During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912 to 1949, during the Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and Heilongjiang provinces. In winter 1912, the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga (Hulunbuir); afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia; an agreement between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 6/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration and economy.[3][4] In 1929, the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.[5]: 406 After the Japanese invasion of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet stateManchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples.[6]: 90–91
After the Chinese Communist Revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway.[7] During the Cultural Revolution, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.[7] Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a League. The area is 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004, while the gross domestic product was RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province-level divisions (and 42 U.S. states), although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.
Namesedit
Monument of Genghis Khan on Sükhbaatar Square, HailarCity center of Hailar, 2007
Map including part of the Hulunbuir area (AMS, 1955)Mo'erdaoga Forest Park, Ergun
Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has an extreme humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) in January to 20.0 °C (68 °F) in July, while the annual mean is −0.96 °C (30.3 °F). With at least 55% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,700 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months.
Climate data for Hailar District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909-present)
^Кузьмин С.Л. Баргинский и харачинский вопросы в истории Восточной Азии (первая половина XX века). – Т. 1. [Kuzmin S.L. The Barga and Kharachin Questions in the History of East Asia (First Half of the 20th Century)]. – М.: КМК. – 2021. – Т. 1. – 407 p. – ISBN 978-5-907372-78-8 (volume 1)
^Кузьмин С.Л. Баргинский и харачинский вопросы в истории Восточной Азии (первая половина XX века). – [Kuzmin S.L. The Barga and Kharachin Questions in the History of East Asia (First Half of the 20th Century)]. – М.: КМК. – 2022. – Т. 2. – 259 p.+илл. – ISBN 978-5-907372-93-1 (volume 2)
^Tang, Peter S. H. (1969). "Sino-Soviet Territorial Disputes: Past and Present". The Russian Review. 28 (4): 403–415. doi:10.2307/127160. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 127160.
^Bulag, Uradyn E. (2004). "Inner Mongolia". In Rossabi, Morris (ed.). Inner Mongolia: The Dialectics of Colonization and Ethnicity Building. University of Washington Press. pp. 84–116. ISBN978-0-295-98412-4. JSTOR j.ctvbtzm7t.7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ abShabad, Theodore (1972). China's Changing Map: National and Regional Development, 1949-71. Taylor & Francis. pp. 237–239.
呼伦贝尔民族文物考古大系：鄂伦春自治旗卷 [Hulunbuir Ethnic Cultural Relics and Archaeology Series. Oroqen Autonomous Banner]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press. 2014. p. 255. ISBN9787501039517.
呼伦贝尔民族文物考古研究. Vol. viii. Beijing: Sciences Press. 2013–2014. pp. 537 and 538. ISBN9787030393463., -4033.
hulunbuir, this, article, about, city, inner, mongolia, district, mongolia, khölönbuir, dornod, hulun, buir, region, that, governed, prefecture, level, city, northeastern, inner, mongolia, china, administrative, center, located, hailar, district, largest, urba. This article is about the city in Inner Mongolia For the district of Mongolia see Kholonbuir Dornod Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir b is a region that is governed as a prefecture level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia China Its administrative center is located at Hailar District its largest urban area Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands the Hulun and Buir lakes the latter partially in Mongolia and the Khingan range Hulun Buir borders Russia to the north and west Mongolia to the south and west Heilongjiang province to the east and Hinggan League to the direct south Hulunbuir is a linguistically diverse area next to Mandarin Chinese Mongolian dialects such as Khorchin and Buryat the Mongolic language Daur and some Tungusic languages including Oroqen and Solon are spoken there Hulunbuir 呼伦贝尔市 a Prefecture level cityHulunbuir steppesLocation of Hulunbuir City jurisdiction in Inner MongoliaHulunbuirLocation of the city centre Hailar in Inner MongoliaCoordinates Hulunbuir municipal government 49 12 26 N 119 46 16 E 49 2072 N 119 7711 E 49 2072 119 7711CountryPeople s Republic of ChinaRegionInner MongoliaMunicipal seatHailar DistrictArea Prefecture level city263 953 km2 101 913 sq mi Urban 2017 1 252 00 km2 97 30 sq mi Districts 1 1 518 9 km2 586 5 sq mi Population 2010 Prefecture level city2 549 278 Density9 7 km2 25 sq mi Urban 2017 1 349 400 Urban density1 400 km2 3 600 sq mi Districts 1 356 000 Major nationalitiesHan 81 85 Mongols 8 6 Manchu 4 13 GDP 2 Prefecture level cityCN 159 6 billionUS 25 6 billion Per capitaCN 63 133US 10 136Time zoneUTC 8 China Standard Postal code021000Area code0470ISO 3166 codeCN NM 07Websitewww wbr hlbe wbr gov wbr cnHulunbuirChinese nameSimplified Chinese呼伦贝尔Traditional Chinese呼倫貝爾TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHulunbei erIPA xu lwe n pe ɪ a ɚ Mongolian nameMongolian CyrillicHolonbujr hotMongolian scriptᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠTranscriptionsSASM GNCKolon Buyir qota Contents 1 History 2 Names 3 Administrative subdivisions 4 Geography and climate 5 Demographics 6 Transport 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory editDuring the Qing Dynasty 1644 1912 Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today s approximate Sino Russian border at a great loss to Heilongjiang s territory In 1901 the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East From 1912 to 1949 during the Republic of China ROC period Hulunbuir was part of Xing an and Heilongjiang provinces In winter 1912 the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga Hulunbuir afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia an agreement between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 6 October 24 1915 designated Hulunbuir a special region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China but in practice Russia had partial control over day to day administration and economy 3 4 In 1929 the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir 5 406 After the Japanese invasion of China Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo which was not recognized by the Chinese In the Chinese Civil War the Chinese Communist Party gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples 6 90 91 After the Chinese Communist Revolution Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway 7 During the Cultural Revolution the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979 7 Until October 10 2001 Hulunbuir was administered as a League The area is 263 953 km2 101 913 sq mi and had a population of 2 710 million in 2004 while the gross domestic product was RMB 21 326 billion The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province level divisions and 42 U S states although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region and the average population density of the area is very low Names edit nbsp Monument of Genghis Khan on Sukhbaatar Square Hailar nbsp City center of Hailar 2007The city was once a league 盟 of Inner Mongolia until 10 October 2001 During the Qing Dynasty it was known in Mandarin as Hulunbuyǔ er simplified Chinese 呼伦布雨尔 traditional Chinese 呼倫布雨爾 Administrative subdivisions editHulunbuir is divided into 13 different county level jurisdictions one district five county level cities four banners and three autonomous banners Map nbsp HulunLake Hailar 1 ArunBanner Morin dawa Banner OroqenBanner EwenkiBanner Old BaragBanner New BaragLeft Banner New BaragRight Banner 2 Yakeshi city Zalantun city Ergun city Genhe city 3 Songling 1 Jalainur 2 Manzhouli city 3 Jiagedaqi Note Jiagedaqi amp Songlingis de facto part of Oroqen Bannerbut subordinate to Daxing anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang Name Mongolian Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population 2010 Area km2 Density km2 Hailar District ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ Qayilar toɣoriɣ 海拉尔区 Hǎila er Qu 344 947 1 440 181Jalainur District ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠳᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ Jalainaɣur toɣoriɣ 扎赉诺尔区 Zhalainuo er Qu 97 000 272 357Manzhouli City ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Manjuur qota 满洲里市 Mǎnzhōulǐ Shi 152 473 424 360Zalantun City ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Jalan Ayil qota 扎兰屯市 Zhalantun Shi 366 326 16 800 21 8Yakeshi City ᠶᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Yaɣsi qota 牙克石市 Yakeshi Shi 352 177 27 590 12 8Genhe City Gengol City ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Gegen Ɣool qota 根河市 Genhe Shi 110 441 19 659 5 6Ergun City ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨ ᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Ergun e qota 额尔古纳市 E ergǔna Shi 76 667 28 000 2 7Arun Banner ᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Arun qosiɣu 阿荣旗 Arong Qi 278 744 12 063 23 1New Barag Right Banner Xin Barag Barun Banner ᠰᠢᠨ ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Sin e Barɣu Baraɣun qosiɣu 新巴尔虎右旗 Xinba erhǔ You Qi 36 356 25 102 1 4New Barag Left Banner Xin Barag Jun Banner ᠰᠢᠨ ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Sin e Barɣu Jegun qosiɣu 新巴尔虎左旗 Xinba erhǔ Zuǒ Qi 40 258 22 000 1 8Old Barag Banner Huqin Barag Banner ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Qaɣucin Barɣu qosiɣu 陈巴尔虎旗 Chenba erhǔ Qi 58 244 21 192 2 7Oroqen Autonomous Banner ᠣᠷᠴᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Orcon u obertegen jasaqu qosiɣu 鄂伦春自治旗 Elunchun Zizhiqi 223 752 59 800 3 7Ewenki Autonomous Banner ᠡᠸᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Eveŋki obertegen jasaqu qosiɣu 鄂温克族自治旗 Ewenkezu Zizhiqi 134 981 19 111 7 1Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭ ᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ Morin Dabaɣ a Daɣur obertegen jasaqu qosiɣu 莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 Molidawǎ Dawo erzu Zizhiqi 276 912 10 500 26 4Part of Oroqin Autonomous Banner is de facto subordinate to Daxing anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang Geography and climate edit nbsp Map including part of the Hulunbuir area AMS 1955 nbsp Mo erdaoga Forest Park ErgunHulunbuir itself Hailar has an extreme humid continental climate Koppen Dwb Winters are long very dry and severe due to the semi permanent Siberian High while summers are short though very warm and rather wet due to the East Asian monsoon At Hailar the monthly 24 hour average temperature ranges from 25 1 C 13 2 F in January to 20 0 C 68 F in July while the annual mean is 0 96 C 30 3 F With at least 55 of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2 700 hours sunny weather dominates year round Approximately 70 of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months Climate data for Hailar District 1991 2020 normals extremes 1909 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 1 0 30 2 4 3 39 7 16 2 61 2 29 4 84 9 35 4 95 7 38 8 101 8 39 5 103 1 39 6 103 3 33 2 91 8 26 2 79 2 13 7 56 7 2 4 36 3 39 6 103 3 Mean daily maximum C F 19 8 3 6 13 7 7 3 3 2 26 2 9 7 49 5 18 9 66 0 24 9 76 8 26 7 80 1 24 7 76 5 18 2 64 8 7 9 46 2 6 2 20 8 17 1 1 2 5 9 42 7 Daily mean C F 25 0 13 0 20 0 4 0 9 6 14 7 3 2 37 8 12 0 53 6 18 4 65 1 20 9 69 6 18 6 65 5 11 4 52 5 1 3 34 3 11 8 10 8 22 0 7 6 0 2 31 6 Mean daily minimum C F 29 2 20 6 25 3 13 5 15 5 4 1 2 9 26 8 4 9 40 8 11 8 53 2 15 4 59 7 13 1 55 6 5 5 41 9 3 9 25 0 16 3 2 7 26 2 15 2 5 7 21 7 Record low C F 42 9 45 2 42 3 44 1 37 2 35 0 21 6 6 9 11 1 12 0 0 0 32 0 5 3 41 5 1 1 34 0 7 9 17 8 23 9 11 0 38 0 36 4 42 8 45 0 42 9 45 2 Average precipitation mm inches 3 9 0 15 3 6 0 14 5 9 0 23 13 8 0 54 24 9 0 98 53 3 2 10 96 5 3 80 78 6 3 09 35 7 1 41 16 8 0 66 6 7 0 26 6 9 0 27 346 6 13 63 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 6 3 4 6 4 7 5 3 7 6 11 9 13 9 12 1 8 7 6 4 6 8 8 5 96 8Average snowy days 8 8 6 7 7 0 5 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 5 2 9 5 11 6 56Average relative humidity 75 75 68 50 45 57 66 68 62 61 72 77 65Mean monthly sunshine hours 154 5 191 8 250 7 244 0 264 5 269 1 260 1 248 1 223 0 197 3 156 5 131 5 2 591 1Percent possible sunshine 57 66 67 59 56 56 54 56 60 60 58 52 58Source China Meteorological Administration 8 9 10 Demographics edit nbsp Horses in Old Barag BannerEthnic group Population in 2000 ShareHan 2 199 645 81 85 Mongols 231 276 8 6 Daur 111 053 4 13 Hui 70 287 2 62 Evenks 30 950 1 15 Oroqen 8 355 0 31 Russians 4 741 0 18 Transport editAirports include Hulunbuir Hailar Airport Hailar Zhalantun Chengjisihan Airport Zhalantun Xinbarag Youqi Baogede Airport New Barag Right BannerSee also editHulun alliance Notes edit ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ Mongolian nbsp Kolun buyir Mongolian Cyrillic Holonbujr Kholonbuir Chinese 呼伦贝尔 Hulunbei er Russian Hulunbuir KhulunbuirReferences edit a b c d Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development ed 2019 China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017 Beijing China Statistics Press p 46 Archived from the original on 18 June 2019 Retrieved 11 January 2020 内蒙古自治区统计局 国家统计局内蒙古调查总队 2016 内蒙古统计年鉴 2016 中国统计出版社 ISBN 978 7 5037 7901 5 Kuzmin S L Barginskij i harachinskij voprosy v istorii Vostochnoj Azii pervaya polovina XX veka T 1 Kuzmin S L The Barga and Kharachin Questions in the History of East Asia First Half of the 20th Century M KMK 2021 T 1 407 p ISBN 978 5 907372 78 8 volume 1 Kuzmin S L Barginskij i harachinskij voprosy v istorii Vostochnoj Azii pervaya polovina XX veka Kuzmin S L The Barga and Kharachin Questions in the History of East Asia First Half of the 20th Century M KMK 2022 T 2 259 p ill ISBN 978 5 907372 93 1 volume 2 Tang Peter S H 1969 Sino Soviet Territorial Disputes Past and Present The Russian Review 28 4 403 415 doi 10 2307 127160 ISSN 0036 0341 JSTOR 127160 Bulag Uradyn E 2004 Inner Mongolia In Rossabi Morris ed Inner Mongolia The Dialectics of Colonization and Ethnicity Building University of Washington Press pp 84 116 ISBN 978 0 295 98412 4 JSTOR j ctvbtzm7t 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b Shabad Theodore 1972 China s Changing Map National and Regional Development 1949 71 Taylor amp Francis pp 237 239 中国气象数据网 WeatherBk Data in Simplified Chinese China Meteorological Administration Retrieved 10 October 2023 中国气象数据网 in Simplified Chinese China Meteorological Administration Retrieved 10 October 2023 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集 1971 2000年 China Meteorological Administration Archived from the original on 2013 09 21 Retrieved 2010 05 25 Further reading edit今日内蒙古 呼伦贝尔 Inner Mongolia today Hulun Buir Hohhot Inner Mongolia People s Publishing House 1997 pp 9 and 129 ISBN 7 204 03545 3 呼伦贝尔民族文物考古大系 鄂伦春自治旗卷 Hulunbuir Ethnic Cultural Relics and Archaeology Series Oroqen Autonomous Banner Beijing Cultural Relics Press 2014 p 255 ISBN 9787501039517 呼伦贝尔民族文物考古研究 Vol viii Beijing Sciences Press 2013 2014 pp 537 and 538 ISBN 9787030393463 4033 Bokecilagu Kolun Boyir un sonirqal ud Qayilar Ȯbȯr Mongġol un Soyol un Keblel u n Qoriy a 1988 2 8 217 p ISBN 9787805060231 Mongkedalai Hulunbeier samanjiao yu lamajiao shilue Kolun Boyir un boge yin sasin kiged lama yin sasin u tobci teuke Beijing Minzu chubanshe 2014 5 4 545 p ill biblio index ISBN 9787105130573 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hulunbuir Hulunbuir government website in Chinese Inner Mongolian postcodes in English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hulunbuir amp oldid 1215513788, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
