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Qamishli

Qamishli[nb 1] is a city in northeastern Syria on the Syria–Turkey border, adjoining the city of Nusaybin in Turkey. The Jaghjagh River flows through the city. With a 2004 census population of 184,231,[1] it is the ninth most-populous city in Syria and the second-largest in Al-Hasakah Governorate after Al-Hasakah. Qamishli has traditionally been a Christian Assyrian majority city,[6] but is now predominantly populated by Kurds with large numbers of Arabs and Assyrians and a smaller number of Armenians. It is 680 kilometres (420 mi) northeast of Damascus.[7]

Qamishli
ٱلْقَامِشْلِي
Qamişlo
ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝ̈ܢ / ܩܡܫܠܐ
Qamishlo
Qamishli
Location of Qamishli in Syria
Coordinates: 37°03′N 41°13′E / 37.05°N 41.22°E / 37.05; 41.22
Country Syria
GovernorateAl-Hasakah
DistrictQamishli
SubdistrictQamishli
Established1926 (1926)
Control Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
Elevation
455 m (1,493 ft)
Population
 (2004)[1]
184,231
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Area code+963 52
GeocodeC4564

The city is the administrative capital of the Qamishli District in Al-Hasakah Governorate, and the administrative center of Qamishli Subdistrict, consisting of 92 localities with a combined population of 232,095 in 2004. Qamishli was the de facto capital of the AANES,[8][9] until it was moved to Ayn Issa.[10]

Etymology

The city was initially a small village inhabited by Assyrians called ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝ̈ܢ (Bēṯ Zālīn) meaning "House of Reeds".[5] The modern name is the Turkish translation of this name. Kamış means "reed" and -lı suffix denotes "place with" in Turkish.

History

 
Qamishli in 1964
 
Statue of former President Hafez al-Assad

The city dates back to the 1920s, when a sizable amount of Assyrians, escaping the Assyrian genocide carried out by the Ottoman Empire, fled from northwestern Iran and southern Turkey and built a small town, under the French Mandate authorities, which they initially called Bet-Zalin. The city itself was officially founded as Qamishli in 1926 as a railway station on the Taurus railway.[11] One of the most important funders of the early development projects in the city was Masoud Asfar, an Assyrian who survived the Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895) as a young child. Masoud, along with stepbrother, whose last name was Najjar, established the Asfar & Najjar Corporation, a company that produced wheat in Qamishli. Throughout the 1920s–1940s, the Asfar & Najjar Corporation funded hospitals, Assyrian schools, and churches throughout the city. At the same time, many Armenians and Assyrians, fleeing persecution in Iraq and Turkey, moved into the region.[12] This was followed by the emigration of Kurds from Turkey, most of whom settled in the countryside and then began to move to the city. However, in the 1960s and until the late 1970s, when Assyrians still constituted two-thirds of the city's population, the government of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region actively confiscated Assyrian farms, lands, and areas, causing an Assyrian exodus.

Qamishli is considered a center for both the Kurdish and the Assyrian ethnic groups in Syria. It was heavily settled by refugees from the Assyrian genocide. Assyrians were the majority in the city until the 1970s, when Kurds from the surrounding countryside moved into the city in numbers. Qamishli is renowned for its large Christmas parade, and Newroz and Kha b-Nisan festivals.

21st century

 
The President's street

In March 2004, during a chaotic soccer match, the Qamishli riots began when visiting Arab fans from Deir ez-Zor started praising Saddam Hussein to taunt the Kurdish home fans. The riot expanded out of the stadium and weapons were used against people of Kurdish background. In the aftermath, at least 30 Kurds were killed as the Syrian security services took over the city.[13]

In June 2005, thousands of Kurds demonstrated in Qamishli to protest the assassination of Sheikh Khaznawi, a Kurdish cleric in Syria, resulting in the death of one policeman and injury to four Kurdish civilians.[14][15]

In March 2008, according to Human Rights Watch,[16] three more Kurds were killed when Syrian security forces opened fire on people celebrating the spring festival of Newroz.

Civil war

 
2015 division of the city

With the civil war and the Rojava conflict from 2011, the city grew into a major political role, being the de facto capital of the AANES. Part of the city, as well as an area to the south which includes Qamishli Airport, remain under the administration of the Syrian government. Unlike many Syrian cities, Qamishli has not seen large-scale fighting during the war, although it has been attacked by unknown perpetrators in 2015 and by Islamic State in 2016, as well as brief skirmishes between AANES and Syrian forces in 2016 and 2018. Qamishli is home to Chirkin prison, which houses detained Islamic State militants.[17]

On 17 August 2020, Syrian forces reportedly clashed with US troops near Qamishli, which resulted in the death of one Syrian. Two other Syrian soldiers were said to have been injured during the clash, state media added.[18][19]

In 2022, the Syrian government remains in control of a large part of the city centre as well as a substantial rural area to the south, including the airport, the border crossing, various government buildings, and many residential neighborhoods. The government still organises the production and the distribution of the harvest in the southern countryside, and organizes flights between Qamishli and other Syrian cities, as well as Beirut. However, most of the city is under the administration of the AANES.[20]

Climate

The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean climate; dry-summer subtropical climate). The summers tend to be dry and warm, with July being the hottest month of the year, while the winters are usually cold and wet, with January being the coldest month and having an average of 11 days of rain. In total, around 53 days of rain occur every year.[21]

Climate data for Qamishli (1991–2020, extremes 1952–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.6
(74.5)
23.2
(73.8)
32.0
(89.6)
36.4
(97.5)
41.0
(105.8)
46.0
(114.8)
48.5
(119.3)
47.3
(117.1)
45.0
(113.0)
38.6
(101.5)
29.8
(85.6)
27.0
(80.6)
48.5
(119.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.3
(52.3)
13.1
(55.6)
17.4
(63.3)
22.9
(73.2)
30.0
(86.0)
37.0
(98.6)
40.6
(105.1)
40.2
(104.4)
35.3
(95.5)
28.4
(83.1)
19.6
(67.3)
13.2
(55.8)
25.7
(78.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9)
4.1
(39.4)
7.1
(44.8)
10.9
(51.6)
15.9
(60.6)
21.3
(70.3)
24.5
(76.1)
24.1
(75.4)
20.1
(68.2)
15.8
(60.4)
9.1
(48.4)
5.0
(41.0)
13.4
(56.1)
Record low °C (°F) −11.3
(11.7)
−9.5
(14.9)
−6.7
(19.9)
−2.9
(26.8)
4.6
(40.3)
10.0
(50.0)
15.3
(59.5)
15.8
(60.4)
9.8
(49.6)
1.2
(34.2)
−3.0
(26.6)
−6.7
(19.9)
−11.3
(11.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66.0
(2.60)
59.0
(2.32)
55.2
(2.17)
46.7
(1.84)
22.4
(0.88)
2.5
(0.10)
0.6
(0.02)
0.2
(0.01)
1.3
(0.05)
18.8
(0.74)
36.8
(1.45)
59.9
(2.36)
361.1
(14.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.3 7.8 7.7 6.4 3.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 2.9 4.0 6.8 48.0
Average relative humidity (%) 71 68 64 60 47 29 24 24 27 39 57 70 48
Mean monthly sunshine hours 148.8 154.0 204.6 222.0 288.3 339.0 356.5 350.3 312.0 254.2 192.0 148.8 2,970.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.8 5.5 6.6 7.4 9.3 11.3 11.5 11.3 10.4 8.2 6.4 4.8 8.1
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[22][23]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1974–1978),[24] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[25]

Demographics

 
Miami Street in Al-Wusta neighborhood during Christmas.
Historical population
YearPop.±%
198192,990—    
1994144,286+55.2%
2004184,231+27.7%

In 1939, French mandate authorities reported the following population numbers for different ethnic/religious groups in Qamishli city centre.[26]

Arabs Kurds Assyrians Armenians
7990 5892 14,140 3500

Qamishli is an ethnically mixed city. Kurds make up a majority of the city's population,[27] which also has many Arabs, Assyrians,[28] and Armenians.[29]

Religion

Muslims

More than 80% of Qamishli's inhabitants are Sunni Muslims. They are mainly Kurds, followed by Arabs.

Christians

The city is considered to be a Christian center in Syria, and was a Christian-majority city for much of its history.[30]

In the 1930s it is estimated that out of the town's population of 23,000 individuals, 20,000 of those were Christians.[31]

Before the civil war, the Christian population of Qamishli was about 40,000, of whom 25,000 belonged to the Syriac Orthodox Church, the biggest church in the city. As of 2014 it was believed that half of all Christians had left the city.[32]

Once a Christian-majority city, the rural migration to Qamishli has increased the Kurdish population of the city. In addition, since the PYD militia took control of the city in 2012 they carried out a Kurdification process touching all aspects of life, starting by changing the name of the city to Qamishlo, to forcing a Kurdish-language curriculum on non-Kurdish citizens, to cultural and social aspects of the city. The Christian and Arab population in the city were fiercely opposed to the PYD rule. Half the Christian population left by 2017 although no fighting happened in the city.[33]

Churches in the city

  • Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis (كنيسة القديس مار يعقوب النصيبيني للسريان الأرثوذكس)
  • Syriac Orthodox Church of Our Lady (كنيسة السيده العذراء للسريان الأرثوذكس)
  • Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Ephrem the Syrian (كنيسة مار افرام السرياني للسريان الأرثوذكس)
  • Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Quriaqos (كنيسة مار قرياقوس للسريان الأرثوذكس)
  • Syriac Catholic Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (كنيسة القديسين مار بطرس وبولس للسريان الكاثوليك)
  • Assyrian Church of Saint George (كنيسة مار جرجس للآشوريين)
  • Assyrian Church of Saint Ephrem (كنيسة مار أفرام للآشوريين)
  • Chaldean Catholic Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis (كنيسة القديس مار يعقوب النصيبيني للكلدان الكاثوليك)
  • Armenian Orthodox Church of Saint Hagop (كنيسة القديس هاكوب الأرمن الأورثوذكس)
  • Armenian Catholic Church of Saint Joseph (كنيسة مار يوسف الأرمن الكاثوليك)
  • National Evangelical Presbyterian Church (الكنيسة الأنجيلية المشيخية الوطنية)

Jews

Historically, Qamishli was also home to a significant Jewish community. The origin of the Jews of Qamishli (unlike the Jews of Damascus and Aleppo who are a mixture of Sephardi Jews and Musta'arabi Jews) is the adjoining city of Nusaybin, on the other side of the Turkish-Syrian border. As after the foundation of Turkey in 1923, the major economic hubs were allocated to Turkey, the French Mandate authorities deemed it necessary to encourage the settlement or foundation of new villages and towns in the region.[34] The current town was founded in 1926 by the French Mandate, which following encouraged the settlement of the population in Nusaybin, which is located just across the border.[34] Within a few years, Qamishli was more populous than Nusaybin.[34] The major part of the Christian, and also of the Jewish population from Nusaybin moved to Qamsihli.[34] In the 1930s the Jewish population of Qamishli numbered 3,000. After the escalation of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 1947, the situation of the Jews of Qamishli deteriorated. The exodus of Jews from Syria peaked due to violence, such as the 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo. By 1963, the community had dwindled to 800, and after the Six-Day War it went down further to 150, of whom no one remain today.[35]

Neighborhoods

 
Hotels on President Hafiz al-Assad Street

Qamishli is divided into several districts, which are further divided into neighborhoods.

This is a list of the neighborhoods of Qamishli.

  • Al-Zahra (Al-Wusta)
  • Al-Qusour
  • Al-Muwazafin
  • Qudour Bek
  • Al-Gharbiyah
  • Corniche
  • Al-Arbawiyah
  • Al-Ashouriyin (Assyrian)
  • Al-Siryan (Syriac)
  • Al-Bashiriyah
  • Tay
  • Al-Thawra
  • Al-Golan (Berkila)
  • Qanat al-Suways
  • Al-Antariyah
  • Maysaloun
  • Al-Hilaliyah
  • Jurnak
  • Alaiya (Hattin)
  • Mahmakiyah
  • Jumaayah
  • Halko

Transportation

Qamishli Airport was closed to civilians in October 2015, but later reopened. Syrian airline companies including Cham Wings Airlines, FlyDamas and Syrian Air provide flights between Qamishli and Damascus, Latakia, and Beirut.

Media and education

The Kurdish-language newspaper Nu Dem has its headquarters in Qamishli.[7]

While prior to the Rojava conflict, there had been no institution of higher education in northeastern Syria, in September 2014 the Mesopotamian Social Sciences Academy started teaching.[8][36] Following the University of Afrin,[37] in July 2016 the Jazira Canton's Board of Education officially established the second Syrian Kurdish university in Qamishli. The University of Rojava initially comprised four faculties: Medicine, Engineering, Sciences, and Arts and Humanities. Programs taught include health, oil, computer and agricultural engineering, physics, chemistry, history, psychology, geography, mathematics, primary school teaching, and Kurdish literature.[38][39]

Sports

 
7 April Stadium

Al-Jihad SC is the largest football club in the city and plays at 7 April Stadium.

Notable people

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ also known as Al-Qamishli, Kamishli, Kamishly, Qamishlo or Zalin, (Arabic: ٱلْقَامِشْلِي, romanizedAl-Qāmišlī;[2] Kurdish: Qamişlo;[3][4] Syriac: ܩܡܫܠܐ, romanizedQamishlo; Classical Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝ̈ܢ, romanized: Bēṯ Zālīn, lit.'House of Reeds'[5])

References

  1. ^ a b "2004 Census Data for Nahiya Qamishli" (in Arabic). Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics. Also available in English: UN OCHA. "2004 Census Data". Humanitarian Data Exchange.
  2. ^ Welle, Deutsche. "سوريا: قتلى وجرحى في ثلاثة انفجارات تهز مدينة القامشلي" (in Arabic). Dw.com. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  3. ^ "Şaredariya Qamişlo bajar paqij dike" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  4. ^ "بەکاتی قامشلۆ 10/12/2019" (in Kurdish). Rudaw.net. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  5. ^ a b [1][dead link]
  6. ^ "From Qamishli to Qamishlo: A Trip to Rojava's New Capital".
  7. ^ a b Zurutuza, Carlos. "Syria's first Kurdish-language newspaper" (Archive). Al Jazeera. 18 October 2013. Retrieved on 22 October 2013.
  8. ^ a b "A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard". The New York Times. 2015-11-29. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  9. ^ Radpey, Loqman (September 2016). "Kurdish Regional Self-rule Administration in Syria: A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq". Japanese Journal of Political Science. 17 (3): 468–488. doi:10.1017/S1468109916000190. ISSN 1468-1099.
  10. ^ "Ain Issa: from an obscure town to SDF headquarters". Enab Baladi. 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  11. ^ "Al-Qāmishlī | Syria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  12. ^ "From Qamishli to Qamishlo: A Trip to Rojava's New Capital".
  13. ^ James Brandon (February 15, 2007). . Terrorism Monitor. Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation. p. Volume 5, Issue 3. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007.
  14. ^ Blanford, Nicholas (June 15, 2005). "A murder stirs Kurds in Syria". USA Today.
  15. ^ Fattah, Hassan M. (July 2, 2005). "Kurds, Emboldened by Lebanon, Rise Up in Tense Syria". The New York Times.
  16. ^ "Syria: Investigate Killing of Kurds". Human Rights Watch. 23 March 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  17. ^ Perry, Tom (October 10, 2019). Kasolowsky, Raissa (ed.). "Turkey shelled prison holding IS foreign fighters Kurdish-led administration". Reuters.
  18. ^ "Deadly clash reported between U.S. and Syrian forces". CBS News. 17 August 2020.
  19. ^ "Syria says U.S. forces clash with Syrian troops, killing 1". ABC News.
  20. ^ "'We have nothing': Syrian Kurds risk their lives crossing into Turkey". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  21. ^ "Qamishli, Syria Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  22. ^ . World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  23. ^ "Kamishli Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  24. ^ "Klimatafel von Kamishly / Syrien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  25. ^ "Station Kamishli" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  26. ^ Altug, S (2011). "Sectarianism in the Syrian Jazira: community, land and violence in the memories of World War I and the French mandate (1915- 1939)". Utrecht University Repository. hdl:1874/205821.
  27. ^ The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts, pg. 15
  28. ^ See also the article Terms for Syriac Christians
  29. ^ (in Armenian) Ծննդավայրս՝ Գամիշլի կամ Եղէգնուտ 2012-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ "al-Qamishli – Syria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  31. ^ Joseph, John. Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition. p. 108.
  32. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH (24 November 2014). "Islamischer Staat: Die Kirche der Jungfrau in Qamischli". FAZ.NET. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  33. ^ Balanche, Fabrice (13 April 2017). "From Qamishli to Qamishlo: A Trip to Rojava's New Capital". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  34. ^ a b c d Schmidinger, Thomas (2017-03-22). Krieg und Revolution in Syrisch-Kurdistan: Analysen und Stimmen aus Rojava (in German). Mandelbaum Verlag. p. 63. ISBN 978-3-85476-665-0.
  35. ^ "Jews of Syria". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  36. ^ "First New University To Open In Rojava". Rojava Report. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  37. ^ Sardar Mlla Drwish (18 May 2016). . Al Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  38. ^ . ANF. 2016-07-04. Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
  39. ^ "Kurds establish university in Rojava amid Syrian instability". Kurdistan24. 2016-07-07. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

External links

qamishli, city, northeastern, syria, syria, turkey, border, adjoining, city, nusaybin, turkey, jaghjagh, river, flows, through, city, with, 2004, census, population, ninth, most, populous, city, syria, second, largest, hasakah, governorate, after, hasakah, tra. Qamishli nb 1 is a city in northeastern Syria on the Syria Turkey border adjoining the city of Nusaybin in Turkey The Jaghjagh River flows through the city With a 2004 census population of 184 231 1 it is the ninth most populous city in Syria and the second largest in Al Hasakah Governorate after Al Hasakah Qamishli has traditionally been a Christian Assyrian majority city 6 but is now predominantly populated by Kurds with large numbers of Arabs and Assyrians and a smaller number of Armenians It is 680 kilometres 420 mi northeast of Damascus 7 Qamishli ٱل ق ام ش ل ي Qamislo ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝ ܢ ܩܡܫܠܐQamishloCityQamishliLocation of Qamishli in SyriaCoordinates 37 03 N 41 13 E 37 05 N 41 22 E 37 05 41 22Country SyriaGovernorateAl HasakahDistrictQamishliSubdistrictQamishliEstablished1926 1926 ControlAutonomous Administration of North and East SyriaElevation455 m 1 493 ft Population 2004 1 184 231Time zoneUTC 2 EET Summer DST UTC 3 EEST Area code 963 52GeocodeC4564The city is the administrative capital of the Qamishli District in Al Hasakah Governorate and the administrative center of Qamishli Subdistrict consisting of 92 localities with a combined population of 232 095 in 2004 Qamishli was the de facto capital of the AANES 8 9 until it was moved to Ayn Issa 10 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 21st century 2 2 Civil war 3 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Religion 5 1 Muslims 5 2 Christians 5 3 Churches in the city 5 4 Jews 6 Neighborhoods 7 Transportation 8 Media and education 9 Sports 10 Notable people 11 See also 12 Explanatory notes 13 References 14 External linksEtymologyThe city was initially a small village inhabited by Assyrians called ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝ ܢ Beṯ Zalin meaning House of Reeds 5 The modern name is the Turkish translation of this name Kamis means reed and li suffix denotes place with in Turkish History nbsp Qamishli in 1964 nbsp Statue of former President Hafez al Assad The city dates back to the 1920s when a sizable amount of Assyrians escaping the Assyrian genocide carried out by the Ottoman Empire fled from northwestern Iran and southern Turkey and built a small town under the French Mandate authorities which they initially called Bet Zalin The city itself was officially founded as Qamishli in 1926 as a railway station on the Taurus railway 11 One of the most important funders of the early development projects in the city was Masoud Asfar an Assyrian who survived the Massacres of Diyarbakir 1895 as a young child Masoud along with stepbrother whose last name was Najjar established the Asfar amp Najjar Corporation a company that produced wheat in Qamishli Throughout the 1920s 1940s the Asfar amp Najjar Corporation funded hospitals Assyrian schools and churches throughout the city At the same time many Armenians and Assyrians fleeing persecution in Iraq and Turkey moved into the region 12 This was followed by the emigration of Kurds from Turkey most of whom settled in the countryside and then began to move to the city However in the 1960s and until the late 1970s when Assyrians still constituted two thirds of the city s population the government of the Arab Socialist Ba ath Party Syria Region actively confiscated Assyrian farms lands and areas causing an Assyrian exodus Qamishli is considered a center for both the Kurdish and the Assyrian ethnic groups in Syria It was heavily settled by refugees from the Assyrian genocide Assyrians were the majority in the city until the 1970s when Kurds from the surrounding countryside moved into the city in numbers Qamishli is renowned for its large Christmas parade and Newroz and Kha b Nisan festivals 21st century nbsp The President s streetIn March 2004 during a chaotic soccer match the Qamishli riots began when visiting Arab fans from Deir ez Zor started praising Saddam Hussein to taunt the Kurdish home fans The riot expanded out of the stadium and weapons were used against people of Kurdish background In the aftermath at least 30 Kurds were killed as the Syrian security services took over the city 13 In June 2005 thousands of Kurds demonstrated in Qamishli to protest the assassination of Sheikh Khaznawi a Kurdish cleric in Syria resulting in the death of one policeman and injury to four Kurdish civilians 14 15 In March 2008 according to Human Rights Watch 16 three more Kurds were killed when Syrian security forces opened fire on people celebrating the spring festival of Newroz Civil war Main articles Syrian civil war 2015 Qamishli bombings Battle of Qamishli 2016 July 2016 Qamishli bombings Qamishli clashes 2018 Siege of Qamishli and Al Hasakah and Battle of Qamishli 2021 nbsp 2015 division of the cityWith the civil war and the Rojava conflict from 2011 the city grew into a major political role being the de facto capital of the AANES Part of the city as well as an area to the south which includes Qamishli Airport remain under the administration of the Syrian government Unlike many Syrian cities Qamishli has not seen large scale fighting during the war although it has been attacked by unknown perpetrators in 2015 and by Islamic State in 2016 as well as brief skirmishes between AANES and Syrian forces in 2016 and 2018 Qamishli is home to Chirkin prison which houses detained Islamic State militants 17 On 17 August 2020 Syrian forces reportedly clashed with US troops near Qamishli which resulted in the death of one Syrian Two other Syrian soldiers were said to have been injured during the clash state media added 18 19 In 2022 the Syrian government remains in control of a large part of the city centre as well as a substantial rural area to the south including the airport the border crossing various government buildings and many residential neighborhoods The government still organises the production and the distribution of the harvest in the southern countryside and organizes flights between Qamishli and other Syrian cities as well as Beirut However most of the city is under the administration of the AANES 20 ClimateThe Koppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Csa Mediterranean climate dry summer subtropical climate The summers tend to be dry and warm with July being the hottest month of the year while the winters are usually cold and wet with January being the coldest month and having an average of 11 days of rain In total around 53 days of rain occur every year 21 Climate data for Qamishli 1991 2020 extremes 1952 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 23 6 74 5 23 2 73 8 32 0 89 6 36 4 97 5 41 0 105 8 46 0 114 8 48 5 119 3 47 3 117 1 45 0 113 0 38 6 101 5 29 8 85 6 27 0 80 6 48 5 119 3 Mean daily maximum C F 11 3 52 3 13 1 55 6 17 4 63 3 22 9 73 2 30 0 86 0 37 0 98 6 40 6 105 1 40 2 104 4 35 3 95 5 28 4 83 1 19 6 67 3 13 2 55 8 25 7 78 3 Mean daily minimum C F 3 3 37 9 4 1 39 4 7 1 44 8 10 9 51 6 15 9 60 6 21 3 70 3 24 5 76 1 24 1 75 4 20 1 68 2 15 8 60 4 9 1 48 4 5 0 41 0 13 4 56 1 Record low C F 11 3 11 7 9 5 14 9 6 7 19 9 2 9 26 8 4 6 40 3 10 0 50 0 15 3 59 5 15 8 60 4 9 8 49 6 1 2 34 2 3 0 26 6 6 7 19 9 11 3 11 7 Average precipitation mm inches 66 0 2 60 59 0 2 32 55 2 2 17 46 7 1 84 22 4 0 88 2 5 0 10 0 6 0 02 0 2 0 01 1 3 0 05 18 8 0 74 36 8 1 45 59 9 2 36 361 1 14 22 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 8 3 7 8 7 7 6 4 3 8 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 4 2 9 4 0 6 8 48 0Average relative humidity 71 68 64 60 47 29 24 24 27 39 57 70 48Mean monthly sunshine hours 148 8 154 0 204 6 222 0 288 3 339 0 356 5 350 3 312 0 254 2 192 0 148 8 2 970 5Mean daily sunshine hours 4 8 5 5 6 6 7 4 9 3 11 3 11 5 11 3 10 4 8 2 6 4 4 8 8 1Source 1 NOAA sun 1961 1990 22 23 Source 2 Deutscher Wetterdienst humidity 1974 1978 24 Meteo Climat record highs and lows 25 Demographics nbsp Miami Street in Al Wusta neighborhood during Christmas Historical populationYearPop 198192 990 1994144 286 55 2 2004184 231 27 7 In 1939 French mandate authorities reported the following population numbers for different ethnic religious groups in Qamishli city centre 26 Arabs Kurds Assyrians Armenians7990 5892 14 140 3500Qamishli is an ethnically mixed city Kurds make up a majority of the city s population 27 which also has many Arabs Assyrians 28 and Armenians 29 ReligionMuslims More than 80 of Qamishli s inhabitants are Sunni Muslims They are mainly Kurds followed by Arabs Christians The city is considered to be a Christian center in Syria and was a Christian majority city for much of its history 30 In the 1930s it is estimated that out of the town s population of 23 000 individuals 20 000 of those were Christians 31 Before the civil war the Christian population of Qamishli was about 40 000 of whom 25 000 belonged to the Syriac Orthodox Church the biggest church in the city As of 2014 it was believed that half of all Christians had left the city 32 Once a Christian majority city the rural migration to Qamishli has increased the Kurdish population of the city In addition since the PYD militia took control of the city in 2012 they carried out a Kurdification process touching all aspects of life starting by changing the name of the city to Qamishlo to forcing a Kurdish language curriculum on non Kurdish citizens to cultural and social aspects of the city The Christian and Arab population in the city were fiercely opposed to the PYD rule Half the Christian population left by 2017 although no fighting happened in the city 33 Churches in the city Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis كنيسة القديس مار يعقوب النصيبيني للسريان الأرثوذكس Syriac Orthodox Church of Our Lady كنيسة السيده العذراء للسريان الأرثوذكس Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Ephrem the Syrian كنيسة مار افرام السرياني للسريان الأرثوذكس Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Quriaqos كنيسة مار قرياقوس للسريان الأرثوذكس Syriac Catholic Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul كنيسة القديسين مار بطرس وبولس للسريان الكاثوليك Assyrian Church of Saint George كنيسة مار جرجس للآشوريين Assyrian Church of Saint Ephrem كنيسة مار أفرام للآشوريين Chaldean Catholic Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis كنيسة القديس مار يعقوب النصيبيني للكلدان الكاثوليك Armenian Orthodox Church of Saint Hagop كنيسة القديس هاكوب الأرمن الأورثوذكس Armenian Catholic Church of Saint Joseph كنيسة مار يوسف الأرمن الكاثوليك National Evangelical Presbyterian Church الكنيسة الأنجيلية المشيخية الوطنية Jews Historically Qamishli was also home to a significant Jewish community The origin of the Jews of Qamishli unlike the Jews of Damascus and Aleppo who are a mixture of Sephardi Jews and Musta arabi Jews is the adjoining city of Nusaybin on the other side of the Turkish Syrian border As after the foundation of Turkey in 1923 the major economic hubs were allocated to Turkey the French Mandate authorities deemed it necessary to encourage the settlement or foundation of new villages and towns in the region 34 The current town was founded in 1926 by the French Mandate which following encouraged the settlement of the population in Nusaybin which is located just across the border 34 Within a few years Qamishli was more populous than Nusaybin 34 The major part of the Christian and also of the Jewish population from Nusaybin moved to Qamsihli 34 In the 1930s the Jewish population of Qamishli numbered 3 000 After the escalation of the Israeli Palestinian conflict in 1947 the situation of the Jews of Qamishli deteriorated The exodus of Jews from Syria peaked due to violence such as the 1947 anti Jewish riots in Aleppo By 1963 the community had dwindled to 800 and after the Six Day War it went down further to 150 of whom no one remain today 35 Neighborhoods nbsp Hotels on President Hafiz al Assad StreetQamishli is divided into several districts which are further divided into neighborhoods This is a list of the neighborhoods of Qamishli Al Zahra Al Wusta Al Qusour Al Muwazafin Qudour Bek Al Gharbiyah Corniche Al Arbawiyah Al Ashouriyin Assyrian Al Siryan Syriac Al Bashiriyah Tay Al Thawra Al Golan Berkila Qanat al Suways Al Antariyah Maysaloun Al Hilaliyah Jurnak Alaiya Hattin Mahmakiyah Jumaayah HalkoTransportationQamishli Airport was closed to civilians in October 2015 but later reopened Syrian airline companies including Cham Wings Airlines FlyDamas and Syrian Air provide flights between Qamishli and Damascus Latakia and Beirut Media and educationThe Kurdish language newspaper Nu Dem has its headquarters in Qamishli 7 While prior to the Rojava conflict there had been no institution of higher education in northeastern Syria in September 2014 the Mesopotamian Social Sciences Academy started teaching 8 36 Following the University of Afrin 37 in July 2016 the Jazira Canton s Board of Education officially established the second Syrian Kurdish university in Qamishli The University of Rojava initially comprised four faculties Medicine Engineering Sciences and Arts and Humanities Programs taught include health oil computer and agricultural engineering physics chemistry history psychology geography mathematics primary school teaching and Kurdish literature 38 39 Sports nbsp 7 April StadiumAl Jihad SC is the largest football club in the city and plays at 7 April Stadium Notable peopleAram Tigran singer Xero Abbas musician Viyan Antar Kurdish YPJ fighter Ciwan Haco singer Sanharib Malki footballer Gregorius Yohanna Ibrahim Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Aleppo Ignatius Aphrem II Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church Gani Mirzo musician Salim Barakat novelist and poet Agop Donabidian football coach and former playerSee alsoArmenian Catholic Eparchy of Qamishli Assyrians in Syria Kurds in SyriaExplanatory notes also known as Al Qamishli Kamishli Kamishly Qamishlo or Zalin Arabic ٱل ق ام ش ل ي romanized Al Qamisli 2 Kurdish Qamislo 3 4 Syriac ܩܡܫܠܐ romanized Qamishlo Classical Syriac ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝ ܢ romanized Beṯ Zalin lit House of Reeds 5 References a b 2004 Census Data for Nahiya Qamishli in Arabic Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics Also available in English UN OCHA 2004 Census Data Humanitarian Data Exchange Welle Deutsche سوريا قتلى وجرحى في ثلاثة انفجارات تهز مدينة القامشلي in Arabic Dw com Retrieved 24 December 2019 Saredariya Qamislo bajar paqij dike in Kurdish Retrieved 24 December 2019 بەکاتی قامشلۆ 10 12 2019 in Kurdish Rudaw net Retrieved 24 December 2019 a b 1 dead link From Qamishli to Qamishlo A Trip to Rojava s New Capital a b Zurutuza Carlos Syria s first Kurdish language newspaper Archive Al Jazeera 18 October 2013 Retrieved on 22 October 2013 a b A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS Backyard The New York Times 2015 11 29 Retrieved 2016 05 10 Radpey Loqman September 2016 Kurdish Regional Self rule Administration in Syria A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government KRG in Iraq Japanese Journal of Political Science 17 3 468 488 doi 10 1017 S1468109916000190 ISSN 1468 1099 Ain Issa from an obscure town to SDF headquarters Enab Baladi 2019 12 05 Retrieved 2020 12 18 Al Qamishli Syria Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2019 06 14 From Qamishli to Qamishlo A Trip to Rojava s New Capital James Brandon February 15 2007 The PKK and Syria s Kurds Terrorism Monitor Washington DC The Jamestown Foundation p Volume 5 Issue 3 Archived from the original on November 7 2007 Blanford Nicholas June 15 2005 A murder stirs Kurds in Syria USA Today Fattah Hassan M July 2 2005 Kurds Emboldened by Lebanon Rise Up in Tense Syria The New York Times Syria Investigate Killing of Kurds Human Rights Watch 23 March 2008 Retrieved 24 April 2016 Perry Tom October 10 2019 Kasolowsky Raissa ed Turkey shelled prison holding IS foreign fighters Kurdish led administration Reuters Deadly clash reported between U S and Syrian forces CBS News 17 August 2020 Syria says U S forces clash with Syrian troops killing 1 ABC News We have nothing Syrian Kurds risk their lives crossing into Turkey Middle East Eye Retrieved 24 April 2016 Qamishli Syria Koppen Climate Classification Weatherbase Weatherbase Retrieved 24 April 2016 Kamishli Climate Normals 1991 2020 World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on 2 September 2023 Retrieved 2 September 2023 Kamishli Climate Normals 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved April 26 2017 Klimatafel von Kamishly Syrien PDF Baseline climate means 1961 1990 from stations all over the world in German Deutscher Wetterdienst Retrieved April 26 2017 Station Kamishli in French Meteo Climat Retrieved April 26 2017 Altug S 2011 Sectarianism in the Syrian Jazira community land and violence in the memories of World War I and the French mandate 1915 1939 Utrecht University Repository hdl 1874 205821 The Kurds of Northern Syria Governance Diversity and Conflicts pg 15 See also the article Terms for Syriac Christians in Armenian Ծննդավայրս Գամիշլի կամ Եղէգնուտ Archived 2012 03 01 at the Wayback Machine al Qamishli Syria Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 24 April 2016 Joseph John Muslim Christian Relations and Inter Christian Rivalries in the Middle East The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition p 108 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH 24 November 2014 Islamischer Staat Die Kirche der Jungfrau in Qamischli FAZ NET Retrieved 24 April 2016 Balanche Fabrice 13 April 2017 From Qamishli to Qamishlo A Trip to Rojava s New Capital The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Retrieved 9 December 2020 a b c d Schmidinger Thomas 2017 03 22 Krieg und Revolution in Syrisch Kurdistan Analysen und Stimmen aus Rojava in German Mandelbaum Verlag p 63 ISBN 978 3 85476 665 0 Jews of Syria Jewishvirtuallibrary org Retrieved 23 February 2022 First New University To Open In Rojava Rojava Report 31 August 2014 Retrieved 7 July 2016 Sardar Mlla Drwish 18 May 2016 Syria s first Kurdish university attracts controversy as well as students Al Monitor Archived from the original on 21 May 2016 Retrieved 7 July 2016 University of Rojava to be opened ANF 2016 07 04 Archived from the original on 2017 01 04 Retrieved 2016 07 04 Kurds establish university in Rojava amid Syrian instability Kurdistan24 2016 07 07 Retrieved 2016 07 07 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qamishli From Qamishli to Qamishlo A Trip to Rojava s New Capital Fabrice Balanche Fikra Forum of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 13 April 2017 Amnesty Raises Kurd Issue on Kurds in Qamishli 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Qamishli amp oldid 1207016305, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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