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Chakali language

January 01, 1970

Chakali (tʃàkálɪ́ɪ́) is a Gur language of Ghana, spoken by almost 3,500 individuals in several villages in the Wa East District of the Upper West Region. More specifically, Chakali is spoken by inhabitants of the Tiisa, Sogla, Tousa, Motigu, Ducie, Katua and Gurumbele villages. The majority of Chakali speakers also speak Wali or Bulengi. Some believe that the language of Chakali is soon to be extinct, with Wali and Bulengi becoming the only languages that will be spoken in those villages.[2]

Chakali
Native toGhana
RegionNorthern Region
Native speakers
6,000 (2003)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3cli
Glottologchak1271
ELPChakali

Phonology edit

Chakali phonology is typical of Gur languages, with tone, vowel harmony, and labial–velar consonant. The majority of Chakali's syllables fall into one of three categories C(consonant)V(vowel), CVC and CVV.[2] All the other syllable combinations found in Chakali are extremely rare and are not found in the middle syllable of a word.[2]

Vowels edit

Chakali contrasts long and short vowels, as well as advanced and retracted tongue root vowels, which play a role in vowel harmony. While typically treated as a "neutral" vowel for tongue root harmony, /a/ might surface as [ɑ] following -ATR vowels, but this is not phonemic. Additionally, [ə] arises during epenthesis or vowel reduction.

All phonemic vowels can also appear nasalized, which is often due to the influence of a neighboring nasal consonant or glottal fricative. Nasal vowels do occur phonemically in certain words,[2] as demonstrated by near-minimal or minimal pairs:

  • /zʊ̀ʊ̀/ 'enter', /zʊ̃̀ʊ̃̀/ 'laziness'
  • /fáà/ 'ancient', /fã̀ã̀/ 'do by force'
  • /tùù/ 'go down', /tṹṹ/ 'honey'

Consonants edit

  Labial Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
plain labial
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋ͡m  
Stop p  b t  d t͡ʃ  d͡ʒ k  ɡ k͡p  ɡ͡b ʔ
Fricative f  v s  z       h
Approximant   l j   w  
Rhotic   r~ɾ        
  • /t/ surfaces as [r] in word-final or word-medial onset position.[2]
  • /k/ and /g/ usually surface as [ɣ] between vowels.[2]
  • All nasals are realized as [ŋ] in word-final position.[2]

Tone and Intonation edit

Chakali is considered a tone language; variations in pitch are used to change the lexical and grammatical meaning of words and phrases. Chakali has two major categories of tone: high and low; mid tones cause no lexical change and are considered to be derived from either high or low tones (such that a mid tone is considered to be either a lowered high tone or a raised low tone). Tones may also be considered as contour tones: either as falling or rising.[2]

Grammar edit

Chakali is a subject–verb–object language.[2]

Verbs edit

The most common amount of syllables found in Chakali verbs contain either one, two, or three syllables, and of those three syllable amounts having only two syllables in the verb is the most common in Chakali.[2]

Numerals edit

Chakali’s number system can be separated into atomic numbers and complex. Atomic numbers include 1-8, 10, 20, 100, and 1000. Complex numbers can be obtained through the subtraction, addition and/or multiplication of its units. For example. fɪ́dɪ̀dɪ́gɪ́túò (nineteen) is the addition of fɪ́ (10), dɪ (and), and dɪ́gɪ́tūō (9). Note: In numbers 11-19 /dɪ/ can change to /d/ if the following unit begins with a vowel like in fɪ́dàŋɔ̃ (15).[3]

Numbers 21-99 are formed by multiples of 20; like in the French number system, where 80 is formed by multiplying 4 times 20, quatre-vingt. For example: màtféó álɪ́é ànɪ́ fɪ́dālʊ̄pɛ̀ (57) which translates directly to twenty, two and seventeen.[3]

Numbers 101-999 and 1001+ are formed likewise, but in multiples of 100's and 1000's. For example: 1999 is tʊ́sʊ̀ ànɪ́ kɔ̀sá dɪ́gɪ́tūō ànɪ́ màftéó ànáásɛ̀ àní fɪ́dɪ̀dɪ́gɪ́túò, which translates directly to 1000 and 100's, 9 and 20, 4 and 19.  Note: hundred and thousand have plural forms.[3]

References edit

  1. ^ Chakali at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Brindle, Jonathan A. (2017). A Dictionary and Grammatical Outline of Chakali. African Language Grammars and Dictionaries 2. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.344813. ISBN 978-3-944675-91-6.
  3. ^ a b c Brindle, Jonathan A. (2017-03-01). A dictionary and grammatical outline of Chakali. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.344813.


 

This article about Gur languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

January 01, 1970
chakali, language, chakali, tʃàkálɪ, language, ghana, spoken, almost, individuals, several, villages, east, district, upper, west, region, more, specifically, chakali, spoken, inhabitants, tiisa, sogla, tousa, motigu, ducie, katua, gurumbele, villages, majorit. Chakali tʃakalɪ ɪ is a Gur language of Ghana spoken by almost 3 500 individuals in several villages in the Wa East District of the Upper West Region More specifically Chakali is spoken by inhabitants of the Tiisa Sogla Tousa Motigu Ducie Katua and Gurumbele villages The majority of Chakali speakers also speak Wali or Bulengi Some believe that the language of Chakali is soon to be extinct with Wali and Bulengi becoming the only languages that will be spoken in those villages 2 ChakaliNative toGhanaRegionNorthern RegionNative speakers6 000 2003 1 Language familyNiger Congo Atlantic CongoGurSouthernGurunsiWesternChakaliLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code cli class extiw title iso639 3 cli cli a Glottologchak1271ELPChakali Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Vowels 1 2 Consonants 1 3 Tone and Intonation 2 Grammar 2 1 Verbs 2 2 Numerals 3 ReferencesPhonology editChakali phonology is typical of Gur languages with tone vowel harmony and labial velar consonant The majority of Chakali s syllables fall into one of three categories C consonant V vowel CVC and CVV 2 All the other syllable combinations found in Chakali are extremely rare and are not found in the middle syllable of a word 2 Vowels edit Chakali contrasts long and short vowels as well as advanced and retracted tongue root vowels which play a role in vowel harmony While typically treated as a neutral vowel for tongue root harmony a might surface as ɑ following ATR vowels but this is not phonemic Additionally e arises during epenthesis or vowel reduction Front Back Unrounded Rounded ATR ATR ATR ATR Close ɪ i ʊ u Mid ɛ e ɔ o Open a All phonemic vowels can also appear nasalized which is often due to the influence of a neighboring nasal consonant or glottal fricative Nasal vowels do occur phonemically in certain words 2 as demonstrated by near minimal or minimal pairs zʊ ʊ enter zʊ ʊ laziness faa ancient fa a do by force tuu go down tṹṹ honey Consonants edit Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal plain labial Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋ m Stop p b t d t ʃ d ʒ k ɡ k p ɡ b ʔ Fricative f v s z h Approximant l j w Rhotic r ɾ t surfaces as r in word final or word medial onset position 2 k and g usually surface as ɣ between vowels 2 All nasals are realized as ŋ in word final position 2 Tone and Intonation edit Chakali is considered a tone language variations in pitch are used to change the lexical and grammatical meaning of words and phrases Chakali has two major categories of tone high and low mid tones cause no lexical change and are considered to be derived from either high or low tones such that a mid tone is considered to be either a lowered high tone or a raised low tone Tones may also be considered as contour tones either as falling or rising 2 Grammar editChakali is a subject verb object language 2 Verbs edit The most common amount of syllables found in Chakali verbs contain either one two or three syllables and of those three syllable amounts having only two syllables in the verb is the most common in Chakali 2 Numerals edit Chakali s number system can be separated into atomic numbers and complex Atomic numbers include 1 8 10 20 100 and 1000 Complex numbers can be obtained through the subtraction addition and or multiplication of its units For example fɪ dɪ dɪ gɪ tuo nineteen is the addition of fɪ 10 dɪ and and dɪ gɪ tuō 9 Note In numbers 11 19 dɪ can change to d if the following unit begins with a vowel like in fɪ daŋɔ 15 3 Numbers 21 99 are formed by multiples of 20 like in the French number system where 80 is formed by multiplying 4 times 20 quatre vingt For example matfeo alɪ e anɪ fɪ dalʊ pɛ 57 which translates directly to twenty two and seventeen 3 Numbers 101 999 and 1001 are formed likewise but in multiples of 100 s and 1000 s For example 1999 is tʊ sʊ anɪ kɔ sa dɪ gɪ tuō anɪ mafteo anaasɛ ani fɪ dɪ dɪ gɪ tuo which translates directly to 1000 and 100 s 9 and 20 4 and 19 Note hundred and thousand have plural forms 3 References edit Chakali at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp a b c d e f g h i j Brindle Jonathan A 2017 A Dictionary and Grammatical Outline of Chakali African Language Grammars and Dictionaries 2 Berlin Language Science Press doi 10 5281 zenodo 344813 ISBN 978 3 944675 91 6 a b c Brindle Jonathan A 2017 03 01 A dictionary and grammatical outline of Chakali Zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 344813 nbsp This article about Gur languages is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chakali language amp oldid 1185438257, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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