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Jacobean era

May 19, 2023

The Jacobean era was the period in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of James VI of Scotland who also inherited the crown of England in 1603 as James I.[1] The Jacobean era succeeds the Elizabethan era and precedes the Caroline era. The term "Jacobean" is often used for the distinctive styles of Jacobean architecture, visual arts, decorative arts, and literature which characterized that period.

Jacobean era
1603–1625
Monarch(s)James VI and I
← Preceded by
Elizabethan era 		Followed by →
Caroline era

The word "Jacobean" is derived from Neo-Latin Jacobaeus from Jacobus, the Ecclesiastical Latin form of the English name James.[2][3]

James as King of England

The practical if not formal unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was an important shift of order for both nations, and would shape their existence to the present day. Another development of crucial significance was the foundation of the first British colonies on the North American continent, at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607,plus in Newfoundland in 1610, and at Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620, which laid the foundation for future British settlement and the eventual formation of both Canada and the United States of America. In 1609 the Parliament of Scotland began the Plantation of Ulster.

A notable event of James' reign occurred on 5 November 1605. On that date, a group of English Catholics (including Guy Fawkes) attempted to assassinate the King and destroy Parliament in the Palace of Westminster. However, the Gunpowder Plot was exposed and prevented, and the convicted plotters were hanged, drawn, and quartered.

Historians have long debated the curious characteristics of the king's ruling style. Croft says:

The pragmatism of 'little by little' was coming to characterise his style of governance. At the same time, the curious combination of ability and complacency, idleness and shrewd judgement, warm emotions and lack of discretion so well described by Fontenay remained typical of James throughout his life.[4]

Royal finances

Political events and developments of the Jacobean era cannot be understood separately from the economic and financial situation. James was deeply in debt in Scotland,[5] and after 1603 he inherited an English debt of £350,000 from Elizabeth. By 1608 the English debt had risen to £1,400,000 and was increasing by £140,000 annually. Through a crash program of selling off royal demesnes, Lord Treasurer Robert Cecil reduced the debt to £300,000 and the annual deficit to £46,000 by 1610—but could not follow the same method of relief much farther. The result was a series of tense and often failed negotiations with Parliament for financial supports, a situation that deteriorated over the reigns of James and his son and heir Charles I until the crisis of the English Civil War.[6]

The Jacobean era ended with a severe economic depression in 1620–1626, complicated by a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in London in 1625.

Foreign policy

King James I was sincerely devoted to peace, not just for his three kingdoms but for Europe as a whole. He called himself "Rex Pacificus" ("King of Peace").[7] Europe was deeply polarized, and on the verge of the massive Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), with the smaller established Protestant states facing the aggression of the larger Catholic empires. In 1604, James made peace with Catholic Spain, and made it his policy to marry his daughter to the Spanish prince. The marriage of James' daughter Princess Elizabeth to Frederick V, Elector Palatine at Whitehall 14 February 1613 was more than the social event of the era; the couple's union had important political and military implications. Across Europe, the German princes were banding together in the Union of German Protestant Princes, headquartered in Heidelberg, the capital of the Palatine. King James calculated that his daughter's marriage would give him diplomatic leverage among the Protestants.[8] He thus would have a foot in both camps and be able to broker peaceful settlements. In his naïveté, he did not realize that both sides were playing him as a tool for their own goal of achieving destruction of the other side. The Catholics in Spain, as well as the Emperor Ferdinand II, the Vienna-based leader of the Habsburgs who controlled the Holy Roman Empire, were both heavily influenced by the Catholic Counter-Reformation. They had the goal of expelling Protestantism from their domains.

Lord Buckingham, who wielded increasing influence at court, wanted an alliance with Spain. Buckingham took Charles with him to Spain to woo the princess, the Infanta Maria Anna. However, Spain's terms were that James must drop Britain's anti-Catholic intolerance. Buckingham and Charles were humiliated. Buckingham subsequently became the leader of the widespread British demand for a war against Spain. Meanwhile, the Protestant princes looked to Britain, since it was the strongest of all the Protestant countries, to give military support for their cause. His son-in-law and daughter became king and queen of Bohemia, which outraged Vienna. The Thirty Years' War began as the Habsburg Emperor ousted the new king and queen of Bohemia and massacred their followers. Catholic Bavaria then invaded the Palatine, and James's son-in-law begged for James's military intervention. James finally realized his policies had backfired and refused these pleas. He successfully kept Britain out of the Europe-wide war that proved so devastating for three decades. James's backup plan was to marry his son Charles to a French Catholic princess, who would bring a handsome dowry. Parliament and the British people were strongly opposed to any Catholic marriage, were demanding immediate war with Spain, and strongly favored with the Protestant cause in Europe. James had alienated both elite and popular opinion in Britain, and Parliament was cutting its financing. Historians credit James for pulling back from a major war at the last minute, and keeping Britain in peace.[9][10]

Frederick and Elizabeth's election as King and Queen of Bohemia in 1619, and the conflict that resulted, marked the beginning of the disastrous Thirty Years' War. King James' determination to avoid involvement in the continental conflict, even during the "war fever" of 1623, appears in retrospect as one of the most significant, and most positive, aspects of his reign.[11]

High culture

Literature

In literature, some of Shakespeare's most prominent plays, including King Lear (1605), Macbeth (1606), and The Tempest (1610), were written during the reign of James I. Patronage came not just from James, but from James' wife Anne of Denmark. Also during this period were powerful works by John Webster, Thomas Middleton, John Ford and Ben Jonson. Ben Jonson also contributed to some of the era's best poetry, together with the Cavalier poets and John Donne. In prose, the most representative works are found in those of Francis Bacon and the King James Bible.

In 1617 George Chapman completed his monumental translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into English verse, which were the first ever complete translations of either poem, both central to the Western Canon, into the English language. The wildly popular tale of the Trojan War had until then been available to readers of English only in medieval epic retellings such as Caxton's Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye.

Jonson was also an important innovator in the specialised literary subgenre of the masque, which went through an intense development in the Jacobean era. His name is linked with that of Inigo Jones as co-developers of the literary and visual/technical aspects of this hybrid art. (For Jonson's masques, see: The Masque of Blackness, The Masque of Queens, etc.) The high costs of these spectacles, however, positioned the Stuarts far from the relative frugality of Elizabeth's reign, and alienated the middle classes and the Puritans with a prospect of waste and self-indulgent excess.

Science

Francis Bacon had a strong influence in the evolution of modern science, which was entering a key phase in this era, as the work of Johannes Kepler in Germany and Galileo Galilei in Italy brought the Copernican revolution to a new level of development. Bacon laid a foundation, and was a powerful and persuasive advocate for modern objective inquiry, predicated upon empiricism as a lens to study the natural world. This school of thought was in stark contrast to the dominating scientific philosophy of the time: Medieval scholastic authoritarianism. On practical rather than general levels, much work was being done in the areas of navigation, cartography, and surveying—John Widdowes' A Description of the World (1621) being one significant volume in this area—as well as in continuing William Gilbert's work on magnetism from the previous reign. Scholarship and the sciences, or "natural philosophy", had important royal patrons in this era—not so much in the King but in his son, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, and even his wife, Anne of Denmark (the Danish Court, from which she derived, had a strong patronage tradition in intellectual matters).

Arts and architecture

Main article: Jacobean architecture

The fine arts were dominated by foreign talent in the Jacobean era, as was true of the Tudor and Stuart periods in general. Paul van Somer and Daniel Mytens were the most prominent portrait painters during the reign of James, as Anthony van Dyck would be under the coming reign of his son. Yet the slow development of a native school of painting, which had made progress in the previous reign, continued under James, producing figures like Robert Peake the Elder (died 1619), William Larkin (fl. 1609–19), and Sir Nathaniel Bacon (1585–1627). Some would also claim, as part of this trend, Cornelius Johnson, or Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen (1593–1661), born and trained in London and active through the first two Stuart reigns.[12]

The decorative arts – furniture, for example – became increasingly rich in color, detail, and design. Materials from other parts of the world, like mother-of-pearl, were now available by worldwide trade and were used as decoration.[13] Even familiar materials, such as wood and silver, were worked more deeply in intricate and intensely three-dimensional designs.[13] The goldsmith George Heriot made jewellery for Anne of Denmark.[14]

Architecture in the Jacobean era was a continuation of the Elizabethan style with increasing emphasis on classical elements like columns and obelisks. Architectural detail and decorative strapwork patterns derived from continental engravings, especially the prints of Hans Vredeman de Vries, were employed on buildings and furniture. European influences include France, Flanders, and Italy.[15] Inigo Jones may be the most famous English architect of this period, with lasting contributions to classical public building style; his works include the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall and the portico of Old St Paul's Cathedral (destroyed in the Great Fire of London). Significant Jacobean buildings include Hatfield House, Bolsover Castle, Aston Hall, and Charlton House. Many churches contain fine monuments in Jacobean style, with characteristic motifs including strapwork, and polychromy. The mason and sculptor Nicholas Stone produced many effigies for tombs as well as architectural stonework.

In popular culture

In the domain of customs, manners, and everyday life, the Jacobean era saw a distinctly religious tone.[16] Virginia tobacco became popular. James I published his A Counterblaste to Tobacco in 1604, but the book had no discernible effect; by 1612, London had 7,000 tobacconists and smoking houses. The Virginia colony survived because the English acquired the nicotine habit.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Jacobean" is derived from Jacobus, the Ecclesiastical Latin form of the English name James. See . Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. in Oxford Living Dictionaries.
  2. ^ "Jacobean". Oxford Dictionaries.
  3. ^ Labine, Clem (May 1983). "Post-Victorian Domestic Architecture: The Romantic English Revival". The Old-House Journal. Active Interest Media. 11 (4): 83. ISSN 0094-0178.
  4. ^ Pauline Croft, King James (2003) p. 20.
  5. ^ Julian Goodare, "The debts of James VI of Scotland." Economic History Review 62.4 (2009): 926–952.
  6. ^ Melissa D. Aaron, Global Economics, Newark, DE, University of Delaware Press, 2020; pp. 83–4.
  7. ^ Malcolm Smuts, 'The making of Rex Pacificus: James VI and I and the Problem of Peace in an Age of Religious War',Daniel Fischlin & Mark Fortier, eds., Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I (2002) pp. 371–87.
  8. ^ W. B. Patterson, 'King James I and the Protestant cause in the crisis of 1618–22', Studies in Church History 18 (1982), pp. 319–334.
  9. ^ Jonathan Scott, England's Troubles: 17th-century English Political Instability in European Context (Cambridge UP, 2000), pp. 98–101.
  10. ^ Godfrey Davies, The Early Stuarts: 1603–1660 (1959), pp. 47–67.
  11. ^ G.M.D. Howat, Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy (1974) pp. 17–42.
  12. ^ Eliis Waterhouse, Painting in Britain (1530 to 1790), fourth edition, New York, Viking Penguin, 1978; pp. 42–66.
  13. ^ a b "Learn About Style: Jacobean". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  14. ^ Daniel Packer, 'Jewels of 'Blacknesse' at the Jacobean Court', Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, vol. 75 (2012), pp. 201-222.
  15. ^ Cibelli, Dr. Deborah H. . The Arts and Architecture of the British Renaissance. Nicolls State University. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  16. ^ Patrick Collinson, "Elizabethan and Jacobean puritanism as forms of popular religious culture", in Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales, eds. The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700 (Macmillan Education UK, 1996) pp 32–57.
  17. ^ Churchill, Winston (2002). The Great Republic: A History of America. London: Cassell & Co. p. 27. ISBN 0-304-35792-8.

Sources

  • Anderson, Roberta. "'Well Disposed to the Affairs of Spain?’ James VI & I and the Propagandists: 1618–1624." British Catholic History 25.4 (2001): 613–635.
  • Burgess, Glenn, Rowland Wymer, and Jason Lawrence, eds. The Accession of James I: historical and cultural consequences (Springer, 2016).
  • Coward, Barry. The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714 (4th ed. 2014) excerpt
  • Croft, Pauline King James (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)
  • Davies, Godfrey The Early Stuarts: 1603–1660 (2nd ed 1959), pp 1–80.
  • Fincham, Kenneth, and Peter Lake. "The ecclesiastical policy of King James I." Journal of British Studies 24.2 (1985): 169–207.
  • Fischlin, Daniel and Mark Fortier, eds. Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I (2002)
  • Fraser, Antonia. The gunpowder plot: Terror and faith in 1605 (Hachette UK, 2010).
  • Gardiner, S.R. "Britain under James I" in The Cambridge Modern History (1907) v 3 ch 17 online
  • Houlbrooke, Ralph Anthony, ed. James VI and I: Ideas, Authority, and Government (Ashgate, 2006).
  • Howat, G.M.D. Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy (1974)
  • Houston, S. J. James I (Routledge, 2014).
  • Lee, Maurice. Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in his three kingdoms (U of Illinois Press, 1990).
  • Lindquist, Eric N. "The Last Years of the First Earl of Salisbury, 1610–1612." Albion 18.1 (1986): 23–41.
  • Lockyer, Roger. James VI and I (1998).
  • Lockyer, Roger. Tudor and Stuart Britain: 1485–1714 (3rd ed. 2004), 576 pp excerpt
  • Perry, Curtis. The Making of Jacobean Culture: James I and the Renegotiation of Elizabethan Literary Practice (Cambridge UP, 1997).
  • Stilma, Astrid. A King Translated: The Writings of King James VI & I and their Interpretation in the Low Countries, 1593–1603 (Routledge, 2016).
  • Waurechen, Sarah. "Imagined Polities, Failed Dreams, and the Beginnings of an Unacknowledged Britain: English Responses to James VI and I's Vision of Perfect Union." Journal of British Studies 52.3 (2013): 575–596.
  • Wormald, Jenny. "James VI and I (1566–1625)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004) doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14592

Historiography

  • Coward, Barry ed., A Companion to Stuart Britain
  • Lee, Maurice. "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King After All?." Albion 16.2 (1984): 151–163.
  • Schwarz, Marc L. "James I and the Historians: Toward a Reconsideration." Journal of British Studies 13.2 (1974): 114–134. in JSTOR
  • Underdown, David. "New ways and old in early Stuart history," in Richard Schlatter, ed., Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966 (Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 99–140.
  • Wormald, Jenny. "James VI and I: Two Kings or One?" History 68#223 (1983), 187–209.
  • Young, Michael B. "James VI and I: Time for a Reconsideration?" Journal of British Studies 51.3 (2012): 540–567.

Primary sources

  • Akrigg, G. P. V., ed. Letters of King James VI & I (U of California Press, 1984).
  • Coward, Barry and Peter Gaunt, eds. English Historical Documents, 1603–1660 (2011).
  • Rhodes, Neil; Richards, Jennifer; Marshall, Joseph, eds. King James VI and I: Selected Writings (Ashgate, 2003).

External links

May 19, 2023
jacobean, period, english, scottish, history, that, coincides, with, reign, james, scotland, also, inherited, crown, england, 1603, james, succeeds, elizabethan, precedes, caroline, term, jacobean, often, used, distinctive, styles, jacobean, architecture, visu. The Jacobean era was the period in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of James VI of Scotland who also inherited the crown of England in 1603 as James I 1 The Jacobean era succeeds the Elizabethan era and precedes the Caroline era The term Jacobean is often used for the distinctive styles of Jacobean architecture visual arts decorative arts and literature which characterized that period Jacobean era1603 1625King James I by Mijtens 1621 Monarch s James VI and I Preceded byElizabethan era Followed by Caroline eraThe word Jacobean is derived from Neo Latin Jacobaeus from Jacobus the Ecclesiastical Latin form of the English name James 2 3 Contents 1 James as King of England 1 1 Royal finances 1 2 Foreign policy 2 High culture 2 1 Literature 2 2 Science 2 3 Arts and architecture 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Sources 6 1 Historiography 6 2 Primary sources 7 External linksJames as King of England EditThe practical if not formal unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was an important shift of order for both nations and would shape their existence to the present day Another development of crucial significance was the foundation of the first British colonies on the North American continent at Jamestown Virginia in 1607 plus in Newfoundland in 1610 and at Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 which laid the foundation for future British settlement and the eventual formation of both Canada and the United States of America In 1609 the Parliament of Scotland began the Plantation of Ulster A notable event of James reign occurred on 5 November 1605 On that date a group of English Catholics including Guy Fawkes attempted to assassinate the King and destroy Parliament in the Palace of Westminster However the Gunpowder Plot was exposed and prevented and the convicted plotters were hanged drawn and quartered Historians have long debated the curious characteristics of the king s ruling style Croft says The pragmatism of little by little was coming to characterise his style of governance At the same time the curious combination of ability and complacency idleness and shrewd judgement warm emotions and lack of discretion so well described by Fontenay remained typical of James throughout his life 4 Royal finances Edit Political events and developments of the Jacobean era cannot be understood separately from the economic and financial situation James was deeply in debt in Scotland 5 and after 1603 he inherited an English debt of 350 000 from Elizabeth By 1608 the English debt had risen to 1 400 000 and was increasing by 140 000 annually Through a crash program of selling off royal demesnes Lord Treasurer Robert Cecil reduced the debt to 300 000 and the annual deficit to 46 000 by 1610 but could not follow the same method of relief much farther The result was a series of tense and often failed negotiations with Parliament for financial supports a situation that deteriorated over the reigns of James and his son and heir Charles I until the crisis of the English Civil War 6 The Jacobean era ended with a severe economic depression in 1620 1626 complicated by a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in London in 1625 Foreign policy Edit King James I was sincerely devoted to peace not just for his three kingdoms but for Europe as a whole He called himself Rex Pacificus King of Peace 7 Europe was deeply polarized and on the verge of the massive Thirty Years War 1618 1648 with the smaller established Protestant states facing the aggression of the larger Catholic empires In 1604 James made peace with Catholic Spain and made it his policy to marry his daughter to the Spanish prince The marriage of James daughter Princess Elizabeth to Frederick V Elector Palatine at Whitehall 14 February 1613 was more than the social event of the era the couple s union had important political and military implications Across Europe the German princes were banding together in the Union of German Protestant Princes headquartered in Heidelberg the capital of the Palatine King James calculated that his daughter s marriage would give him diplomatic leverage among the Protestants 8 He thus would have a foot in both camps and be able to broker peaceful settlements In his naivete he did not realize that both sides were playing him as a tool for their own goal of achieving destruction of the other side The Catholics in Spain as well as the Emperor Ferdinand II the Vienna based leader of the Habsburgs who controlled the Holy Roman Empire were both heavily influenced by the Catholic Counter Reformation They had the goal of expelling Protestantism from their domains Lord Buckingham who wielded increasing influence at court wanted an alliance with Spain Buckingham took Charles with him to Spain to woo the princess the Infanta Maria Anna However Spain s terms were that James must drop Britain s anti Catholic intolerance Buckingham and Charles were humiliated Buckingham subsequently became the leader of the widespread British demand for a war against Spain Meanwhile the Protestant princes looked to Britain since it was the strongest of all the Protestant countries to give military support for their cause His son in law and daughter became king and queen of Bohemia which outraged Vienna The Thirty Years War began as the Habsburg Emperor ousted the new king and queen of Bohemia and massacred their followers Catholic Bavaria then invaded the Palatine and James s son in law begged for James s military intervention James finally realized his policies had backfired and refused these pleas He successfully kept Britain out of the Europe wide war that proved so devastating for three decades James s backup plan was to marry his son Charles to a French Catholic princess who would bring a handsome dowry Parliament and the British people were strongly opposed to any Catholic marriage were demanding immediate war with Spain and strongly favored with the Protestant cause in Europe James had alienated both elite and popular opinion in Britain and Parliament was cutting its financing Historians credit James for pulling back from a major war at the last minute and keeping Britain in peace 9 10 Frederick and Elizabeth s election as King and Queen of Bohemia in 1619 and the conflict that resulted marked the beginning of the disastrous Thirty Years War King James determination to avoid involvement in the continental conflict even during the war fever of 1623 appears in retrospect as one of the most significant and most positive aspects of his reign 11 High culture EditLiterature Edit In literature some of Shakespeare s most prominent plays including King Lear 1605 Macbeth 1606 and The Tempest 1610 were written during the reign of James I Patronage came not just from James but from James wife Anne of Denmark Also during this period were powerful works by John Webster Thomas Middleton John Ford and Ben Jonson Ben Jonson also contributed to some of the era s best poetry together with the Cavalier poets and John Donne In prose the most representative works are found in those of Francis Bacon and the King James Bible In 1617 George Chapman completed his monumental translation of Homer s Iliad and Odyssey into English verse which were the first ever complete translations of either poem both central to the Western Canon into the English language The wildly popular tale of the Trojan War had until then been available to readers of English only in medieval epic retellings such as Caxton s Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye Jonson was also an important innovator in the specialised literary subgenre of the masque which went through an intense development in the Jacobean era His name is linked with that of Inigo Jones as co developers of the literary and visual technical aspects of this hybrid art For Jonson s masques see The Masque of Blackness The Masque of Queens etc The high costs of these spectacles however positioned the Stuarts far from the relative frugality of Elizabeth s reign and alienated the middle classes and the Puritans with a prospect of waste and self indulgent excess Science Edit Francis Bacon had a strong influence in the evolution of modern science which was entering a key phase in this era as the work of Johannes Kepler in Germany and Galileo Galilei in Italy brought the Copernican revolution to a new level of development Bacon laid a foundation and was a powerful and persuasive advocate for modern objective inquiry predicated upon empiricism as a lens to study the natural world This school of thought was in stark contrast to the dominating scientific philosophy of the time Medieval scholastic authoritarianism On practical rather than general levels much work was being done in the areas of navigation cartography and surveying John Widdowes A Description of the World 1621 being one significant volume in this area as well as in continuing William Gilbert s work on magnetism from the previous reign Scholarship and the sciences or natural philosophy had important royal patrons in this era not so much in the King but in his son Henry Frederick Prince of Wales and even his wife Anne of Denmark the Danish Court from which she derived had a strong patronage tradition in intellectual matters Arts and architecture Edit Main article Jacobean architecture The fine arts were dominated by foreign talent in the Jacobean era as was true of the Tudor and Stuart periods in general Paul van Somer and Daniel Mytens were the most prominent portrait painters during the reign of James as Anthony van Dyck would be under the coming reign of his son Yet the slow development of a native school of painting which had made progress in the previous reign continued under James producing figures like Robert Peake the Elder died 1619 William Larkin fl 1609 19 and Sir Nathaniel Bacon 1585 1627 Some would also claim as part of this trend Cornelius Johnson or Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen 1593 1661 born and trained in London and active through the first two Stuart reigns 12 The decorative arts furniture for example became increasingly rich in color detail and design Materials from other parts of the world like mother of pearl were now available by worldwide trade and were used as decoration 13 Even familiar materials such as wood and silver were worked more deeply in intricate and intensely three dimensional designs 13 The goldsmith George Heriot made jewellery for Anne of Denmark 14 Architecture in the Jacobean era was a continuation of the Elizabethan style with increasing emphasis on classical elements like columns and obelisks Architectural detail and decorative strapwork patterns derived from continental engravings especially the prints of Hans Vredeman de Vries were employed on buildings and furniture European influences include France Flanders and Italy 15 Inigo Jones may be the most famous English architect of this period with lasting contributions to classical public building style his works include the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall and the portico of Old St Paul s Cathedral destroyed in the Great Fire of London Significant Jacobean buildings include Hatfield House Bolsover Castle Aston Hall and Charlton House Many churches contain fine monuments in Jacobean style with characteristic motifs including strapwork and polychromy The mason and sculptor Nicholas Stone produced many effigies for tombs as well as architectural stonework In popular culture EditIn the domain of customs manners and everyday life the Jacobean era saw a distinctly religious tone 16 Virginia tobacco became popular James I published his A Counterblaste to Tobacco in 1604 but the book had no discernible effect by 1612 London had 7 000 tobacconists and smoking houses The Virginia colony survived because the English acquired the nicotine habit 17 See also EditEarly modern BritainNotes Edit Jacobean is derived from Jacobus the Ecclesiastical Latin form of the English name James See Jacobean Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 in Oxford Living Dictionaries Jacobean Oxford Dictionaries Labine Clem May 1983 Post Victorian Domestic Architecture The Romantic English Revival The Old House Journal Active Interest Media 11 4 83 ISSN 0094 0178 Pauline Croft King James 2003 p 20 Julian Goodare The debts of James VI of Scotland Economic History Review 62 4 2009 926 952 Melissa D Aaron Global Economics Newark DE University of Delaware Press 2020 pp 83 4 Malcolm Smuts The making of Rex Pacificus James VI and I and the Problem of Peace in an Age of Religious War Daniel Fischlin amp Mark Fortier eds Royal Subjects Essays on the Writings of James VI and I 2002 pp 371 87 W B Patterson King James I and the Protestant cause in the crisis of 1618 22 Studies in Church History 18 1982 pp 319 334 Jonathan Scott England s Troubles 17th century English Political Instability in European Context Cambridge UP 2000 pp 98 101 Godfrey Davies The Early Stuarts 1603 1660 1959 pp 47 67 G M D Howat Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy 1974 pp 17 42 Eliis Waterhouse Painting in Britain 1530 to 1790 fourth edition New York Viking Penguin 1978 pp 42 66 a b Learn About Style Jacobean Victoria and Albert Museum Retrieved 5 September 2012 Daniel Packer Jewels of Blacknesse at the Jacobean Court Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes vol 75 2012 pp 201 222 Cibelli Dr Deborah H Jacobean Architecture 1603 25 The Arts and Architecture of the British Renaissance Nicolls State University Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Patrick Collinson Elizabethan and Jacobean puritanism as forms of popular religious culture in Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales eds The Culture of English Puritanism 1560 1700 Macmillan Education UK 1996 pp 32 57 Churchill Winston 2002 The Great Republic A History of America London Cassell amp Co p 27 ISBN 0 304 35792 8 Sources EditAnderson Roberta Well Disposed to the Affairs of Spain James VI amp I and the Propagandists 1618 1624 British Catholic History 25 4 2001 613 635 Burgess Glenn Rowland Wymer and Jason Lawrence eds The Accession of James I historical and cultural consequences Springer 2016 Coward Barry The Stuart Age England 1603 1714 4th ed 2014 excerpt Croft Pauline King James Palgrave Macmillan 2003 Davies Godfrey The Early Stuarts 1603 1660 2nd ed 1959 pp 1 80 Fincham Kenneth and Peter Lake The ecclesiastical policy of King James I Journal of British Studies 24 2 1985 169 207 Fischlin Daniel and Mark Fortier eds Royal Subjects Essays on the Writings of James VI and I 2002 Fraser Antonia The gunpowder plot Terror and faith in 1605 Hachette UK 2010 Gardiner S R Britain under James I in The Cambridge Modern History 1907 v 3 ch 17 online Houlbrooke Ralph Anthony ed James VI and I Ideas Authority and Government Ashgate 2006 Howat G M D Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy 1974 Houston S J James I Routledge 2014 Lee Maurice Great Britain s Solomon James VI and I in his three kingdoms U of Illinois Press 1990 Lindquist Eric N The Last Years of the First Earl of Salisbury 1610 1612 Albion 18 1 1986 23 41 Lockyer Roger James VI and I 1998 Lockyer Roger Tudor and Stuart Britain 1485 1714 3rd ed 2004 576 pp excerpt Perry Curtis The Making of Jacobean Culture James I and the Renegotiation of Elizabethan Literary Practice Cambridge UP 1997 Stilma Astrid A King Translated The Writings of King James VI amp I and their Interpretation in the Low Countries 1593 1603 Routledge 2016 Waurechen Sarah Imagined Polities Failed Dreams and the Beginnings of an Unacknowledged Britain English Responses to James VI and I s Vision of Perfect Union Journal of British Studies 52 3 2013 575 596 Wormald Jenny James VI and I 1566 1625 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 doi 10 1093 ref odnb 14592Historiography Edit Coward Barry ed A Companion to Stuart Britain Lee Maurice James I and the Historians Not a Bad King After All Albion 16 2 1984 151 163 Schwarz Marc L James I and the Historians Toward a Reconsideration Journal of British Studies 13 2 1974 114 134 in JSTOR Underdown David New ways and old in early Stuart history in Richard Schlatter ed Recent views on British history essays on historical writing since 1966 Rutgers UP 1984 pp 99 140 Wormald Jenny James VI and I Two Kings or One History 68 223 1983 187 209 Young Michael B James VI and I Time for a Reconsideration Journal of British Studies 51 3 2012 540 567 Primary sources Edit Akrigg G P V ed Letters of King James VI amp I U of California Press 1984 Coward Barry and Peter Gaunt eds English Historical Documents 1603 1660 2011 Rhodes Neil Richards Jennifer Marshall Joseph eds King James VI and I Selected Writings Ashgate 2003 External links EditJacobean Science Science and Patronage in Early Modern England Jacobean Style Guide British Galleries Victoria and Albert Museum Retrieved 16 July 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jacobean era amp oldid 1154498539, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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