of Albania.[12]

Agreement of Mutual Assistance

On 25 August, two days after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Agreement of Mutual Assistance between the United Kingdom and Poland was signed. The agreement contained promises of mutual military assistance between the nations if either was attacked by some "European country". The United Kingdom, sensing a trend of German expansionism, sought to discourage German aggression by this show of solidarity. In a secret protocol of the pact, the United Kingdom offered assistance in the case of an attack on Poland specifically by Germany,[3] but in the case of attack by other countries, the parties were required only to "consult together on measures to be taken in common".[13] Both the United Kingdom and Poland were bound not to enter agreements with any other third countries that were a threat to the other.[14] Because of the pact's signing, Hitler postponed his planned invasion of Poland from 26 August until 1 September.[15]

Failed Soviet-Franco-British alliance

After the German occupation of Prague in March 1939 in violation of the Munich agreement, the Chamberlain government in Britain sought Soviet and French support for a Peace Front. The goal was to deter further German aggression by guaranteeing the independence of Poland and Romania. However, Stalin refused to pledge Soviet support for the guarantees unless Britain and France first concluded a military alliance with the Soviet Union. Although the British cabinet decided to seek such an alliance, the western negotiators in Moscow in August 1939 lacked urgency. The talks were conducted poorly and slowly by diplomats with little authority, such as William Strang, an assistant under-secretary. Stalin also insisted on British and French guarantees to Finland, the Baltic states, Poland and Romania against indirect German aggression. Those countries, however, became fearful that Moscow wanted to control them. Although Hitler was escalating threats against Poland, which refused to allow Soviet troops to cross its borders for fear that they would never leave. Historian Michael Jabara Carley argues that the British were too committed to anticommunism to trust Stalin.

Meanwhile, both Great Britain and USSR were separately involved into secret negotiations with Germany. Eventually Stalin was attracted to a much better deal by Hitler, the control of most of Eastern Europe, and decided to sign the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.[16][17][18]

Polish–British Naval Agreement

Ever since it had been sent to Britain in mid-1939 in Operation Peking, the Polish Navy remained in British waters. In November 1939, after the Invasion of Poland, the Polish-British Naval Agreement allowed Polish sailors to wear their Polish uniforms and to have Polish commanding officers on board even though the ships were of British make.[19] The agreement would later be revised on August 5, 1940 to encompass all Polish units.

Anglo-Polish Agreement Respecting Polish Land and Air Forces

On August 5, 1940, an agreement was signed that "the Polish Armed Forces (comprising Land, Sea, and Air Forces) shall be organized and employed under British Command" but would be "subject to Polish military law and disciplinary ruling, and they [would] be tried in Polish military courts".[20] The only change came on 11 October 1940, when the Polish Air Force was made an exception and became subject to British discipline and laws.[21]

Analysis

The alliance committed Britain, for the first time in history, to fight on behalf of a European country other than France or Belgium.[22][23] Hitler was then demanding the cession of the Free City of Danzig, an extraterritorial highway (the Reichsautobahn Berlin-Königsberg) across the Polish Corridor and special privileges for the ethnic German minority within Poland. By the terms of the military alliance, both Poland and Britain were free to decide whether to oppose with force any territorial encroachment, as the pact did not include any statement of either party's commitment to the defence of the other party's territorial integrity.[24] However, there were provisions regarding "indirect threats" and attempts to undermine either party's independence by means of "economic penetration" in a clear reference to the German demands.

In May 1939, Poland signed a secret protocol to the 1921 Franco-Polish Military Alliance, but it was not ratified by France until 4 September.

On 17 September, the Soviet Union invaded Poland through the eastern Polish border in keeping with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocol specifying the division of Poland. According to the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, the United Kingdom should give Poland "all the support and assistance in its power" if Poland was "engaged in hostilities with a European Power in consequence of aggression by the latter". The Polish ambassador in London, Edward Bernard Raczyński, contacted the British Foreign Office to point out that clause 1(b) of the agreement, which concerned an "aggression by a European power" on Poland, should apply to the Soviet invasion. Halifax responded that the obligation of British government towards Poland that arose out of the Anglo-Polish Agreement was restricted to Germany, according to the first clause of the secret protocol.[3]

Criticism

The Polish historian Paweł Wieczorkiewicz wrote, "Polish leaders were not aware of the fact that England and France were not ready for war. They needed time to catch up with the Third Reich, and were determined to gain the time at any price". The publicist Stanisław Mackiewicz stated in the late 1940s, "To accept London's guarantees was one of the most tragic dates in the history of Poland. It was a mental aberration and madness". On the same day that Britain pledged its support of Poland, Lord Halifax stated, "We do not think this guarantee will be binding".[citation needed] Another British diplomat, Alexander Cadogan, wrote in his diary: "Naturally, our guarantee does not give any help to Poland. It can be said that it was cruel to Poland, even cynical".

Polish-British military negotiations were carried out in London but ended up in a fiasco. After lengthy talks, the British reluctantly pledged to bomb German military and installations if the Germans carried out attacks of that kind in Poland. Polish military leaders failed to obtain any other promises. At the same time, the Polish side negotiated a military loan. The Polish ambassador to Britain, Edward Raczyński, called the negotiations "a never-ending nightmare". Józef Beck wrote in his memoirs, "The negotiations, carried out in London by Colonel Adam Koc, immediately turned into theoretical discussion about our financial system. It was clear that Sir John Simon and Frederick Leith-Ross did not realize the gravity of the situation. They negotiated in purely financial terms, without consideration for the rules of the wartime alliance. As a result, the English offer gave us no grounds for quick reinforcement of our army".

On 2 August 1939, Britain finally agreed to grant Poland a military loan of £9 million, which was less than Turkey received at the same time. Poland had asked for a loan of £60 million.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313260070.
  2. ^ Paul W. Doerr. 'Frigid but Unprovocative': British Policy towards the USSR from the Nazi-Soviet Pact to the Winter War, 1939. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 2001), pp. 423-439
  3. ^ a b c Keith Sword. "British Reactions to the Soviet Occupation of Eastern Poland in September 1939". The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Jan., 1991), pp. 81-101.
  4. ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1954). Germany and the Soviet Union. Studies in East European history. Brill Archive. pp. 49–50.
  5. ^ Cienciala, Anna M. (1968). Poland and the Western powers 1938-1939 : a study in the interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe. Toronto. pp. 217–218. ISBN 978-0710050212. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  6. ^ Martin Collier, Philip Pedley. Germany, 1919-45
  7. ^ "European Situation", House of Commons Debates, UK Parliament, vol. 345, cc2415-20, 31 March 1939
  8. ^ Henderson, Nicholas (October 1997). "A Fatal Guarantee: Poland, 1939". History Today. 47 (10).[dead link]
  9. ^ Andrew J. Crozier. The Causes of the Second World War, p. 151
  10. ^ Anglo-Polish communiqué issued on April 6, 1939 (full text)
  11. ^ "Anglo-Polish Agreement", British War Blue Book Miscellaneous No. 9 (1939) – via Hyperwar Foundation
  12. ^ Michael G. Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy
  13. ^ Prazmowska, Anita J. (2004). Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 1939. Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Soviet and East European Studies. Vol. 53. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780521529389.
  14. ^ Jerzy Jan Lerski. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945, p. 49
  15. ^ Frank McDonough. Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement and the British Road to War, p. 86
  16. ^ Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939 (1989) pp 362-84.
  17. ^ G. Bruce Strang, "John Bull in Search of a Suitable Russia: British Foreign Policy and the Failure of the Anglo-French-Soviet Alliance Negotiations, 1939." Canadian Journal of History 41.1 (2006): 47-84.
  18. ^ Michael Jabara Carley, 1939: The Alliance That Never Was and the Coming of World War II (2009)
  19. ^ Peszke, Michael (2011). "The British-Polish Agreement". Journal of Slavic Military Studies: 654.
  20. ^ Kacewicz, G.V. (1979). Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the Polish Government in Exile. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 61.
  21. ^ Olson, Lynne, & Stanley Cloud (2003). A Question of Honour. New York: Alfred A Knopf. p. 98.
  22. ^ Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 133.
  23. ^ Though see also Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and Treaty of Windsor (1899) in which Britain agreed to defend Portugal from "future and present" enemies.
  24. ^ "On 31 March 1939 the British government guaranteed the independence (though not the territorial integrity) of Poland, in which they were joined by France".
    Paul M. Hayes, 'Themes in Modern European History, 1890-1945', Routledge (1992), ISBN 0-415-07905-5

References

Further reading

anglo, polish, alliance, events, leading, world, iitreaty, versailles, 1919, polish, soviet, 1919, treaty, saint, germain, laye, 1919, treaty, trianon, 1920, treaty, rapallo, 1920, franco, polish, alliance, 1921, march, rome, 1922, corfu, incident, 1923, occup. Events leading to World War IITreaty of Versailles 1919 Polish Soviet War 1919 Treaty of Saint Germain en Laye 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 Franco Polish alliance 1921 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 1925 Mein Kampf 1925 Second Italo Senussi War 1923 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Pacification of Manchukuo 1931 1942 January 28 incident 1932 Geneva Conference 1932 1934 Defense of the Great Wall 1933 Battle of Rehe 1933 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Tanggu Truce 1933 Italo Soviet Pact 1933 Inner Mongolian Campaign 1933 1936 German Polish declaration of non aggression 1934 Franco Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935 Soviet Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935 He Umezu Agreement 1935 Anglo German Naval Agreement 1935 December 9th Movement Second Italo Ethiopian War 1935 1936 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Italo German Axis protocol 1936 Anti Comintern Pact 1936 Suiyuan campaign 1936 Xi an Incident 1936 Second Sino Japanese War 1937 1945 USS Panay incident 1937 Anschluss Mar 1938 May Crisis May 1938 Battle of Lake Khasan July Aug 1938 Bled Agreement Aug 1938 Undeclared German Czechoslovak War Sep 1938 Munich Agreement Sep 1938 First Vienna Award Nov 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar 1939 Hungarian invasion of Carpatho Ukraine Mar 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar 1939 Slovak Hungarian War Mar 1939 Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War Mar Apr 1939 Danzig Crisis Mar Aug 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar 1939 Italian invasion of Albania Apr 1939 Soviet British French Moscow negotiations Apr Aug 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol May Sep 1939 Molotov Ribbentrop Pact Aug 1939 Invasion of Poland Sep 1939 The military alliance between the United Kingdom and Poland was formalised by the Anglo Polish Agreement in 1939 with subsequent addenda of 1940 and 1944 1 for mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Nazi Germany as specified in a secret protocol 2 3 4 Contents 1 Background 2 British assurance to Poland 3 Agreement of Mutual Assistance 4 Failed Soviet Franco British alliance 5 Polish British Naval Agreement 6 Anglo Polish Agreement Respecting Polish Land and Air Forces 7 Analysis 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further readingBackground EditThe United Kingdom had been attempting to create a four way alliance to contain Germany with France Poland and the Soviet Union Poland s Jozef Beck was disturbed by the prospect of any alliance with the Soviets He also feared the reaction of Berlin to the four way alliance which might be seen as the encirclement of Germany Beck however saw an opportunity and so he proposed a secret agreement on consultation to British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax that was received on 24th March 1939 When questioned by Halifax Polish Foreign Minister Edward Bernard Raczynski said that he thought that Beck had British aid in mind in the event of an attack on Poland but it would not be a mutual agreement 5 British assurance to Poland EditOn 31 March 1939 in response to Nazi Germany s defiance of the Munich Agreement and its occupation of Czechoslovakia 6 in Parliament the United Kingdom pledged the support of itself and France to assure Polish independence in the event of any action which clearly threatened Polish independence and which the Polish Government accordingly considered it vital to resist with their national forces His Majesty s Government would feel themselves bound at once to lend the Polish Government all support in their power They have given the Polish Government an assurance to this effect I may add that the French Government have authorised me to make it plain that they stand in the same position in this matter as do His Majesty s Government 7 The British Chiefs of Staff at the time however noted that we could give no direct help by land sea or air 8 On 6 April during a visit to London by the Polish foreign minister it was agreed to formalise the assurance as an Anglo Polish military alliance pending negotiations 9 10 The text of the Anglo Polish Communique stated that the two governments were in complete agreement on certain general principles and that it was agreed that the two countries were prepared to enter into an agreement of permanent and reciprocal character The British Blue Book for 1939 indicates that formal agreement was not signed until 25 August 11 That assurance was extended on 13 April to Greece and Romania after Italy s invasion of Albania 12 Agreement of Mutual Assistance Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article Agreement of Mutual Assistance between the United Kingdom and Poland On 25 August two days after the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact the Agreement of Mutual Assistance between the United Kingdom and Poland was signed The agreement contained promises of mutual military assistance between the nations if either was attacked by some European country The United Kingdom sensing a trend of German expansionism sought to discourage German aggression by this show of solidarity In a secret protocol of the pact the United Kingdom offered assistance in the case of an attack on Poland specifically by Germany 3 but in the case of attack by other countries the parties were required only to consult together on measures to be taken in common 13 Both the United Kingdom and Poland were bound not to enter agreements with any other third countries that were a threat to the other 14 Because of the pact s signing Hitler postponed his planned invasion of Poland from 26 August until 1 September 15 Failed Soviet Franco British alliance EditFurther information European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry After the German occupation of Prague in March 1939 in violation of the Munich agreement the Chamberlain government in Britain sought Soviet and French support for a Peace Front The goal was to deter further German aggression by guaranteeing the independence of Poland and Romania However Stalin refused to pledge Soviet support for the guarantees unless Britain and France first concluded a military alliance with the Soviet Union Although the British cabinet decided to seek such an alliance the western negotiators in Moscow in August 1939 lacked urgency The talks were conducted poorly and slowly by diplomats with little authority such as William Strang an assistant under secretary Stalin also insisted on British and French guarantees to Finland the Baltic states Poland and Romania against indirect German aggression Those countries however became fearful that Moscow wanted to control them Although Hitler was escalating threats against Poland which refused to allow Soviet troops to cross its borders for fear that they would never leave Historian Michael Jabara Carley argues that the British were too committed to anticommunism to trust Stalin Meanwhile both Great Britain and USSR were separately involved into secret negotiations with Germany Eventually Stalin was attracted to a much better deal by Hitler the control of most of Eastern Europe and decided to sign the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact 16 17 18 Polish British Naval Agreement EditEver since it had been sent to Britain in mid 1939 in Operation Peking the Polish Navy remained in British waters In November 1939 after the Invasion of Poland the Polish British Naval Agreement allowed Polish sailors to wear their Polish uniforms and to have Polish commanding officers on board even though the ships were of British make 19 The agreement would later be revised on August 5 1940 to encompass all Polish units Anglo Polish Agreement Respecting Polish Land and Air Forces EditOn August 5 1940 an agreement was signed that the Polish Armed Forces comprising Land Sea and Air Forces shall be organized and employed under British Command but would be subject to Polish military law and disciplinary ruling and they would be tried in Polish military courts 20 The only change came on 11 October 1940 when the Polish Air Force was made an exception and became subject to British discipline and laws 21 Analysis EditThe alliance committed Britain for the first time in history to fight on behalf of a European country other than France or Belgium 22 23 Hitler was then demanding the cession of the Free City of Danzig an extraterritorial highway the Reichsautobahn Berlin Konigsberg across the Polish Corridor and special privileges for the ethnic German minority within Poland By the terms of the military alliance both Poland and Britain were free to decide whether to oppose with force any territorial encroachment as the pact did not include any statement of either party s commitment to the defence of the other party s territorial integrity 24 However there were provisions regarding indirect threats and attempts to undermine either party s independence by means of economic penetration in a clear reference to the German demands In May 1939 Poland signed a secret protocol to the 1921 Franco Polish Military Alliance but it was not ratified by France until 4 September On 17 September the Soviet Union invaded Poland through the eastern Polish border in keeping with the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact s secret protocol specifying the division of Poland According to the Polish British Common Defence Pact the United Kingdom should give Poland all the support and assistance in its power if Poland was engaged in hostilities with a European Power in consequence of aggression by the latter The Polish ambassador in London Edward Bernard Raczynski contacted the British Foreign Office to point out that clause 1 b of the agreement which concerned an aggression by a European power on Poland should apply to the Soviet invasion Halifax responded that the obligation of British government towards Poland that arose out of the Anglo Polish Agreement was restricted to Germany according to the first clause of the secret protocol 3 Criticism EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Polish historian Pawel Wieczorkiewicz wrote Polish leaders were not aware of the fact that England and France were not ready for war They needed time to catch up with the Third Reich and were determined to gain the time at any price The publicist Stanislaw Mackiewicz stated in the late 1940s To accept London s guarantees was one of the most tragic dates in the history of Poland It was a mental aberration and madness On the same day that Britain pledged its support of Poland Lord Halifax stated We do not think this guarantee will be binding citation needed Another British diplomat Alexander Cadogan wrote in his diary Naturally our guarantee does not give any help to Poland It can be said that it was cruel to Poland even cynical Polish British military negotiations were carried out in London but ended up in a fiasco After lengthy talks the British reluctantly pledged to bomb German military and installations if the Germans carried out attacks of that kind in Poland Polish military leaders failed to obtain any other promises At the same time the Polish side negotiated a military loan The Polish ambassador to Britain Edward Raczynski called the negotiations a never ending nightmare Jozef Beck wrote in his memoirs The negotiations carried out in London by Colonel Adam Koc immediately turned into theoretical discussion about our financial system It was clear that Sir John Simon and Frederick Leith Ross did not realize the gravity of the situation They negotiated in purely financial terms without consideration for the rules of the wartime alliance As a result the English offer gave us no grounds for quick reinforcement of our army On 2 August 1939 Britain finally agreed to grant Poland a military loan of 9 million which was less than Turkey received at the same time Poland had asked for a loan of 60 million See also EditInternational relations 1919 1939 Franco Polish Military Alliance Western betrayalNotes Edit Lerski Jerzy Jan 1996 Historical Dictionary of Poland 966 1945 Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 9780313260070 Paul W Doerr Frigid but Unprovocative British Policy towards the USSR from the Nazi Soviet Pact to the Winter War 1939 Journal of Contemporary History Vol 36 No 3 Jul 2001 pp 423 439 a b c Keith Sword British Reactions to the Soviet Occupation of Eastern Poland in September 1939 The Slavonic and East European Review Vol 69 No 1 Jan 1991 pp 81 101 Weinberg Gerhard L 1954 Germany and the Soviet Union Studies in East European history Brill Archive pp 49 50 Cienciala Anna M 1968 Poland and the Western powers 1938 1939 a study in the interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe Toronto pp 217 218 ISBN 978 0710050212 Retrieved 21 March 2022 Martin Collier Philip Pedley Germany 1919 45 European Situation House of Commons Debates UK Parliament vol 345 cc2415 20 31 March 1939 Henderson Nicholas October 1997 A Fatal Guarantee Poland 1939 History Today 47 10 dead link Andrew J Crozier The Causes of the Second World War p 151 Anglo Polish communique issued on April 6 1939 full text Anglo Polish Agreement British War Blue Book Miscellaneous No 9 1939 via Hyperwar Foundation Michael G Fry Erik Goldstein Richard Langhorne Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy Prazmowska Anita J 2004 Britain Poland and the Eastern Front 1939 Cambridge Russian Soviet and Post Soviet Studies Soviet and East European Studies Vol 53 Cambridge University Press p 203 ISBN 9780521529389 Jerzy Jan Lerski Historical Dictionary of Poland 966 1945 p 49 Frank McDonough Neville Chamberlain Appeasement and the British Road to War p 86 Donald Cameron Watt How War Came The Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938 1939 1989 pp 362 84 G Bruce Strang John Bull in Search of a Suitable Russia British Foreign Policy and the Failure of the Anglo French Soviet Alliance Negotiations 1939 Canadian Journal of History 41 1 2006 47 84 Michael Jabara Carley 1939 The Alliance That Never Was and the Coming of World War II 2009 Peszke Michael 2011 The British Polish Agreement Journal of Slavic Military Studies 654 Kacewicz G V 1979 Great Britain the Soviet Union and the Polish Government in Exile Dordrecht Springer Netherlands p 61 Olson Lynne amp Stanley Cloud 2003 A Question of Honour New York Alfred A Knopf p 98 Gunther John 1940 Inside Europe New York Harper amp Brothers p 133 Though see also Anglo Portuguese Alliance and Treaty of Windsor 1899 in which Britain agreed to defend Portugal from future and present enemies On 31 March 1939 the British government guaranteed the independence though not the territorial integrity of Poland in which they were joined by France Paul M Hayes Themes in Modern European History 1890 1945 Routledge 1992 ISBN 0 415 07905 5References EditRaczynski Count Edward 1948 The British Polish Alliance Its Origin and Meaning London Mellville Press Piotr Zychowicz Pakt Ribbentrop Beck Dom Wydawniczy Rebis Poznan 2012 ISBN 978 83 7510 921 4Further reading EditAnita J Prazmowska 1987 Britain Poland and the Eastern Front 1939 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 33148 X Wladyslaw W Kulski 1976 The Anglo Polish Agreement of August 25 1939 Highlight of My Diplomatic Career The Polish Review 21 1 2 23 40 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anglo Polish alliance amp oldid 1126738882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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