Mesopotamian Arabic has two major varieties: Gelet Mesopotamian Arabic and Qeltu Mesopotamian Arabic. Their names derive from the form of the word for "I said" in each variety.[2] Gelet Arabic is a Bedouin variety spoken by Muslims (both sedentary and non-sedentary) in central and southern Iraq and by nomads in the rest of Iraq. Qeltu Arabic is an urban dialect spoken by Non-Muslims of central and southern Iraq (including Baghdad) and by the sedentary population (both Muslims and Non-Muslims) of the rest of the country.[3] Non-Muslims include Christians, Yazidis, and Jews, until most Iraqi Jews left Iraq in the 1940s–1950s.[4][5] Geographically, the gelet–qeltu classification roughly corresponds to respectively Upper Mesopotamia and Lower Mesopotamia.[6] The isogloss is between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, around Fallujah and Samarra.[6]
During the Siege of Baghdad (1258), the Mongols killed all Muslims.[7] However, sedentary Christians and Jews were spared and northern Iraq was untouched.[7] In southern Iraq, sedentary Muslims were gradually replaced by Bedouins from the countryside.[7] This explains the current dialect distribution: in the south, everyone speaks Bedouin varieties close to Gulf Arabic (continuation of the Bedouin dialects of the Arabian Peninsula),[7][8] with the exception of urban Non-Muslims who continue to speak pre-1258 qeltu dialects while in the north the original qeltu dialect is still spoken by all, Muslims and Non-Muslims alike.[7]
Baghdadi Arabic is Iraq's de facto national vernacular, as about half of population speaks it as a mother tongue, and most other Iraqis understand it. It is spreading to northern cities as well.[10] Other Arabic speakers cannot easily understand Moslawi and Baghdadi.[10]
Cypriot Arabic shares a number of common features with North Mesopotamian Arabic, and one of its pre-Cypriot medieval antecedents has been deduced as belonging to this dialect area.[11][12] However, its current form is a hybrid of different varieties and languages, including Levantine Arabic and Greek.[11]
^Jasim, Maha Ibrahim (2022-12-15). "The Linguistic Heritage of the Maṣlāwī Dialect in Iraq". CREID Working Paper 18. doi:10.19088/creid.2022.015.
^Holes, Clive, ed. (2018). Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. Oxford University Press. p. 337. ISBN978-0-19-870137-8. OCLC 1059441655.
^Procházka, Stephan (2018). "3.2. The Arabic dialects of northern Iraq". In Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 243–266. doi:10.1515/9783110421682-008. ISBN978-3-11-042168-2. S2CID 134361362.
^ abcAhmed, Abdulkareem Yaseen (2018). Phonological variation and change in Mesopotamia: a study of accent levelling in the Arabic dialect of Mosul (PhD thesis). Newcastle University.
^ abcdeHoles, Clive (2006). Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (eds.). "The Arabian Peninsula and Iraq/Die arabische Halbinsel und der Irak". Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik, Part 3. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter: 1937. doi:10.1515/9783110184181.3.9.1930. ISBN978-3-11-019987-1.
^Prochazka, Stephan (2018). "The Northern Fertile Crescent". In Holes, Clive (ed.). Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. Oxford University Press. p. 266. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0009. ISBN978-0-19-870137-8. OCLC 1059441655.
^ abCollin, Richard Oliver (2009). "Words of War: The Iraqi Tower of Babel". International Studies Perspectives. 10 (3): 245–264. doi:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2009.00375.x.
^del Rio Sanchez, Francisco (2013). "Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic". In Sala, Juan Pedro Monferrer; Watson, Wilfred G. E. (eds.). Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages: Selected Papers. Oriens Academic. ISBN978-84-695-7829-2.
^Smart, J. R. (2013). Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315026503. ISBN978-1-136-78805-5.
^R. J. al-Mawsely, al-Athar, al-Aramiyyah fi lughat al-Mawsil al-amiyyah (Lexicon: Aramaic in the popular language of Mosul): Baghdad 1963
^Afsaruddin, Asma; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias, eds. (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Penn State University Press. doi:10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt. ISBN978-1-57506-020-0. JSTOR 10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt.
This article related to the Arabic language is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
north, mesopotamian, arabic, also, known, moslawi, meaning, mosul, mardelli, meaning, mardin, mesopotamian, qeltu, arabic, syro, mesopotamian, arabic, main, varieties, mesopotamian, arabic, together, with, gilit, mesopotamian, arabic, moslawi, arabicmardelli, . North Mesopotamian Arabic also known as Moslawi meaning of Mosul Mardelli meaning of Mardin Mesopotamian Qeltu Arabic or Syro Mesopotamian Arabic is one of the two main varieties of Mesopotamian Arabic together with Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic 1 North Mesopotamian ArabicMoslawi ArabicMardelli ArabicQeltu Mesopotamian ArabicSyro Mesopotamian Arabicلهجة موصليةNative toIraq Syria Turkey 1 Speakers10 million 2019 2023 1 Language familyAfro Asiatic SemiticWest SemiticCentral SemiticArabicMesopotamianNorth Mesopotamian ArabicDialectsAnatolian Arabic Judeo Iraqi Arabic Cypriot ArabicWriting systemArabic alphabetLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code ayp class extiw title iso639 3 ayp ayp a Glottolognort3142ELPNorth Mesopotamian Arabic image reference needed Contents 1 Relationship to Gilit Mesopotamian 2 Dialects 3 Aramaic substrate 4 ReferencesRelationship to Gilit Mesopotamian editThis section is an excerpt from Mesopotamian Arabic Varieties edit Mesopotamian Arabic has two major varieties Gelet Mesopotamian Arabic and Qeltu Mesopotamian Arabic Their names derive from the form of the word for I said in each variety 2 Gelet Arabic is a Bedouin variety spoken by Muslims both sedentary and non sedentary in central and southern Iraq and by nomads in the rest of Iraq Qeltu Arabic is an urban dialect spoken by Non Muslims of central and southern Iraq including Baghdad and by the sedentary population both Muslims and Non Muslims of the rest of the country 3 Non Muslims include Christians Yazidis and Jews until most Iraqi Jews left Iraq in the 1940s 1950s 4 5 Geographically the gelet qeltu classification roughly corresponds to respectively Upper Mesopotamia and Lower Mesopotamia 6 The isogloss is between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates around Fallujah and Samarra 6 During the Siege of Baghdad 1258 the Mongols killed all Muslims 7 However sedentary Christians and Jews were spared and northern Iraq was untouched 7 In southern Iraq sedentary Muslims were gradually replaced by Bedouins from the countryside 7 This explains the current dialect distribution in the south everyone speaks Bedouin varieties close to Gulf Arabic continuation of the Bedouin dialects of the Arabian Peninsula 7 8 with the exception of urban Non Muslims who continue to speak pre 1258 qeltu dialects while in the north the original qeltu dialect is still spoken by all Muslims and Non Muslims alike 7 Gelet qeltu verb contrasts 9 s stem Bedouin gelet Sedentary qeltu 1st sg ḏạrab t fataḥ tu 2nd m sg ḏạrab t fataḥ t 2nd f sg tisṛab in tǝsrab in 2nd pl tisṛab un tǝsrab un 3rd pl yisṛab un yǝsrab unDialects editThis section is an excerpt from Mesopotamian Arabic Dialects edit Qeltu dialects include 6 Qeltu Anatolian Qeltu Mardin dialects Mardin and surrounding villages Mhallami Qamishli Nusaybin and Cizre Jews Siirt dialects Diyarbakir dialects Diyarbakir Christians and Jews Diyarbakir villages Christians Siverek Cermik and Urfa Jews Kozluk Sason Mus dialects Tigris Qeltu Moslawi Mosul and surrounding villages Bahzani Bashiqa Ain Sifni Moslawi group Jews only Northern Moslawi Sandur Akre Erbil Sos Southern Moslawi Kirkuk Tuz Khurmatu Khanaqin Tikrit and surroundings Baghdad and southern Iraq Jews and Christians only Euphrates Qeltu Khawetna Syria Iraq Turkey Deir ez Zor Anah and Abu Kamal Hit Iraq Baghdadi Arabic is Iraq s de facto national vernacular as about half of population speaks it as a mother tongue and most other Iraqis understand it It is spreading to northern cities as well 10 Other Arabic speakers cannot easily understand Moslawi and Baghdadi 10 The peripheral Anatolian Arabic varieties in Siirt Mus and Batman are quite divergent citation needed Cypriot Arabic shares a number of common features with North Mesopotamian Arabic and one of its pre Cypriot medieval antecedents has been deduced as belonging to this dialect area 11 12 However its current form is a hybrid of different varieties and languages including Levantine Arabic and Greek 11 Aramaic substrate editThis paragraph is an excerpt from Mesopotamian Arabic Substrate edit Mesopotamian Arabic especially Qeltu has a significant Eastern Aramaic substrate 13 and through it also has significant influences from ancient Mesopotamian languages of Sumerian and Akkadian Eastern Aramaic dialects flourished and became the lingua franca throughout Mesopotamia during the Achaemenid and Hellenistic period where different dialects such as Syriac Mandaic and Hatran Aramaic came to being 14 15 Mesopotamian Arabic also retains influences from Persian Turkish and Greek 16 References edit a b c North Mesopotamian Arabic at Ethnologue 27th ed 2024 nbsp Mitchell T F 1990 Pronouncing Arabic Volume 2 Clarendon Press p 37 ISBN 0 19 823989 0 Jasim Maha Ibrahim 2022 12 15 The Linguistic Heritage of the Maṣlawi Dialect in Iraq CREID Working Paper 18 doi 10 19088 creid 2022 015 Holes Clive ed 2018 Arabic Historical Dialectology Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches Oxford University Press p 337 ISBN 978 0 19 870137 8 OCLC 1059441655 Prochazka Stephan 2018 3 2 The Arabic dialects of northern Iraq In Haig Geoffrey Khan Geoffrey eds The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia De Gruyter pp 243 266 doi 10 1515 9783110421682 008 ISBN 978 3 11 042168 2 S2CID 134361362 a b c Ahmed Abdulkareem Yaseen 2018 Phonological variation and change in Mesopotamia a study of accent levelling in the Arabic dialect of Mosul PhD thesis Newcastle University a b c d e Holes Clive 2006 Ammon Ulrich Dittmar Norbert Mattheier Klaus J Trudgill Peter eds The Arabian Peninsula and Iraq Die arabische Halbinsel und der Irak Sociolinguistics Soziolinguistik Part 3 Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter 1937 doi 10 1515 9783110184181 3 9 1930 ISBN 978 3 11 019987 1 Al Wer Enam Jong Rudolf 2017 Dialects of Arabic In Boberg Charles Nerbonne John Watt Dominic eds The Handbook of Dialectology Wiley p 529 doi 10 1002 9781118827628 ch32 ISBN 978 1 118 82755 0 OCLC 989950951 Prochazka Stephan 2018 The Northern Fertile Crescent In Holes Clive ed Arabic Historical Dialectology Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches Oxford University Press p 266 doi 10 1093 oso 9780198701378 003 0009 ISBN 978 0 19 870137 8 OCLC 1059441655 a b Collin Richard Oliver 2009 Words of War The Iraqi Tower of Babel International Studies Perspectives 10 3 245 264 doi 10 1111 j 1528 3585 2009 00375 x a b Versteegh Kees 2001 The Arabic Language Edinburgh University Press p 212 ISBN 0 7486 1436 2 Owens Jonathan 2006 A Linguistic History of Arabic Oxford University Press p 274 ISBN 0 19 929082 2 del Rio Sanchez Francisco 2013 Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic In Sala Juan Pedro Monferrer Watson Wilfred G E eds Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages Selected Papers Oriens Academic ISBN 978 84 695 7829 2 Smart J R 2013 Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315026503 ISBN 978 1 136 78805 5 R J al Mawsely al Athar al Aramiyyah fi lughat al Mawsil al amiyyah Lexicon Aramaic in the popular language of Mosul Baghdad 1963 Afsaruddin Asma Zahniser A H Mathias eds 1997 Humanism Culture and Language in the Near East Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff Penn State University Press doi 10 5325 j ctv1w36pkt ISBN 978 1 57506 020 0 JSTOR 10 5325 j ctv1w36pkt nbsp This article related to the Arabic language is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Iraq related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Iran related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Syria related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Turkey related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North Mesopotamian Arabic amp oldid 1218120410, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
