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Wikipedia

Java (software platform)

March 03, 2023

This article is about a software platform. For the software package downloaded from java.com, see Java Platform, Standard Edition. For other uses, see Java (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Java (programming language) or JavaScript.

Java is a set of computer software and specifications developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems, which was later acquired by the Oracle Corporation, that provides a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. Java applets, which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages.

Java (software platform)
The Java technology logo
Original author(s)James Gosling, Sun Microsystems
Developer(s)Oracle Corporation
Initial releaseJanuary 23, 1996; 27 years ago (1996-01-23)[1][2]
Stable release19.0.2 (February 18, 2023; 8 days ago (2023-02-18)) [±]

17.0.6 LTS (February 18, 2023; 8 days ago (2023-02-18)) [±]
11.0.17 LTS (October 18, 2022; 4 months ago (2022-10-18)[3]) [±]

8u351 LTS (October 18, 2022; 4 months ago (2022-10-18)[4]) [±]
Written inJava, C++, C, assembly language[5]
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows, Linux, macOS,[6] and for old versions: Solaris
Platformx64, ARMv8, and for old versions: ARMv7, IA-32, SPARC (up to Java 14) (Java 8 includes 32-bit support for Windows – while no longer supported freely by Oracle for commercial use)[6]
Available inEnglish, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish[7]
TypeSoftware platform
LicenseDual-license: GNU General Public License version 2 with classpath exception,[8] and a proprietary license.[9]
Websiteoracle.com/java/, java.com, dev.java
A Java-powered program

Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine (JVM); byte code compilers are also available for other languages, including Ada, JavaScript, Python, and Ruby. In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including Clojure, Groovy, and Scala. Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++, but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C.[10] Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a very simple memory model where objects are allocated on the heap (while some implementations e.g. all currently supported by Oracle, may use escape analysis optimization to allocate on the stack instead) and all variables of object types are references. Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM.

On November 13, 2006, Sun Microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of Java available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).[11][12]

The latest version is Java 19, released in September 2022, while Java 17, the latest long-term support (LTS), was released in September 2021. As an open source platform, Java has many distributors, including Amazon, IBM, Azul Systems, and AdoptOpenJDK. Distributions include Amazon Corretto, Zulu, AdoptOpenJDK, and Liberica. Regarding Oracle, it distributes Java 8, and also makes available e.g. Java 11, both also currently supported LTS versions. Oracle (and others) "highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java" than Java 8,[13] because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues.[14][15][16] Since Java 9 (as well as versions 10-16, and 18-19) are no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to "immediately transition" to a supported version. Oracle released the last free-for-commercial-use public update for the legacy Java 8 LTS in January 2019, and will continue to support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Oracle extended support for Java 6 ended in December 2018.[17]

Platform

The Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs written in the Java programming language. A Java platform includes an execution engine (called a virtual machine), a compiler and a set of libraries; there may also be additional servers and alternative libraries that depend on the requirements. Java platforms have been implemented for a wide variety of hardware and operating systems with a view to enable Java programs to run identically on all of them. Different platforms target different classes of device and application domains:

  • Java Card: A technology that allows small Java-based applications (applets) to be run securely on smart cards and similar small-memory devices.
  • Java ME (Micro Edition): Specifies several different sets of libraries (known as profiles) for devices with limited storage, display, and power capacities. It is often used to develop applications for mobile devices, PDAs, TV set-top boxes, and printers.
  • Java SE (Standard Edition): For general-purpose use on desktop PCs, servers and similar devices.
  • Jakarta EE (Enterprise Edition): Java SE plus various APIs which are useful for multi-tier client–server enterprise applications.

The Java platform consists of several programs, each of which provides a portion of its overall capabilities. For example, the Java compiler, which converts Java source code into Java bytecode (an intermediate language for the JVM), is provided as part of the Java Development Kit (JDK). The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), complementing the JVM with a just-in-time (JIT) compiler, converts intermediate bytecode into native machine code on the fly. The Java platform also includes an extensive set of libraries.

The essential components in the platform are the Java language compiler, the libraries, and the runtime environment in which Java intermediate bytecode executes according to the rules laid out in the virtual machine specification.

Java virtual machine

Main article: Java virtual machine

The heart of the Java platform is the "virtual machine" that executes Java bytecode programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under. However, new versions, such as for Java 10 (and earlier), have made small changes, meaning the bytecode is in general only forward compatible. There is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within the Java Virtual Machine, or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during execution.

The use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any platform that has a virtual machine available. The use of a JIT compiler means that Java applications, after a short delay during loading and once they have "warmed up" by being all or mostly JIT-compiled, tend to run about as fast as native programs.[18][19][20] Since JRE version 1.2, Sun's JVM implementation has included a just-in-time compiler instead of an interpreter.

Although Java programs are cross-platform or platform independent, the code of the Java Virtual Machines (JVM) that execute these programs is not. Every supported operating platform has its own JVM.

Class libraries

Main article: Java Class Library

In most modern operating systems (OSs), a large body of reusable code is provided to simplify the programmer's job. This code is typically provided as a set of dynamically loadable libraries that applications can call at runtime. Because the Java platform is not dependent on any specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the pre-existing OS libraries. Instead, the Java platform provides a comprehensive set of its own standard class libraries containing many of the same reusable functions commonly found in modern operating systems. Most of the system library is also written in Java. For instance, the Swing library paints the user interface and handles the events itself, eliminating many subtle differences between how different platforms handle components.

The Java class libraries serve three purposes within the Java platform. First, like other standard code libraries, the Java libraries provide the programmer a well-known set of functions to perform common tasks, such as maintaining lists of items or performing complex string parsing. Second, the class libraries provide an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system. Tasks such as network access and file access are often heavily intertwined with the distinctive implementations of each platform. The java.net and java.io libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code, then provide a standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks. Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects, the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components, either by emulation to provide a substitute, or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature.

Languages

See also: List of JVM languages and JVM programming languages

The word "Java", alone, usually refers to Java programming language that was designed for use with the Java platform. Programming languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase "platform", although the Java programming language was listed as a core part of the Java platform before Java 7. The language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit. However, an effort was made with the Java 7 specification to more clearly treat the Java language and the Java Virtual Machine as separate entities, so that they are no longer considered a single unit.[21]

Third parties have produced many compilers or interpreters that target the JVM. Some of these are for existing languages, while others are for extensions to the Java language. These include:

  • BeanShell – a lightweight scripting language for Java[22] (see also JShell)
  • Ceylon – an object-oriented, strongly statically typed programming language with an emphasis on immutability
  • Clojure – a modern, dynamic, and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language on the Java platform
  • Gosu – a general-purpose Java Virtual Machine-based programming language released under the Apache License 2.0
  • Groovy – a fully Java interoperable, Java-syntax-compatible, static and dynamic language with features from Python, Ruby, Perl, and Smalltalk
  • JRuby – a Ruby interpreter
  • Jython – a Python interpreter
  • Kotlin – an industrial programming language for JVM with full Java interoperability
  • Rhino – a JavaScript interpreter
  • Scala – a multi-paradigm programming language with non-Java compatible syntax designed as a "better Java"

Similar platforms

See also: Comparison of the Java and .NET platforms and Comparison of C# and Java

The success of Java and its write once, run anywhere concept has led to other similar efforts, notably the .NET Framework, appearing since 2002, which incorporates many of the successful aspects of Java. .NET was built from the ground-up to support multiple programming languages, while the Java platform was initially built to support only the Java language, although many other languages have been made for JVM since. Like Java, .NET languages compile to byte code and are executed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which is similar in purpose to the JVM. Like the JVM, the CLR provides memory management through automatic garbage collection, and allows .NET byte code to run on multiple operating systems.

.NET included a Java-like language first named J++, then called Visual J# that was incompatible with the Java specification. It was discontinued 2007, and support for it ended in 2015.

Java Development Kit

Main article: Java Development Kit

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a Sun product aimed at Java developers. Since the introduction of Java, it has been by far the most widely used Java software development kit (SDK).[citation needed] It contains a Java compiler, a full copy of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and many other important development tools.

Java Runtime Environment

Main article: HotSpot (virtual machine)

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) released by Oracle is a freely available software distribution containing a stand-alone JVM (HotSpot), the Java standard library (Java Class Library), a configuration tool, and—until its discontinuation in JDK 9—a browser plug-in. It is the most common Java environment installed on personal computers in the laptop and desktop form factor. Mobile phones including feature phones and early smartphones that ship with a JVM are most likely to include a JVM meant to run applications targeting Micro Edition of the Java platform. Meanwhile, most modern smartphones, tablet computers, and other handheld PCs that run Java apps are most likely to do so through support of the Android operating system, which includes an open source virtual machine incompatible with the JVM specification. (Instead, Google's Android development tools take Java programs as input and output Dalvik bytecode, which is the native input format for the virtual machine on Android devices.) The last Critical Path Update version of JRE with an Oracle BCL Agreement[23] was 8u201 and, the last Patch Set Update version with the same license was 8u202.[24][25] The last Oracle JRE implementation, regardless of its licensing scheme, was 9.0.4.[26]Since Java Platform SE 9, the whole platform also was grouped into modules.[27] The modularization of Java SE implementations allows developers to bundle their applications together with all the modules used by them, instead of solely relying on the presence of a suitable Java SE implementation in the user device.[28][29][30][31]

Performance

Main article: Java performance

The JVM specification gives a lot of leeway to implementors regarding the implementation details. Since Java 1.3, JRE from Oracle contains a JVM called HotSpot. It has been designed to be a high-performance JVM.

To speed-up code execution, HotSpot relies on just-in-time compilation. To speed-up object allocation and garbage collection, HotSpot uses generational heap.

Generational heap

The Java virtual machine heap is the area of memory used by the JVM for dynamic memory allocation.[32]

In HotSpot the heap is divided into generations:

  • The young generation stores short-lived objects that are created and immediately garbage collected.
  • Objects that persist longer are moved to the old generation (also called the tenured generation). This memory is subdivided into (two) Survivors spaces where the objects that survived the first and next garbage collections are stored.

The permanent generation (or permgen) was used for class definitions and associated metadata prior to Java 8. Permanent generation was not part of the heap.[33][34] The permanent generation was removed from Java 8.[35]

Originally there was no permanent generation, and objects and classes were stored together in the same area. But as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected, moving class structures to a specific area allowed significant performance improvements.[33]

Security

Oracle's JRE is installed on a large number of computers. End users with an out-of-date version of JRE therefore are vulnerable to many known attacks. This led to the widely shared belief that Java is inherently insecure.[36] Since Java 1.7, Oracle's JRE for Windows includes automatic update functionality.

Before the discontinuation of the Java browser plug-in, any web page might have potentially run a Java applet, which provided an easily accessible attack surface to malicious web sites. In 2013 Kaspersky Labs reported that the Java plug-in was the method of choice for computer criminals. Java exploits are included in many exploit packs that hackers deploy onto hacked web sites.[37] Java applets were removed in Java 11, released on September 25, 2018.

History

 
James Gosling

The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in December 1990, providing an alternative to the C++/C programming languages. Engineer Patrick Naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the state of Sun's C++ and C application programming interfaces (APIs) and tools, as well as with the way the NeWS project was handled by the organization. Naughton informed Scott McNealy about his plan of leaving Sun and moving to NeXT; McNealy asked him to pretend he was God and send him an e-mail explaining how to fix the company. Naughton envisioned the creation of a small team that could work autonomously without the bureaucracy that was stalling other Sun projects. McNealy forwarded the message to other important people at Sun, and the Stealth Project started.[38]

The Stealth Project was soon renamed to the Green Project, with James Gosling and Mike Sheridan joining Naughton. Together with other engineers, they began work in a small office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California. They aimed to develop new technology for programming next-generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to offer major new opportunities.[39]

The team originally considered using C++, but rejected it for several reasons. Because they were developing an embedded system with limited resources, they decided that C++ needed too much memory and that its complexity led to developer errors. The language's lack of garbage collection meant that programmers had to manually manage system memory, a challenging and error-prone task. The team also worried about the C++ language's lack of portable facilities for security, distributed programming, and threading. Finally, they wanted a platform that would port easily to all types of devices.

Bill Joy had envisioned a new language combining Mesa and C. In a paper called Further, he proposed to Sun that its engineers should produce an object-oriented environment based on C++. Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ (a proposed development that he referred to as "C++ ++ --") but soon abandoned that in favor of creating a new language, which he called Oak, after the tree that stood just outside his office.[40]

By the summer of 1992, the team could demonstrate portions of the new platform, including the Green OS, the Oak language, the libraries, and the hardware. Their first demonstration, on September 3, 1992, focused on building a personal digital assistant (PDA) device named Star7[1] that had a graphical interface and a smart agent called "Duke" to assist the user. In November of that year, the Green Project was spun off to become Firstperson, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Microsystems, and the team relocated to Palo Alto, California.[41] The Firstperson team had an interest in building highly interactive devices, and when Time Warner issued a request for proposal (RFP) for a set-top box, Firstperson changed their target and responded with a proposal for a set-top box platform. However, the cable industry felt that their platform gave too much control to the user, so Firstperson lost their bid to SGI. An additional deal with The 3DO Company for a set-top box also failed to materialize. Unable to generate interest within the television industry, the company was rolled back into Sun.

Java meets the Web

 
John Gage

In June and July 1994 – after three days of brainstorming with John Gage (the Director of Science for Sun), Gosling, Joy, Naughton, Wayne Rosing, and Eric Schmidt – the team re-targeted the platform for the World Wide Web. They felt that with the advent of graphical web browsers like Mosaic the Internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable TV. As a prototype, Naughton wrote a small browser, WebRunner (named after the movie Blade Runner), renamed HotJava[39] in 1995.

Sun renamed the Oak language to Java after a trademark search revealed that Oak Technology used the name Oak.[42] Sun priced Java licenses below cost to gain market share.[43] Although Java 1.0a became available for download in 1994, the first public release of Java, Java 1.0a2 with the HotJava browser, came on May 23, 1995, announced by Gage at the SunWorld conference. Accompanying Gage's announcement, Marc Andreessen, Executive Vice President of Netscape Communications Corporation, unexpectedly announced that Netscape browsers would include Java support. On January 9, 1996, Sun Microsystems formed the JavaSoft group to develop the technology.[44]

While the so-called Java applets for web browsers no longer are the most popular use of Java (with it e.g. more used server-side) or the most popular way to run code client-side (JavaScript took over as more popular), it still is possible to run Java (or other JVM-languages such as Kotlin) in web browsers, even after JVM-support has been dropped from them, using e.g. TeaVM.

Version history

Main article: Java version history

The Java language has undergone several changes since the release of JDK (Java Development Kit) 1.0 on January 23, 1996, as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library. Since J2SE 1.4 the Java Community Process (JCP) has governed the evolution of the Java Language. The JCP uses Java Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to the Java platform. The Java Language Specification (JLS) specifies the language; changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901.[45]

Sun released JDK 1.1 on February 19, 1997. Major additions included an extensive retooling of the AWT event model, inner classes added to the language, JavaBeans and JDBC.

J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998) – Codename Playground. This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded Java 2 and the version name "J2SE" (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition). Major additions included reflection, a collections framework, Java IDL (an interface description language implementation for CORBA interoperability), and the integration of the Swing graphical API into the core classes. A Java Plug-in was released, and Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time.

J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000) – Codename Kestrel. Notable changes included the bundling of the HotSpot JVM (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the J2SE 1.2 JVM), JavaSound, Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) and Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA).

J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002) – Codename Merlin. This became the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59.[46] Major changes included regular expressions modeled after Perl, exception chaining, an integrated XML parser and XSLT processor (JAXP), and Java Web Start.

J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004) – Codename Tiger. It was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number.[47] Developed under JSR 176, Tiger added several significant new language features including the for-each loop, generics, autoboxing and var-args.[48]

Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006) – Codename Mustang. It was bundled with a database manager and facilitates the use of scripting languages with the JVM (such as JavaScript using Mozilla's Rhino engine). As of this version, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number.[49] Other major changes include support for pluggable annotations (JSR 269), many GUI improvements, including native UI enhancements to support the look and feel of Windows Vista, and improvements to the Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA) & JVM Tool Interface for better monitoring and troubleshooting.

Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011) – Codename Dolphin. This version developed under JSR 336.[50] It added many small language changes including strings in switch, try-with-resources and type inference for generic instance creation. The JVM was extended with support for dynamic languages, while the class library was extended among others with a join/fork framework,[51] an improved new file I/O library and support for new network protocols such as SCTP. Java 7 Update 76 was released in January 2015, with expiration date April 14, 2015.[52]

In June 2016, after the last public update of Java 7,[53] "remotely exploitable" security bugs in Java 6, 7, and 8 were announced.[15]

Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014) – Codename Kenai. Notable changes include language-level support for lambda expressions (closures) and default methods, the Project Nashorn JavaScript runtime, a new Date and Time API inspired by Joda Time, and the removal of PermGen. This version is not officially supported on the Windows XP platform.[54] However, due to the end of Java 7's lifecycle it is the recommended version for XP users. Previously, only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for Windows XP SP3. It refers to JDK8, the developing platform for Java that also includes a fully functioning Java Runtime Environment.[55] Java 8 is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Vista SP2 and Windows 7 SP1, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and higher (and some other OSes).[56]

Java SE 9 and 10 had higher system requirements, i.e. Windows 7 or Server 2012 (and web browser minimum certified is upped to Internet Explorer 11 or other web browsers), and Oracle dropped 32-bit compatibility for all platforms, i.e. only Oracle's "64-bit Java virtual machines (JVMs) are certified".[57]

Java SE 11 was released September 2018, the first LTS release since the rapid release model was adopted starting with version 9. For the first time, OpenJDK 11 represents the complete source code for the Java platform under the GNU General Public License, and while Oracle still dual-licenses it with an optional proprietary license, there are no code differences nor modules unique to the proprietary-licensed version.[58] Java 11 features include two new garbage collector implementations, Flight Recorder to debug deep issues, a new HTTP client including WebSocket support.[59]

Java SE 12 was released March 2019.[60]

Java SE 13 was released September 2019.[61]

Java SE 14 was released March 2020.[62]

Java SE 15 was released September 2020.

Java SE 16 was released March 2021.

Java SE 17 was released September 2021.

Java SE 18 was released March 2022.

Java SE 19 was released September 2022.


In addition to language changes, significant changes have been made to the Java class library over the years, which has grown from a few hundred classes in JDK 1.0 to over three thousand in J2SE 5.0. Entire new APIs, such as Swing and Java 2D, have evolved, and many of the original JDK 1.0 classes and methods have been deprecated.

Usage

Desktop use

 
A Java program running on a Windows Vista desktop computer (supported by Java 8, but not officially by later versions, such as Java 11)

According to Oracle in 2010, the Java Runtime Environment was found on over 850 million PCs.[63] Microsoft has not bundled a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) with its operating systems since Sun Microsystems sued Microsoft for adding Windows-specific classes to the bundled Java runtime environment, and for making the new classes available through Visual J++.[citation needed] Apple no longer includes a Java runtime with OS X as of version 10.7, but the system prompts the user to download and install it the first time an application requiring the JRE is launched.[citation needed] Many Linux distributions include the OpenJDK runtime as the default virtual machine, negating the need to download the proprietary Oracle JRE.[64]

Some Java applications are in fairly widespread desktop use, including the NetBeans and Eclipse integrated development environments, and file sharing clients such as LimeWire and Vuze. Java is also used in the MATLAB mathematics programming environment, both for rendering the user interface and as part of the core system. Java provides cross platform user interface for some high end collaborative applications such as Lotus Notes.

Oracle plans to first deprecate the separately installable Java browser plugin from the Java Runtime Environment in JDK 9 then remove it completely from a future release, forcing web developers to use an alternative technology.[65]

Mascot

 
Plain ol' Duke

Duke is Java's mascot.[66]

When Sun announced that Java SE and Java ME would be released under a free software license (the GNU General Public License), they released the Duke graphics under the free BSD license at the same time.[67] A new Duke personality is created every year.[68] For example, in July 2011 "Future Tech Duke" included a bigger nose, a jetpack, and blue wings.[69]

Licensing

The source code for Sun's implementations of Java (i.e. the de facto reference implementation) has been available for some time, but until recently,[70] the license terms severely restricted what could be done with it without signing (and generally paying for) a contract with Sun. As such these terms did not satisfy the requirements of either the Open Source Initiative or the Free Software Foundation to be considered open source or free software, and Sun Java was therefore a proprietary platform.[71]

While several third-party projects (e.g. GNU Classpath and Apache Harmony) created free software partial Java implementations, the large size of the Sun libraries combined with the use of clean room methods meant that their implementations of the Java libraries (the compiler and VM are comparatively small and well defined) were incomplete and not fully compatible. These implementations also tended to be far less optimized than Sun's.[citation needed]

Free software

See also: OpenJDK

Sun announced in JavaOne 2006 that Java would become free and open source software,[72] and on October 25, 2006, at the Oracle OpenWorld conference, Jonathan I. Schwartz said that the company was set to announce the release of the core Java Platform as free and open source software within 30 to 60 days.[73]

Sun released the Java HotSpot virtual machine and compiler as free software under the GNU General Public License on November 13, 2006, with a promise that the rest of the JDK (that includes the JRE) would be placed under the GPL by March 2007 ("except for a few components that Sun does not have the right to publish in distributable source form under the GPL").[74] According to Richard Stallman, this would mean an end to the "Java trap".[75] Mark Shuttleworth called the initial press announcement, "A real milestone for the free software community".[76]

Sun released the source code of the Class library under GPL on May 8, 2007, except some limited parts that were licensed by Sun from third parties who did not want their code to be released under a free software and open-source license.[77] Some of the encumbered parts turned out to be fairly key parts of the platform such as font rendering and 2D rasterising, but these were released as open-source later by Sun (see OpenJDK Class library).

Sun's goal was to replace the parts that remain proprietary and closed-source with alternative implementations and make the class library completely free and open source. In the meantime, a third-party project called IcedTea created a completely free and highly usable JDK by replacing encumbered code with either stubs or code from GNU Classpath. However OpenJDK has since become buildable without the encumbered parts (from OpenJDK 6 b10[78]) and has become the default runtime environment for most Linux distributions.[79][80][81][82]

In June 2008, it was announced that IcedTea6 (as the packaged version of OpenJDK on Fedora 9) has passed the Technology Compatibility Kit tests and can claim to be a fully compatible Java 6 implementation.[83]

Because OpenJDK is under the GPL, it is possible to redistribute a custom version of the JRE directly with software applications,[84][85] rather than requiring the enduser (or their sysadmin) to download and install the correct version of the proprietary Oracle JRE onto each of their systems themselves.

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Java

In most cases, Java support is unnecessary in Web browsers, and security experts recommend that it not be run in a browser unless absolutely necessary.[86] It was suggested that, if Java is required by a few Web sites, users should have a separate browser installation specifically for those sites.[citation needed]

Generics

Further information: Generics in Java

When generics were added to Java 5.0, there was already a large framework of classes (many of which were already deprecated), so generics were chosen to be implemented using erasure to allow for migration compatibility and re-use of these existing classes. This limited the features that could be provided by this addition as compared to some other languages.[87][88] The addition of type wildcards made Java unsound.[89]

Unsigned integer types

Java lacks native unsigned integer types. Unsigned data are often generated from programs written in C and the lack of these types prevents direct data interchange between C and Java. Unsigned large numbers are also used in many numeric processing fields, including cryptography, which can make Java less convenient to use for these tasks.[90] Although it is possible to partially circumvent this problem with conversion code and using larger data types, it makes using Java cumbersome for handling the unsigned data. While a 32-bit signed integer may be used to hold a 16-bit unsigned value with relative ease, a 32-bit unsigned value would require a 64-bit signed integer. Additionally, a 64-bit unsigned value cannot be stored using any integer type in Java because no type larger than 64 bits exists in the Java language. If abstracted using functions, function calls become necessary for many operations which are native to some other languages. Alternatively, it is possible to use Java's signed integers to emulate unsigned integers of the same size, but this requires detailed knowledge of complex bitwise operations.[91]

Floating point arithmetic

While Java's floating point arithmetic is largely based on IEEE 754 (Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic), certain features are not supported even when using the strictfp modifier, such as Exception Flags and Directed Roundings – capabilities mandated by IEEE Standard 754. Additionally, the extended precision floating-point types permitted in 754 and present in many processors are not permitted in Java.[92][93]

Performance

Further information: Java performance

In the early days of Java (before the HotSpot VM was implemented in Java 1.3 in 2000) there were some criticisms of performance. Benchmarks typically reported Java as being about 50% slower than C (a language which compiles to native code).[94][95][96]

Java's performance has improved substantially since the early versions.[18] Performance of JIT compilers relative to native compilers has in some optimized tests been shown to be quite similar.[18][19][20]

Java bytecode can either be interpreted at run time by a virtual machine, or it can be compiled at load time or runtime into native code which runs directly on the computer's hardware. Interpretation is slower than native execution, and compilation at load time or runtime has an initial performance penalty for the compilation. Modern performant JVM implementations all use the compilation approach, so after the initial startup time the performance is equivalent to native code.

Security

Further information: Java security

The Java platform provides a security architecture[97] which is designed to allow the user to run untrusted bytecode in a "sandboxed" manner to protect against malicious or poorly written software. This "sandboxing" feature is intended to protect the user by restricting access to certain platform features and APIs which could be exploited by malware, such as accessing the local filesystem, running arbitrary commands, or accessing communication networks.

In recent years, researchers have discovered numerous security flaws in some widely used Java implementations, including Oracle's, which allow untrusted code to bypass the sandboxing mechanism, exposing users to malicious attacks. These flaws affect only Java applications which execute arbitrary untrusted bytecode, such as web browser plug-ins that run Java applets downloaded from public websites. Applications where the user trusts, and has full control over, all code that is being executed are unaffected.

On August 31, 2012, Java 6 and 7 (both supported back then) on Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux were found to have a serious security flaw that allowed a remote exploit to take place by simply loading a malicious web page.[98] Java 5 was later found to be flawed as well.[99]

On January 10, 2013, three computer specialists spoke out against Java, telling Reuters that it was not secure and that people should disable Java. Jaime Blasco, Labs Manager with AlienVault Labs, stated that "Java is a mess. It's not secure. You have to disable it."[100] This vulnerability affects Java 7 and it is unclear if it affects Java 6, so it is suggested that consumers disable it.[101][102] Security alerts from Oracle announce schedules of critical security-related patches to Java.[103]

On January 14, 2013, security experts said that the update still failed to protect PCs from attack.[104] This exploit hole prompted a response from the United States Department of Homeland Security encouraging users to disable or uninstall Java.[16] Apple blacklisted Java in limited order for all computers running its OS X operating system through a virus protection program.[105]

In 2014 and responding to then-recent Java security and vulnerability issues, security blogger Brian Krebs has called for users to remove at least the Java browser plugin and also the entire software. "I look forward to a world without the Java plugin (and to not having to remind readers about quarterly patch updates) but it will probably be years before various versions of this plugin are mostly removed from end-user systems worldwide."[106] "Once promising, it has outlived its usefulness in the browser, and has become a nightmare that delights cyber-criminals at the expense of computer users."[107] "I think everyone should uninstall Java from all their PCs and Macs, and then think carefully about whether they need to add it back. If you are a typical home user, you can probably do without it. If you are a business user, you may not have a choice."[108]

Adware

The Oracle-distributed Java runtime environment has a history of bundling sponsored software to be installed by default during installation and during the updates which roll out every month or so. This includes the "Ask.com toolbar" that will redirect browser searches to ads and "McAfee Security Scan Plus".[109] These offers can be blocked through a setting in the Java Control Panel, although this is not obvious. This setting is located under the "Advanced" tab in the Java Control Panel, under the "Miscellaneous" heading, where the option is labelled as an option to suppress "sponsor offers".

Update system

Java has yet to release an automatic updater that does not require user intervention and administrative rights[110] unlike Google Chrome[111] and Flash player.[112]

See also

References

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External links

 
Wikiversity has learning resources about Learning Java
 
Look up Java in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Java Programming
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  • Official website  
  • sun.com – Official developer site
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  • Java forums organization
  • Java Introduction, May 14, 2014, Java77 Blog

March 03, 2023
java, software, platform, this, article, about, software, platform, software, package, downloaded, from, java, java, platform, standard, edition, other, uses, java, disambiguation, confused, with, java, programming, language, javascript, java, computer, softwa. This article is about a software platform For the software package downloaded from java com see Java Platform Standard Edition For other uses see Java disambiguation Not to be confused with Java programming language or JavaScript Java is a set of computer software and specifications developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems which was later acquired by the Oracle Corporation that provides a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross platform computing environment Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers Java applets which are less common than standalone Java applications were commonly run in secure sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages Java software platform The Java technology logoOriginal author s James Gosling Sun MicrosystemsDeveloper s Oracle CorporationInitial releaseJanuary 23 1996 27 years ago 1996 01 23 1 2 Stable release19 0 2 February 18 2023 8 days ago 2023 02 18 17 0 6 LTS February 18 2023 8 days ago 2023 02 18 11 0 17 LTS October 18 2022 4 months ago 2022 10 18 3 8u351 LTS October 18 2022 4 months ago 2022 10 18 4 Written inJava C C assembly language 5 Operating systemMicrosoft Windows Linux macOS 6 and for old versions SolarisPlatformx64 ARMv8 and for old versions ARMv7 IA 32 SPARC up to Java 14 Java 8 includes 32 bit support for Windows while no longer supported freely by Oracle for commercial use 6 Available inEnglish Chinese French German Italian Japanese Korean Portuguese Spanish Swedish 7 TypeSoftware platformLicenseDual license GNU General Public License version 2 with classpath exception 8 and a proprietary license 9 Websiteoracle wbr com wbr java wbr java wbr com dev wbr javaA Java powered program Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine JVM byte code compilers are also available for other languages including Ada JavaScript Python and Ruby In addition several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM including Clojure Groovy and Scala Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C but object oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective C 10 Java eschews certain low level constructs such as pointers and has a very simple memory model where objects are allocated on the heap while some implementations e g all currently supported by Oracle may use escape analysis optimization to allocate on the stack instead and all variables of object types are references Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM On November 13 2006 Sun Microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of Java available under the GNU General Public License GPL 11 12 The latest version is Java 19 released in September 2022 while Java 17 the latest long term support LTS was released in September 2021 As an open source platform Java has many distributors including Amazon IBM Azul Systems and AdoptOpenJDK Distributions include Amazon Corretto Zulu AdoptOpenJDK and Liberica Regarding Oracle it distributes Java 8 and also makes available e g Java 11 both also currently supported LTS versions Oracle and others highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java than Java 8 13 because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues 14 15 16 Since Java 9 as well as versions 10 16 and 18 19 are no longer supported Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to a supported version Oracle released the last free for commercial use public update for the legacy Java 8 LTS in January 2019 and will continue to support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely Oracle extended support for Java 6 ended in December 2018 17 Contents 1 Platform 1 1 Java virtual machine 1 2 Class libraries 1 3 Languages 1 4 Similar platforms 1 5 Java Development Kit 1 6 Java Runtime Environment 1 6 1 Performance 1 6 2 Generational heap 1 6 3 Security 2 History 2 1 Java meets the Web 2 2 Version history 3 Usage 3 1 Desktop use 4 Mascot 5 Licensing 5 1 Free software 6 Criticism 6 1 Generics 6 2 Unsigned integer types 6 3 Floating point arithmetic 6 4 Performance 6 5 Security 6 6 Adware 6 7 Update system 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksPlatform EditThe Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs written in the Java programming language A Java platform includes an execution engine called a virtual machine a compiler and a set of libraries there may also be additional servers and alternative libraries that depend on the requirements Java platforms have been implemented for a wide variety of hardware and operating systems with a view to enable Java programs to run identically on all of them Different platforms target different classes of device and application domains Java Card A technology that allows small Java based applications applets to be run securely on smart cards and similar small memory devices Java ME Micro Edition Specifies several different sets of libraries known as profiles for devices with limited storage display and power capacities It is often used to develop applications for mobile devices PDAs TV set top boxes and printers Java SE Standard Edition For general purpose use on desktop PCs servers and similar devices Jakarta EE Enterprise Edition Java SE plus various APIs which are useful for multi tier client server enterprise applications The Java platform consists of several programs each of which provides a portion of its overall capabilities For example the Java compiler which converts Java source code into Java bytecode an intermediate language for the JVM is provided as part of the Java Development Kit JDK The Java Runtime Environment JRE complementing the JVM with a just in time JIT compiler converts intermediate bytecode into native machine code on the fly The Java platform also includes an extensive set of libraries The essential components in the platform are the Java language compiler the libraries and the runtime environment in which Java intermediate bytecode executes according to the rules laid out in the virtual machine specification Java virtual machine Edit Main article Java virtual machine The heart of the Java platform is the virtual machine that executes Java bytecode programs This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under However new versions such as for Java 10 and earlier have made small changes meaning the bytecode is in general only forward compatible There is a JIT Just In Time compiler within the Java Virtual Machine or JVM The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run time and caches the native code in memory during execution The use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any platform that has a virtual machine available The use of a JIT compiler means that Java applications after a short delay during loading and once they have warmed up by being all or mostly JIT compiled tend to run about as fast as native programs 18 19 20 Since JRE version 1 2 Sun s JVM implementation has included a just in time compiler instead of an interpreter Although Java programs are cross platform or platform independent the code of the Java Virtual Machines JVM that execute these programs is not Every supported operating platform has its own JVM Class libraries Edit Main article Java Class Library In most modern operating systems OSs a large body of reusable code is provided to simplify the programmer s job This code is typically provided as a set of dynamically loadable libraries that applications can call at runtime Because the Java platform is not dependent on any specific operating system applications cannot rely on any of the pre existing OS libraries Instead the Java platform provides a comprehensive set of its own standard class libraries containing many of the same reusable functions commonly found in modern operating systems Most of the system library is also written in Java For instance the Swing library paints the user interface and handles the events itself eliminating many subtle differences between how different platforms handle components The Java class libraries serve three purposes within the Java platform First like other standard code libraries the Java libraries provide the programmer a well known set of functions to perform common tasks such as maintaining lists of items or performing complex string parsing Second the class libraries provide an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system Tasks such as network access and file access are often heavily intertwined with the distinctive implementations of each platform The java net and java io libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code then provide a standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks Finally when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components either by emulation to provide a substitute or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature Languages Edit See also List of JVM languages and JVM programming languages The word Java alone usually refers to Java programming language that was designed for use with the Java platform Programming languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase platform although the Java programming language was listed as a core part of the Java platform before Java 7 The language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit However an effort was made with the Java 7 specification to more clearly treat the Java language and the Java Virtual Machine as separate entities so that they are no longer considered a single unit 21 Third parties have produced many compilers or interpreters that target the JVM Some of these are for existing languages while others are for extensions to the Java language These include BeanShell a lightweight scripting language for Java 22 see also JShell Ceylon an object oriented strongly statically typed programming language with an emphasis on immutability Clojure a modern dynamic and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language on the Java platform Gosu a general purpose Java Virtual Machine based programming language released under the Apache License 2 0 Groovy a fully Java interoperable Java syntax compatible static and dynamic language with features from Python Ruby Perl and Smalltalk JRuby a Ruby interpreter Jython a Python interpreter Kotlin an industrial programming language for JVM with full Java interoperability Rhino a JavaScript interpreter Scala a multi paradigm programming language with non Java compatible syntax designed as a better Java Similar platforms Edit See also Comparison of the Java and NET platforms and Comparison of C and Java The success of Java and its write once run anywhere concept has led to other similar efforts notably the NET Framework appearing since 2002 which incorporates many of the successful aspects of Java NET was built from the ground up to support multiple programming languages while the Java platform was initially built to support only the Java language although many other languages have been made for JVM since Like Java NET languages compile to byte code and are executed by the Common Language Runtime CLR which is similar in purpose to the JVM Like the JVM the CLR provides memory management through automatic garbage collection and allows NET byte code to run on multiple operating systems NET included a Java like language first named J then called Visual J that was incompatible with the Java specification It was discontinued 2007 and support for it ended in 2015 Java Development Kit Edit Main article Java Development Kit The Java Development Kit JDK is a Sun product aimed at Java developers Since the introduction of Java it has been by far the most widely used Java software development kit SDK citation needed It contains a Java compiler a full copy of the Java Runtime Environment JRE and many other important development tools Java Runtime Environment Edit Main article HotSpot virtual machine The Java Runtime Environment JRE released by Oracle is a freely available software distribution containing a stand alone JVM HotSpot the Java standard library Java Class Library a configuration tool and until its discontinuation in JDK 9 a browser plug in It is the most common Java environment installed on personal computers in the laptop and desktop form factor Mobile phones including feature phones and early smartphones that ship with a JVM are most likely to include a JVM meant to run applications targeting Micro Edition of the Java platform Meanwhile most modern smartphones tablet computers and other handheld PCs that run Java apps are most likely to do so through support of the Android operating system which includes an open source virtual machine incompatible with the JVM specification Instead Google s Android development tools take Java programs as input and output Dalvik bytecode which is the native input format for the virtual machine on Android devices The last Critical Path Update version of JRE with an Oracle BCL Agreement 23 was 8u201 and the last Patch Set Update version with the same license was 8u202 24 25 The last Oracle JRE implementation regardless of its licensing scheme was 9 0 4 26 Since Java Platform SE 9 the whole platform also was grouped into modules 27 The modularization of Java SE implementations allows developers to bundle their applications together with all the modules used by them instead of solely relying on the presence of a suitable Java SE implementation in the user device 28 29 30 31 Performance Edit Main article Java performance The JVM specification gives a lot of leeway to implementors regarding the implementation details Since Java 1 3 JRE from Oracle contains a JVM called HotSpot It has been designed to be a high performance JVM To speed up code execution HotSpot relies on just in time compilation To speed up object allocation and garbage collection HotSpot uses generational heap Generational heap Edit The Java virtual machine heap is the area of memory used by the JVM for dynamic memory allocation 32 In HotSpot the heap is divided into generations The young generation stores short lived objects that are created and immediately garbage collected Objects that persist longer are moved to the old generation also called the tenured generation This memory is subdivided into two Survivors spaces where the objects that survived the first and next garbage collections are stored The permanent generation or permgen was used for class definitions and associated metadata prior to Java 8 Permanent generation was not part of the heap 33 34 The permanent generation was removed from Java 8 35 Originally there was no permanent generation and objects and classes were stored together in the same area But as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected moving class structures to a specific area allowed significant performance improvements 33 Security Edit Oracle s JRE is installed on a large number of computers End users with an out of date version of JRE therefore are vulnerable to many known attacks This led to the widely shared belief that Java is inherently insecure 36 Since Java 1 7 Oracle s JRE for Windows includes automatic update functionality Before the discontinuation of the Java browser plug in any web page might have potentially run a Java applet which provided an easily accessible attack surface to malicious web sites In 2013 Kaspersky Labs reported that the Java plug in was the method of choice for computer criminals Java exploits are included in many exploit packs that hackers deploy onto hacked web sites 37 Java applets were removed in Java 11 released on September 25 2018 History Edit James Gosling The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in December 1990 providing an alternative to the C C programming languages Engineer Patrick Naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the state of Sun s C and C application programming interfaces APIs and tools as well as with the way the NeWS project was handled by the organization Naughton informed Scott McNealy about his plan of leaving Sun and moving to NeXT McNealy asked him to pretend he was God and send him an e mail explaining how to fix the company Naughton envisioned the creation of a small team that could work autonomously without the bureaucracy that was stalling other Sun projects McNealy forwarded the message to other important people at Sun and the Stealth Project started 38 The Stealth Project was soon renamed to the Green Project with James Gosling and Mike Sheridan joining Naughton Together with other engineers they began work in a small office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park California They aimed to develop new technology for programming next generation smart appliances which Sun expected to offer major new opportunities 39 The team originally considered using C but rejected it for several reasons Because they were developing an embedded system with limited resources they decided that C needed too much memory and that its complexity led to developer errors The language s lack of garbage collection meant that programmers had to manually manage system memory a challenging and error prone task The team also worried about the C language s lack of portable facilities for security distributed programming and threading Finally they wanted a platform that would port easily to all types of devices Bill Joy had envisioned a new language combining Mesa and C In a paper called Further he proposed to Sun that its engineers should produce an object oriented environment based on C Initially Gosling attempted to modify and extend C a proposed development that he referred to as C but soon abandoned that in favor of creating a new language which he called Oak after the tree that stood just outside his office 40 By the summer of 1992 the team could demonstrate portions of the new platform including the Green OS the Oak language the libraries and the hardware Their first demonstration on September 3 1992 focused on building a personal digital assistant PDA device named Star7 1 that had a graphical interface and a smart agent called Duke to assist the user In November of that year the Green Project was spun off to become Firstperson a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Microsystems and the team relocated to Palo Alto California 41 The Firstperson team had an interest in building highly interactive devices and when Time Warner issued a request for proposal RFP for a set top box Firstperson changed their target and responded with a proposal for a set top box platform However the cable industry felt that their platform gave too much control to the user so Firstperson lost their bid to SGI An additional deal with The 3DO Company for a set top box also failed to materialize Unable to generate interest within the television industry the company was rolled back into Sun Java meets the Web Edit John Gage In June and July 1994 after three days of brainstorming with John Gage the Director of Science for Sun Gosling Joy Naughton Wayne Rosing and Eric Schmidt the team re targeted the platform for the World Wide Web They felt that with the advent of graphical web browsers like Mosaic the Internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable TV As a prototype Naughton wrote a small browser WebRunner named after the movie Blade Runner renamed HotJava 39 in 1995 Sun renamed the Oak language to Java after a trademark search revealed that Oak Technology used the name Oak 42 Sun priced Java licenses below cost to gain market share 43 Although Java 1 0a became available for download in 1994 the first public release of Java Java 1 0a2 with the HotJava browser came on May 23 1995 announced by Gage at the SunWorld conference Accompanying Gage s announcement Marc Andreessen Executive Vice President of Netscape Communications Corporation unexpectedly announced that Netscape browsers would include Java support On January 9 1996 Sun Microsystems formed the JavaSoft group to develop the technology 44 While the so called Java applets for web browsers no longer are the most popular use of Java with it e g more used server side or the most popular way to run code client side JavaScript took over as more popular it still is possible to run Java or other JVM languages such as Kotlin in web browsers even after JVM support has been dropped from them using e g TeaVM Version history Edit Main article Java version history The Java language has undergone several changes since the release of JDK Java Development Kit 1 0 on January 23 1996 as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library Since J2SE 1 4 the Java Community Process JCP has governed the evolution of the Java Language The JCP uses Java Specification Requests JSRs to propose and specify additions and changes to the Java platform The Java Language Specification JLS specifies the language changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901 45 Sun released JDK 1 1 on February 19 1997 Major additions included an extensive retooling of the AWT event model inner classes added to the language JavaBeans and JDBC J2SE 1 2 December 8 1998 Codename Playground This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5 0 were rebranded Java 2 and the version name J2SE Java 2 Platform Standard Edition replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition and J2ME Java 2 Platform Micro Edition Major additions included reflection a collections framework Java IDL an interface description language implementation for CORBA interoperability and the integration of the Swing graphical API into the core classes A Java Plug in was released and Sun s JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time J2SE 1 3 May 8 2000 Codename Kestrel Notable changes included the bundling of the HotSpot JVM the HotSpot JVM was first released in April 1999 for the J2SE 1 2 JVM JavaSound Java Naming and Directory Interface JNDI and Java Platform Debugger Architecture JPDA J2SE 1 4 February 6 2002 Codename Merlin This became the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59 46 Major changes included regular expressions modeled after Perl exception chaining an integrated XML parser and XSLT processor JAXP and Java Web Start J2SE 5 0 September 30 2004 Codename Tiger It was originally numbered 1 5 which is still used as the internal version number 47 Developed under JSR 176 Tiger added several significant new language features including the for each loop generics autoboxing and var args 48 Java SE 6 December 11 2006 Codename Mustang It was bundled with a database manager and facilitates the use of scripting languages with the JVM such as JavaScript using Mozilla s Rhino engine As of this version Sun replaced the name J2SE with Java SE and dropped the 0 from the version number 49 Other major changes include support for pluggable annotations JSR 269 many GUI improvements including native UI enhancements to support the look and feel of Windows Vista and improvements to the Java Platform Debugger Architecture JPDA amp JVM Tool Interface for better monitoring and troubleshooting Java SE 7 July 28 2011 Codename Dolphin This version developed under JSR 336 50 It added many small language changes including strings in switch try with resources and type inference for generic instance creation The JVM was extended with support for dynamic languages while the class library was extended among others with a join fork framework 51 an improved new file I O library and support for new network protocols such as SCTP Java 7 Update 76 was released in January 2015 with expiration date April 14 2015 52 In June 2016 after the last public update of Java 7 53 remotely exploitable security bugs in Java 6 7 and 8 were announced 15 Java SE 8 March 18 2014 Codename Kenai Notable changes include language level support for lambda expressions closures and default methods the Project Nashorn JavaScript runtime a new Date and Time API inspired by Joda Time and the removal of PermGen This version is not officially supported on the Windows XP platform 54 However due to the end of Java 7 s lifecycle it is the recommended version for XP users Previously only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for Windows XP SP3 It refers to JDK8 the developing platform for Java that also includes a fully functioning Java Runtime Environment 55 Java 8 is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 Windows Vista SP2 and Windows 7 SP1 Ubuntu 12 04 LTS and higher and some other OSes 56 Java SE 9 and 10 had higher system requirements i e Windows 7 or Server 2012 and web browser minimum certified is upped to Internet Explorer 11 or other web browsers and Oracle dropped 32 bit compatibility for all platforms i e only Oracle s 64 bit Java virtual machines JVMs are certified 57 Java SE 11 was released September 2018 the first LTS release since the rapid release model was adopted starting with version 9 For the first time OpenJDK 11 represents the complete source code for the Java platform under the GNU General Public License and while Oracle still dual licenses it with an optional proprietary license there are no code differences nor modules unique to the proprietary licensed version 58 Java 11 features include two new garbage collector implementations Flight Recorder to debug deep issues a new HTTP client including WebSocket support 59 Java SE 12 was released March 2019 60 Java SE 13 was released September 2019 61 Java SE 14 was released March 2020 62 Java SE 15 was released September 2020 Java SE 16 was released March 2021 Java SE 17 was released September 2021 Java SE 18 was released March 2022 Java SE 19 was released September 2022 In addition to language changes significant changes have been made to the Java class library over the years which has grown from a few hundred classes in JDK 1 0 to over three thousand in J2SE 5 0 Entire new APIs such as Swing and Java 2D have evolved and many of the original JDK 1 0 classes and methods have been deprecated Usage EditDesktop use Edit A Java program running on a Windows Vista desktop computer supported by Java 8 but not officially by later versions such as Java 11 According to Oracle in 2010 the Java Runtime Environment was found on over 850 million PCs 63 Microsoft has not bundled a Java Runtime Environment JRE with its operating systems since Sun Microsystems sued Microsoft for adding Windows specific classes to the bundled Java runtime environment and for making the new classes available through Visual J citation needed Apple no longer includes a Java runtime with OS X as of version 10 7 but the system prompts the user to download and install it the first time an application requiring the JRE is launched citation needed Many Linux distributions include the OpenJDK runtime as the default virtual machine negating the need to download the proprietary Oracle JRE 64 Some Java applications are in fairly widespread desktop use including the NetBeans and Eclipse integrated development environments and file sharing clients such as LimeWire and Vuze Java is also used in the MATLAB mathematics programming environment both for rendering the user interface and as part of the core system Java provides cross platform user interface for some high end collaborative applications such as Lotus Notes Oracle plans to first deprecate the separately installable Java browser plugin from the Java Runtime Environment in JDK 9 then remove it completely from a future release forcing web developers to use an alternative technology 65 Mascot Edit Plain ol Duke Duke is Java s mascot 66 When Sun announced that Java SE and Java ME would be released under a free software license the GNU General Public License they released the Duke graphics under the free BSD license at the same time 67 A new Duke personality is created every year 68 For example in July 2011 Future Tech Duke included a bigger nose a jetpack and blue wings 69 Licensing EditThe source code for Sun s implementations of Java i e the de facto reference implementation has been available for some time but until recently 70 the license terms severely restricted what could be done with it without signing and generally paying for a contract with Sun As such these terms did not satisfy the requirements of either the Open Source Initiative or the Free Software Foundation to be considered open source or free software and Sun Java was therefore a proprietary platform 71 While several third party projects e g GNU Classpath and Apache Harmony created free software partial Java implementations the large size of the Sun libraries combined with the use of clean room methods meant that their implementations of the Java libraries the compiler and VM are comparatively small and well defined were incomplete and not fully compatible These implementations also tended to be far less optimized than Sun s citation needed Free software Edit See also OpenJDK Jonathan I Schwartz Sun announced in JavaOne 2006 that Java would become free and open source software 72 and on October 25 2006 at the Oracle OpenWorld conference Jonathan I Schwartz said that the company was set to announce the release of the core Java Platform as free and open source software within 30 to 60 days 73 Sun released the Java HotSpot virtual machine and compiler as free software under the GNU General Public License on November 13 2006 with a promise that the rest of the JDK that includes the JRE would be placed under the GPL by March 2007 except for a few components that Sun does not have the right to publish in distributable source form under the GPL 74 According to Richard Stallman this would mean an end to the Java trap 75 Mark Shuttleworth called the initial press announcement A real milestone for the free software community 76 Sun released the source code of the Class library under GPL on May 8 2007 except some limited parts that were licensed by Sun from third parties who did not want their code to be released under a free software and open source license 77 Some of the encumbered parts turned out to be fairly key parts of the platform such as font rendering and 2D rasterising but these were released as open source later by Sun see OpenJDK Class library Sun s goal was to replace the parts that remain proprietary and closed source with alternative implementations and make the class library completely free and open source In the meantime a third party project called IcedTea created a completely free and highly usable JDK by replacing encumbered code with either stubs or code from GNU Classpath However OpenJDK has since become buildable without the encumbered parts from OpenJDK 6 b10 78 and has become the default runtime environment for most Linux distributions 79 80 81 82 In June 2008 it was announced that IcedTea6 as the packaged version of OpenJDK on Fedora 9 has passed the Technology Compatibility Kit tests and can claim to be a fully compatible Java 6 implementation 83 Because OpenJDK is under the GPL it is possible to redistribute a custom version of the JRE directly with software applications 84 85 rather than requiring the enduser or their sysadmin to download and install the correct version of the proprietary Oracle JRE onto each of their systems themselves Criticism EditMain article Criticism of Java In most cases Java support is unnecessary in Web browsers and security experts recommend that it not be run in a browser unless absolutely necessary 86 It was suggested that if Java is required by a few Web sites users should have a separate browser installation specifically for those sites citation needed Generics Edit Further information Generics in Java When generics were added to Java 5 0 there was already a large framework of classes many of which were already deprecated so generics were chosen to be implemented using erasure to allow for migration compatibility and re use of these existing classes This limited the features that could be provided by this addition as compared to some other languages 87 88 The addition of type wildcards made Java unsound 89 Unsigned integer types Edit Java lacks native unsigned integer types Unsigned data are often generated from programs written in C and the lack of these types prevents direct data interchange between C and Java Unsigned large numbers are also used in many numeric processing fields including cryptography which can make Java less convenient to use for these tasks 90 Although it is possible to partially circumvent this problem with conversion code and using larger data types it makes using Java cumbersome for handling the unsigned data While a 32 bit signed integer may be used to hold a 16 bit unsigned value with relative ease a 32 bit unsigned value would require a 64 bit signed integer Additionally a 64 bit unsigned value cannot be stored using any integer type in Java because no type larger than 64 bits exists in the Java language If abstracted using functions function calls become necessary for many operations which are native to some other languages Alternatively it is possible to use Java s signed integers to emulate unsigned integers of the same size but this requires detailed knowledge of complex bitwise operations 91 Floating point arithmetic Edit While Java s floating point arithmetic is largely based on IEEE 754 Standard for Binary Floating Point Arithmetic certain features are not supported even when using the a href Strictfp html title Strictfp strictfp a modifier such as Exception Flags and Directed Roundings capabilities mandated by IEEE Standard 754 Additionally the extended precision floating point types permitted in 754 and present in many processors are not permitted in Java 92 93 Performance Edit Further information Java performance In the early days of Java before the HotSpot VM was implemented in Java 1 3 in 2000 there were some criticisms of performance Benchmarks typically reported Java as being about 50 slower than C a language which compiles to native code 94 95 96 Java s performance has improved substantially since the early versions 18 Performance of JIT compilers relative to native compilers has in some optimized tests been shown to be quite similar 18 19 20 Java bytecode can either be interpreted at run time by a virtual machine or it can be compiled at load time or runtime into native code which runs directly on the computer s hardware Interpretation is slower than native execution and compilation at load time or runtime has an initial performance penalty for the compilation Modern performant JVM implementations all use the compilation approach so after the initial startup time the performance is equivalent to native code Security Edit Further information Java security The Java platform provides a security architecture 97 which is designed to allow the user to run untrusted bytecode in a sandboxed manner to protect against malicious or poorly written software This sandboxing feature is intended to protect the user by restricting access to certain platform features and APIs which could be exploited by malware such as accessing the local filesystem running arbitrary commands or accessing communication networks In recent years researchers have discovered numerous security flaws in some widely used Java implementations including Oracle s which allow untrusted code to bypass the sandboxing mechanism exposing users to malicious attacks These flaws affect only Java applications which execute arbitrary untrusted bytecode such as web browser plug ins that run Java applets downloaded from public websites Applications where the user trusts and has full control over all code that is being executed are unaffected On August 31 2012 Java 6 and 7 both supported back then on Microsoft Windows OS X and Linux were found to have a serious security flaw that allowed a remote exploit to take place by simply loading a malicious web page 98 Java 5 was later found to be flawed as well 99 On January 10 2013 three computer specialists spoke out against Java telling Reuters that it was not secure and that people should disable Java Jaime Blasco Labs Manager with AlienVault Labs stated that Java is a mess It s not secure You have to disable it 100 This vulnerability affects Java 7 and it is unclear if it affects Java 6 so it is suggested that consumers disable it 101 102 Security alerts from Oracle announce schedules of critical security related patches to Java 103 On January 14 2013 security experts said that the update still failed to protect PCs from attack 104 This exploit hole prompted a response from the United States Department of Homeland Security encouraging users to disable or uninstall Java 16 Apple blacklisted Java in limited order for all computers running its OS X operating system through a virus protection program 105 In 2014 and responding to then recent Java security and vulnerability issues security blogger Brian Krebs has called for users to remove at least the Java browser plugin and also the entire software I look forward to a world without the Java plugin and to not having to remind readers about quarterly patch updates but it will probably be years before various versions of this plugin are mostly removed from end user systems worldwide 106 Once promising it has outlived its usefulness in the browser and has become a nightmare that delights cyber criminals at the expense of computer users 107 I think everyone should uninstall Java from all their PCs and Macs and then think carefully about whether they need to add it back If you are a typical home user you can probably do without it If you are a business user you may not have a choice 108 Adware Edit The Oracle distributed Java runtime environment has a history of bundling sponsored software to be installed by default during installation and during the updates which roll out every month or so This includes the Ask com toolbar that will redirect browser searches to ads and McAfee Security Scan Plus 109 These offers can be blocked through a setting in the Java Control Panel although this is not obvious This setting is located under the Advanced tab in the Java Control Panel under the Miscellaneous heading where the option is labelled as an option to suppress sponsor offers Update system Edit Java has yet to release an automatic updater that does not require user intervention and administrative rights 110 unlike Google Chrome 111 and Flash player 112 See also Edit Computer programming portalList of Java APIs Java logging frameworks Java performance JavaFX Jazelle Java ConcurrentMap Comparison of the Java and NET platforms List of JVM languages List of computing mascotsReferences Edit JavaSoft ships Java 1 0 Press release Archived from the original on February 5 2008 Retrieved February 9 2016 Ortiz C Enrique Giguere Eric 2001 Mobile Information Device Profile for Java 2 Micro Edition Developer s Guide PDF John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0471034650 Retrieved May 30 2012 JDK Releases Oracle Corporation Retrieved December 9 2022 JDK Releases Oracle Corporation Retrieved December 9 2022 HotSpot Group Openjdk java net Retrieved February 9 2016 a b Oracle JDK 8 and JRE 8 Certified System Configurations Contents Oracle com April 8 2014 Retrieved February 9 2016 Java SE 7 Supported Locales Oracle com Retrieved February 9 2016 OpenJDK GPLv2 Classpath Exception Openjdk java net April 1 1989 Retrieved February 9 2016 BCL For Java SE Oracle com 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Jon November 28 2006 Presenting the Permanent Generation Archived from the original on August 25 2016 Retrieved February 7 2009 Nutter Charles September 11 2008 A First Taste of InvokeDynamic Retrieved February 7 2009 JEP 122 Remove the Permanent Generation Oracle Corporation December 4 2012 Retrieved March 23 2014 What Is Java Is It Insecure and Should I Use It Lifehacker com January 14 2013 Retrieved June 26 2015 Is there any protection against Java exploits Kaspersky Lab Kaspersky com September 9 2013 Archived from the original on April 4 2015 Retrieved June 26 2015 Southwick Karen 1999 High Noon the inside story of Scott McNealy and the rise of Sun Microsystems New York u a Wiley pp 120 122 ISBN 0471297135 a b Byous Jon April 2003 Java Technology The Early Years Sun Microsystems Archived from the original on May 30 2008 Retrieved August 2 2009 Southwick Karen 1999 High Noon the inside story of Scott McNealy and the rise of Sun Microsystems New York u a Wiley p 124 ISBN 0471297135 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Microsystems Retrieved December 9 2006 Which programming languages are fastest Computer Language Benchmarks Game Archived August 14 2011 at the Wayback Machine speed C GNU g speed Computer Language Benchmarks Game Archived September 26 2011 at the Wayback Machine C vs Java performance It s a tie Blog of Christian Felde Blog cfelde com June 27 2010 Retrieved February 9 2016 Java Security Architecture Contents Docs oracle com October 2 1998 Retrieved February 9 2016 Horowitz Michael August 31 2012 Java security flaw yada yada yada Computerworld Blogs computerworld com Archived from the original on July 24 2014 Retrieved February 9 2016 Brook Chris The first stop for security news Threatpost Archived from the original on March 8 2013 Retrieved February 9 2016 Why and How to Disable Java on Your Computer Now Technology amp science Innovation NBC News January 12 2013 Retrieved February 9 2016 US Department of Homeland Security Calls On Computer Users To Disable Java Forbes com Retrieved February 9 2016 Brook Chris The first stop for security news Threatpost Archived from the original on April 9 2013 Retrieved February 9 2016 Critical Patch Updates and Security Alerts Oracle com Retrieved February 9 2016 Finkle Jim January 14 2013 Emergency patch for Java fails to fix cybercrime holes warn experts Independent ie Retrieved February 9 2016 Kelly Meghan January 14 2013 Oracle issues fix for Java exploit after DHS warns of its holes VentureBeat Retrieved February 9 2016 Krebs Brian February 16 2016 Good Riddance to Oracle s Java Plugin KrebsOnSecurity Gonsalves Antone September 5 2012 Java Is No Longer Needed Pull The Plug In ReadWrite Wearable World Java should you remove it The Guardian February 8 2013 Bott Ed A close look at how Oracle installs deceptive software with Java updates ZDNet com ZDNet Retrieved December 14 2014 windows 7 How do I update Java from a non admin account Super User Update Google Chrome Computer Google Chrome Help support google com Adobe Security Bulletin helpx adobe com External links Edit Wikiversity has learning resources about Learning Java Look up Java in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Java Programming Listen to this article 42 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 19 August 2013 2013 08 19 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Official website sun com Official developer site How The JVM Spec Came To Be infoq com Presentation by James Gosling about the origins of Java from the JVM Languages Summit 2008 Java forums organization Java Introduction May 14 2014 Java77 Blog Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Java software platform amp oldid 1132859268, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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