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History of African Americans in Houston

The African American population in Houston, Texas, has been a significant part of the city's community since its establishment.[1] The Greater Houston area has the largest population of African Americans in Texas and west of the Mississippi River. Black Enterprise has referred to Houston as a Black mecca.[2]

African Americans in Houston
Total population
528,145 (2019)
Regions with significant populations
Throughout Houston and its suburbs
Languages
Southern American English, Texan English, African American English, African American Vernacular English
Religion
Black Protestant, Roman Catholic
African American Library at the Gregory School, located in the Fourth Ward in Houston

History edit

 
Antioch Missionary Baptist Church

When Houston was founded in 1836, an African-American community had already begun to be established.[1] In 1860, 99% of the city's African American population was enslaved;[3] there were eight free blacks and 1,060 slaves.[1] Before the American Civil War, enslaved African-Americans living near Houston worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those living within the city limits held domestic and artisan jobs.

Although slavery ended after the U.S. Civil War, by the mid-1870s racial segregation became codified throughout the South, including Texas.[4] African Americans in Houston were poorly represented by the predominantly white state legislature and city council, and were politically disenfranchised during the Jim Crow era; whites had used a variety of tactics, including militias and legislation, to re-establish political and social supremacy throughout the South.[5]

In 1929 Houston Planning Commission chairperson Will Hogg made a proposal to designate areas of the city by race in its zoning so African-Americans do not become too numerous near White communities; the city did not enact this as it never adopted zoning.[6]

In the 1940s and 1950s black people from small southern towns moved to Houston, resulting in the black communities increasing in size. The black population in the Third Ward became larger and therefore closer in proximity to nearby Jewish communities.[7] White people began to move from the Third Ward area, partly due to the passage of Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954.[8]

Texas Southern University students led the integration of Houston in the 1960s. On Friday, March 4, 1960, Texas Southern University students led Houston's first sit-in at the Weingarten's grocery store lunch counter located at 4110 Almeda Road.[9] That sit-in played a major role in the desegregation of Houston's white owned businesses. Today, a U.S. Post Office sits at that location; however, a Texas Historical Marker sits in the front of the building reminding visitors of the courageous role TSU students played in the desegregation of Houston, Texas.[10] Six months after their first sit-in, 70 Houston lunch counters were desegregated. The success of their continued efforts eventually led to the full integration of businesses within the city.[11]

In 1970, 90% of the black people in Houston lived in mostly African-American neighborhoods. By 1980 this decreased to 82%.[12]

Historically, the City of Houston placed established landfill facilities in established African American neighborhoods. Private companies also located landfills in black neighborhoods. Between the early 1920s and the late 1970s the five municipal sanitary landfills were in black neighborhoods. During the same period, six of the eight municipal solid waste incinerators resided in mostly black neighborhoods. From 1970 to 1978 three of the four private landfills established during that period were located in Houston black neighborhoods.[12] Around that era African Americans made up around 25% of the city's population. Houston City Council, which decided where the landfills would be located, was entirely composed of white residents until 1972.[13] The political efforts and advocacy behind a 1979 federal lawsuit regarding one proposed landfill led to political changes that ended the deliberate placement of landfills in black neighborhoods.[13][14]

 
The Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan (formerly Ryan Middle School) exists at the first location of Yates Colored High School

In 1980, the city had 440,257 African American residents, making it one of the largest black populations in the country.[1] As of 1987 most African Americans in Houston continued to live in inner-city black neighborhoods, even though they gained the legal right to move to any neighborhood. According to research at the University of Chicago, many African Americans choose to live in neighborhoods where they were raised.[15]

From the 1980 U.S. Census to the 1990 U.S. Census, many African Americans left traditional African-American neighborhoods such as the MacGregor area, Settegast, Sunnyside, and the Third Ward and entered parts of Southwest Houston, such as Alief, Fondren Southwest, Sharpstown, Westchase, and Westwood.[16] Meanwhile, a significant percentage of Houston's Non-Hispanic whites population (particularly those with children under 18) left the city for suburban communities, this phenomenon was known as white flight.[17]

In 2004, some African-Americans who had lived in the suburbs had returned to the inner city area due to their previous ties to those communities.[18]

By 2005 the outflow from traditional black neighborhoods, such as the Third Ward, Sunnyside, Kashmere Gardens, and the Fifth Ward continued, with blacks moving to Alief, other parts of Southwest Houston, Fresno, Missouri City, and northwestern suburbs. Around 2005, African Americans began to move to an area around Farm to Market Road 1960, in an unincorporated area in Harris County. In many traditional inner-city black neighborhoods, Mexican and Latino residents moved in.[19] In addition to the New Great Migration, many African Americans in the US are now recently moving to Houston for lower cost of living and more job opportunities.[20] Houston gained approximately 233,000 African-Americans between 2000 and 2010.[21] Having the largest black population west of the Mississippi River, Houston is known as a center of African-American political power, education, economic prosperity, and culture, often referred to as a black mecca.[2] Houston is ranked among best U.S. metros for Black professionals.[22]

According to LendingTree, there are 3,586 Black-owned businesses out of 108,772 total businesses in Houston. Thats 3.3% while Black Americans make up 22.4% of Houston's population.[23]

An additional 150,000 to 250,000 mostly black evacuees arrived in 2005 from the New Orleans metro after Hurricane Katrina, with many of them deciding to stay in Houston.[24]

Commerce edit

The African American community in Houston had a rich diverse economic history. Throughout the communities, many businesses flourished. The Wards, 3rd, 4th and 5th had many restaurants, theaters, clubs, boarding houses, carriage delivery services, millinery shops (hat shops), stationery shops, newspaper publishers, dry goods stores, banks-savings and loans, insurance companies, seamstresses and tailor shops just to name a few. There were two major office buildings that housed many African American businesses, the Pilgrims Building [25][26] The agricultural history included a host of farmers and ranchers.[27][28] was home to Sky Ranch the African American airport/air transport service, started by Tuskegee Airmen in the mid-1900s. In the early 1900s the community celebrated DeRoLoc which helped to promote the economic development of the community. This week long event was celebrated by an Agricultural/Industrial Exhibition, Ball, and Carnival. Many of the businesses benefited by all the people that attended from the region. The first Official DeRoLoc Event in Emancipation Park (Oldest park in Texas-donated by Freed Slaves) hosted 4,000 people (Fall 1901-some people say it was 1909), the event stopped in 1929 and was recently revived by a local business (NuWaters Co-op) in Houston. In Acres homes, there was the first African American Bus Company that made many runs to/from downtown Houston, to Acres homes providing transportation to many African Americans.[29]

Cuisine edit

The Louisiana Creole people who settled Houston around the 1920s brought their cuisine with them. The Creole and Cajun cuisine style spread in Houston in the post-World War II era,[30] which led to various Creole food chains such as Frenchy's Chicken, Pappadeaux, and Popeyes.[31] Creole dishes include boudin, black rice and shrimp creole, crawfish, gumbo, and jambalaya.[30] Bernadette Pruitt, author of The Other Great Migration: The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston, 1900-1941, wrote that Creole cooking became "an important cultural bridge" in the city and in its African American community, and that, "As cooks, Creole housewives transformed Houston's typical southern cuisine."[30]

In 2021 Alison Cook of the Houston Chronicle wrote that hamburger restaurants in historically black neighborhoods in Houston typically prepare hamburgers "exceptionally charred and well-done".[32]

In 2020, according to Emma Balter of the Houston Chronicle most of the vegan restaurants she chronicled, in a list that was "comprehensive, yet not exhaustive", were owned by African-Americans.[33]

Demographics edit

From the 1870s to the 1890s, African Americans made up almost 40% of Houston's population. Between 1910 and 1970 the African American population ranged from 21% to 32.7%.[3]

In 1870 36% of the African-Americans in Houston lived in the Fourth Ward, 29% lived in the Third Ward, 16% lived in the Fifth Ward, and 19% lived in other areas. In 1910 the plurality now lived in the Third Ward, with 32%; the Fourth Ward, Fifth Ward, and other areas had 27%, 21%, and 20% respectively.[34]

There were about 34,000 African-Americans in Houston in the 1920s, and in the 1930s there were about 63,000 African-Americans.[35] In 1920, 20% of the people classified as "black" were subclassified as "mulatto"; the census stopped taking statistics on "mulatto" people after 1920. In the racial segregation era people of Louisiana Creole origin with African heritage attended black institutions such as schools even though they often considered themselves racially distinct from non-Creole African Americans.[36] Creoles spoke Louisiana Creole French, making them linguistically distinct. Creoles also had different musical practices as they performed Southwest Louisiana-style "la-la".[36] In the 1920s the "San Felipe districts" had the largest group of African-Americans, the Third and Fifth wards had other significant communities.[37]

In 1940 the African-American population numbered 86,302, 21.4% of the number of people in Houston. The same population increased to 125,400, 21% of the city population, in 1950. 87.9% of the population increase from 1940 to 1950 was due to African-Americans moving from other parts of the United States, mostly Louisiana and Texas; most of the migrating African-Americans from rural areas and small towns. 1960 the African-American population numbered 215,037, 25.7% of the city population. In the central city, from 1950 to 1960, the African-American population increased by 20,299. Their percentage of the total population increased during that period from 23.4% to 31.1% because large numbers of white people left the central city. In 1970 the African-American population numbered 316,922, 25.7% of the city population.[7] By 1980,[12] Houston had 440,257 African American residents, making it one of the largest black populations in the country.[1]

In 2004 55% of the African American population born in Harris County originated from the Houston area either by birth or through growing up there as children.[18]

Between 2010 and 2015, Houston added about 100,000 new black residents to the area. Only behind the Atlanta and Dallas areas.[38]

Many African Americans in the US are now recently moving to Houston due to the city's well-established and influential Black or African American community.[39]

The Houston area has the largest African-American community in Texas and one of the top 10 in the nation.

Cultural institutions edit

Cultural institutions
 
Houston Museum of African American Culture

The Houston Museum of African American Culture (HMAAC) and Buffalo Soldiers National Museum located in the Houston Museum District.[40]

The Community Artists' Collective located in the midtown area is a hub for black creatives and art.[41]

The University Museum located on the campus of Texas Southern University is an art gallery that primarily highlights art by and about people in the African diaspora.[42]

The Rutherford B. H. Yates Museum preserves the legacy of African Americans in Houston's Freedmen's Town.[43]

Shrine of the Black Madonna is a cultural center, museum and bookstore that is owned and operated by the Pan-African Orthodox Christian Church.[44]

Ovide Duncantell (died 2018) founded the Houston Black Heritage Society.[45]

The Houston Black Chamber of Commerce serves and supports black businesses and professionals.[46]

Politics edit

Black Mayors of Houston
 
Lee P. Brown, Mayor 1998-2004
 
Sylvester Turner, Mayor 2016-2024

Lee P. Brown, elected in 1997, was the first black Mayor of Houston.[47] He was the city's 50th mayor.[48]

As of 1997, African Americans typically constituted less than 25% of the electorate of the City of Houston. For the election of Lee P. Brown, blacks may have made up over 33% of the turnout. Brown won 90% or more in African-American neighborhoods.[49]

As of 2005 Sheila Jackson Lee, a Houstonian, is one of two black Texan U.S. House of Representatives members.[50] Al Green (Texas 9th district), also from Houston, is the other.

On December 13, 2015, Houston elected its second African-American mayor, Sylvester Turner.[51]

Religion edit

 
St. Nicholas Catholic Church in East Downtown/Third Ward, the first Black Catholic Church in Houston
 
Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church in Frenchtown

The number of African American Catholics in Houston increased after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 affected rural areas in the Southern United States.[52] Most of them moved to the Fifth Ward.[53] Due to a perception of the Catholic church being more favorable to African Americans than Protestant churches, the Catholic church in Houston increased in popularity with African Americans in the 1930s.[54]

The oldest black church in Houston is Trinity United Methodist Church, which was started by Rev. Elias Dibble who came from Mississippi to establish churches.[55]

The oldest Black Baptist church in Houston is the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church, historically a part of the Freedmen's Town of Fourth Ward and now in Downtown Houston.[56] Jack Yates once served as the pastor of this church.[57]

The city's first black Catholic church was St. Nicholas, located in the Third Ward.[58] The Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church in the Fifth Ward, Houston's second black Catholic church, was officially founded in June 1929.[59] Houston area black Catholic churches have elements of Louisiana Creole culture such as zydeco parties.[60]

In the 1920s, prior to the construction of Our Mother of Mercy, a group of Louisiana Creole people attended the Hispanic Our Lady of Guadalupe Church because it was the closest church to the Frenchtown area of the Fifth Ward.[58] Because the Our Lady of Guadalupe Church treated the Creole people in a discriminatory manner, by forcing them to confess and take communion after people of other races, and requiring them to take the back pews,[61] the Creoles opted to build their own church.[62]

The number of African-American Catholics in Houston increased after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 affected rural areas in the Southern United States.[52] Most of them moved to the Fifth Ward.[53] Due to a perception of the Catholic church being more favorable to African-Americans than Protestant churches, the Catholic church in Houston increased in popularity with African-Americans in the 1930s.[54] St. Anne de Beaupre in Sunset Heights,[63][64] near the Houston Heights, is the third black church. Named after the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec, Canada, opened in 1938. The naming after a Francophone Canadian site reflects the Louisiana Creole culture.[65]

Media edit

The Houston Forward Times, which began publication in 1960,[66] is the largest black-owned newspaper in the city.[67] The Houston Defender and the African-American News and Issues are other well established black-owned papers. The Texas Freeman was founded in 1893 and later merged to become The Houston Informer and Texas Freeman.[54]

KCOH 1430 AM was a black-owned radio stationed started in 1953.[68] It was a focal point for the Houston black community located at the iconic "looking-glass" studios on 5011 Almeda in Midtown Houston. KCOR launched the careers of radio personalities Michael Harris, Ralph Cooper, Don Samuel, Wash Allen. The station was purchased in 1976 by a consortium of investors, led by its general manager at the time, Michael Petrizzo.[69] After his death in January 2012, the radio station was put up for sale. The 1430 AM signal was eventually sold to Catholic-oriented, La Promessa Foundation's Guadalupe Radio Network in November 2012.[70] The Petrizzo family continued to own the historic building and equipment, leasing them and the 1230 AM signal to Dunn Ministries which continued the Urban Oldies format. KCOH announced in January 2016 that it has plans to move to the FM dial.[71]

The Houston Sun was established by Dorris Ellis and Lonal Robinson in 1983. It has won more than 200 awards and recognition[who?] and presents the First Amendment Conference annually for high school and college journalism students during March, African American Press Month. Dorris Ellis was awarded the Gutenberg Press Award by the Printing Museum of Houston in 2015. The Sun's staff is made up of journalists and interns who covers city hall, school board and local community news.[citation needed]

Education edit

 
Texas Southern University

Texas Southern University is one the largest historically Black colleges (HBCUs) in the U.S. and the only HBCU fully based in Houston. Prairie View A&M University based in Prairie View, Texas (immediately northwest of Houston) is also one of the largest HBCUs in the U.S. and the second oldest public university in the state.[72]

Historically black high schools (schools reserved for black students prior to desegregation in the 1960s) in Houston include:

Historically black middle schools include:

The Imani School is marketed towards African-American families.[73]

Opinions varied on whether the North Forest Independent School District (NFISD), which closed in 2013,[74] was a "historically black" district, and therefore also the largest historically black district in the state to be closed; Kimberly Reeves of the Houston Press noted that the district had not been predominately African-American in the segregation era and remained so since desegregation, into the 1970s.[75]

History of primary and secondary education edit

 
Booker T. Washington High School (current 2018 campus shown) was the first high school for blacks in Houston.

After the U.S. Civil War Freedmen's schools served black children. Later a private school in the Fourth Ward, the Gregory Institute, opened and began serving the children.[76]

In 1892 Colored High School, the first high school for black students, opened.[35] There were 8,293 students in Houston's schools for black students in the 1924–1925 school year.[77] In 1925 the Houston school board announced that a new high school would open in the Third Ward, in light of the large increase in the black population. The Houston Informer stated that the schools needed to be named after prominent black people from the city and/or other successful black persons.[35]

With the construction of the former Jack Yates High School (later Ryan Middle School), Wheatley High School, and other schools, the capacity of Houston's secondary schools for black children increased by three times from 1924 to 1929.[78] The original secondary school for blacks, Colored High School, became Booker T. Washington High School.[35] At the time all three secondary schools had junior high and senior high levels. There were 12,217 students in the black schools in the 1929–1930 school year. William Henry Kellar, author of Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston, wrote that conditions in black schools "improved dramatically" in the 1920s.[77]

 
Yates High School (new campus), Houston's second black high school.

On January 27, 1958, Worthing High School opened, relieving Yates.[79] Yates moved to its current location in September 1958. Yates's former site became Ryan Colored Junior High School (now Ryan Middle School), named after the first principal of Yates.[80] Booker T. Washington moved to its present-day location in Independence Heights in 1959.[81]

In Fort Bend Independent School District (FBISD), M.R. Wood School served as one of three schools for black students, including the sole black senior high school, until the district desegregated in 1965.[82] In the Conroe Independent School District, Booker T. Washington High School was the black high school in the pre-desegregation era. Montgomery Colored School and Lincoln High School (originally Lawson High School) were the pre-desegregation schools for black students in Montgomery.[83]

Racial desegregation of the Houston Independent School District (HISD), resulting from the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s,[84] occurred in the 1970s.[85] Yates High School began to lose upper and middle class students due to flight to the suburbs,[84] and the establishment of magnet schools in HISD.[86] As a result of the losses, Yates began to deteriorate.[84] Wheatley lost its upper and middle class students due to the same factors,[85] and in 1979 its principal, Charles Herald, stated that integration caused the best students and teachers to leave the school.[87]

History of tertiary education edit

In 1927 the Yates building began housing Houston Colored Junior College, later Houston College for Negroes.[78]

Former colleges for black students in the pre-desegregation era included Conroe Normal and Industrial College and Royal College.[83]

Public libraries edit

 
African American Library at the Gregory School

The Houston Public Library operates the African American Library at the Gregory School.[88] The library preserves historical information about the African-American community in Houston.[89] It is the city's first library to focus on African-American history and culture.[90]

W.L.D. Johnson Neighborhood Library is the successor of the former Carnegie Library.[91]

Culture and recreation edit

Ensemble Theatre edit

 
The Ensemble Theatre

The Ensemble Theatre, an African-American theater company, has its studio in Midtown. The theater, founded by George Hawkins in 1976, is the largest African-American theater company in the United States.[92]

Juneteenth edit

Juneteenth is an annual celebration recognizing the emancipation of black slaves in Texas. President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation and published it on January 1, 1863, but it did not reach Galveston, Texas until June 19, 1865. Over the next few years, African-American populations across Texas collected money to buy property dedicated to Juneteenth celebrations. In Houston, the effort was led by the Reverend Jack Yates, a Baptist minister and former slave. His church, Antioch Baptist, and Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church formed the Colored People's Festival and Emancipation Park Association. In 1872, they pooled $800 to put down on ten acres of open land as home for their Juneteenth celebration.[93] In honor of their freedom, they named it Emancipation Park.[94][95]

There are several events throughout Houston commemorating this occasion. The Friends of Emancipation Park (FEP), a non-profit group of volunteers, was founded in 2007 by Dorris Ellis and Lonal Robinson to preserve and protect the interest and legacy of Emancipation Park. The FEP picked up the parade and keeps it going along with other exemplary programs. The FEP led the $33,000,000 renovation campaign to restore Emancipation Park and this campaign serves as an anchor to revitalize the Third Ward community and thwart the onslaught of gentrification.[96] Emancipation Park, with a space of 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2), is located in the Third Ward and is a popular destination for annual Juneteenth celebrations.[97][98]

The State of Texas made Juneteenth a holiday at the state level after Al Edwards, a member of the Texas House of Representatives from Houston, proposed it as a bill.[99]

504 Day in Houston edit

504 Day in Houston is an annual event that celebrates New Orleans black culture.[100]

Martin Luther King Day edit

 
2024's "Original" MLK Birthday Parade was postponed till February 10 due to freezing weather in January[101]

There are two rival Martin Luther King Day parades held every year. The MLK Grande Parade is held by the MLK Parade Foundation,[102] and the other, the Original MLK Birthday Parade,[103] is held by the Black Heritage Society. As of 2007 Ovide Duncantell was the executive director of the Black Heritage Society and Charles Stamps is the CEO of the MLK Parade Foundation.[102]

Previously there was one MLK day parade held annually,[104] and Stamps was a part of Duncantell's organization.[102] In 1995, Stamps left and formed a separate parade. The two parades began competing for the favored times and days to hold their events. By 2007 the City of Houston had regulations stating that one parade can be held in Downtown Houston on a particular day. The Black Heritage Society and Duncantell sued the city in 2007 after Duncantell did not get the permit, arguing that several provisions of the ordinance enforcing the one parade per day in Downtown rule were unconstitutional.[104] In 2007 Lee Rosenthal, a U.S. district judge, on January 10, 2007, ordered the city government to allow both parades to hold their events in Downtown Houston.[102] By 2008 the one parade per day rule, with the prized parade day decided by a coin toss, was again in place.[105]

The Houston Press ranked the 2006 MLK day parade, when the two rival parades joined, as the "Best Parade Houston 2006".[106]

Service projects and voter registration drives also occur on MLK Day in Houston.[103]

Black Heritage Day at Houston Rodeo edit

Every spring, the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo dedicates a day of the festival to acknowledge and celebrate black culture. A different popular black music artist headlines and performs at the event each year.[107]

Houston hip hop edit

The Houston hip hop scene is very influential and has a unique sound that is recognized and celebrated worldwide.[108][109][110]

Texas Southern–Prairie View rivalry edit

The Texas Southern University versus Prairie View A&M University athletic events are a major draw for blacks in the Houston area, particularly for black alumni of these institutions. The Labor Day Classic is the only HBCU football classic in the Houston area. The basketball games in the winter always draw large crowds and interest on both campuses.[111]

National Battle of the Bands edit

Since 2019, Houston has been home to one of the largest collegiate marching band events in the nation. Annually over 40,000 fans and spectators show up to the NRG Stadium to see several HBCU band programs perform and help raise money for them.[112][113][114]

Houston Black Restaurant Week edit

Houston is internationally renowned for its world-class restaurants and cuisines and black owned restaurants play a big part in that.[115] For two weeks every year, many black-owned restaurants and black culinary professionals participate in this event that highlights their contributions to the city's food scene.[116][117]

Houston Black brunch and nightlife culture edit

Houston's Black brunch and nightlife culture have grown to become highly prominent in the United States.[118] Social media has played a major role in brunch and nightlife in the city becoming a top destination for Black adults around the world (especially Nigerians).[119][120][121][122] Unlike most cities, Houston offers many popular restaurants, bars, lounges, clubs, and events that culturally caters to Black adults.[123][124][125]

Black gay pride edit

Houston is home to one of the largest black LGBT communities in the nation. Houston's black LGBT community annually celebrate its presence during a special event called "Splash", which organizes gay and lesbian events in order to improve the cultural, environmental, medical and social health of gay men, lesbian and transgender people of African descent. It is the oldest black gay event in Texas beginning in 1988.[126]

Cemeteries edit

Humble Negro Cemetery is in the suburb of Humble.[citation needed]

Evergreen Negro Cemetery is located in Fifth Ward.[127]

Gentrification edit

Gentrification has notably changed most of Houston's historically black neighborhoods, especially those within Loop 610 and near Downtown Houston. Rising housing costs coupled with a housing shortage have displaced some black residents and deterred some new black residents from moving in. A high number of blacks have moved to suburban cities or outside Loop 610 of Houston seeking a more affordable cost of living. For example, Third Ward went from 71% black in 2010 to 45% black in 2020. The white population in Third Ward grew 170% from 2010 to 2020. The median home price in Third Ward in 2010 was $124,500, by 2023 it increased to nearly $400,000. Also Third Ward's average rent price increased notably since 2010.[128][129] The Houston Housing Authority is actively working to provide more affordable housing to help those with low-to-moderate incomes desiring to live near the city's largest business district.[130][131]

Notable people edit

 
Beyoncé

See also edit

Bibliography edit

Houston in Black – Houston's African American Population

  • Beeth, Howard and Cary D. Wintz (editors). Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston (Volume 41 of Centennial Series of the Association of Series). Texas A&M University Press, June 1, 2000. ISBN 0890969760, 9780890969762.
  • Kellar, William Henry. Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston. Texas A&M University Press, 1999. ISBN 1603447180, 9781603447188.
  • Pruitt, Bernadette. The Other Great Migration: The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston, 1900-1941 (Sam Rayburn Series on Rural Life, sponsored by Texas A&M University-Commerce). Texas A&M University Press, October 24, 2013. ISBN 1603449485, 9781603449489.
  • Steptoe, Tyina Leaneice (University of Wisconsin–Madison). Dixie West: Race, Migration, and the Color Lines in Jim Crow Houston (PhD thesis for a history degree). ProQuest, 2008. ISBN 0549635874, 9780549635871.
  • Steptoe, Tyina L. Houston Bound: Culture and Color in a Jim Crow City (Volume 41 of American Crossroads). University of California Press, November 3, 2015. ISBN 0520958535, 9780520958531. p. 117.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Haley, John H. (University of North Carolina at Wilmington). "Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston" (Book Review). The Georgia Historical Quarterly, July 1, 1993, Vol. 77(2), pp. 412–413. Available from JSTOR. CITED: p. 412. "Blacks were already present in Houston at the time of its founding in 1836,[...]"
  2. ^ a b Graves, Earl G. Sr. (December 8, 2016). "Join us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca". Black Enterprise. from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  3. ^ a b Treviño, Robert R. The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston. UNC Press Books, February 27, 2006. 29 2017-03-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved from Google Books on November 22, 2011. ISBN 0-8078-5667-3, ISBN 978-0-8078-5667-3.
  4. ^ Beeth and Wintz (editors). p. 88 2018-10-19 at the Wayback Machine. "Segregation, which was perhaps overlooked in the euphoria surrounding emancipation, had become well entrenched in the city by the mid- 1870s. More than any other single factor, it determined the nature of black Houston."
  5. ^ Woodward, C. Vann and McFeely, William S. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. 2001, p. 6
  6. ^ Kaplan, Barry J. (University of Houston). "Race, Income, and Ethnicity: Residential Change in a Houston Community, 1920-1970 2018-04-21 at the Wayback Machine." The Houston Review. Winter 1981. pp. 178-202. CITED: p. 186.
  7. ^ a b Kaplan, Barry J. (University of Houston). "Race, Income, and Ethnicity: Residential Change in a Houston Community, 1920-1970 2021-08-29 at the Wayback Machine." The Houston Review. Winter 1981. pp. 178-202. CITED: p. 188.
  8. ^ Kaplan, Barry J. (University of Houston). "Race, Income, and Ethnicity: Residential Change in a Houston Community, 1920-1970 2021-08-29 at the Wayback Machine." The Houston Review. Winter 1981. pp. 178-202. CITED: p. 191-192.
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  10. ^ "To Bear Fruit For Our Race - Department of History at the University of Houston". uh.edu. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  11. ^ DUBIN, ZAN (February 11, 1998). "Chronicling the Quiet Desegregation of Houston". Los Angeles Times. from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c Finkel, Adam N. Worst Things First?: The Debate Over Risk-Based National Environmental Priorities. Resources for the Future, 1995. 249 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-915707-76-4, ISBN 978-0-915707-76-8
  13. ^ a b Gaventa, John, Barbara E. Smith, and Alex W. Willingham. Communities in Economic Crisis: Appalachia and the South. Temple University Press, 1990. 196 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-87722-650-4, ISBN 978-0-87722-650-5.
  14. ^ Gaventa, John, Barbara E. Smith, and Alex W. Willingham. Communities in Economic Crisis: Appalachia and the South. Temple University Press, 1990. 197 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-87722-650-4, ISBN 978-0-87722-650-5.
  15. ^ Greene, Andrea D. "Residents of black areas cite reasons for not moving out 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Chronicle. Wednesday December 30, 1987. Section 1, Page 16. Retrieved on January 13, 2011.
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Further reading edit

  • Malone, Cheryl Knott (Spring 1999). "Autonomy and Accommodation: Houston's Colored Carnegie Library, 1907-1922". Libraries & Culture. 34 (2): 95–112. JSTOR 25548712.
  • Ponton, David III (March 3, 2017). (PDF). S2CID 158691542. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) - PhD thesis published by Rice University
  • Ronald E. Goodwin (2013). African Americans of Houston. Arcadia. ISBN 9780738584874.

External links edit

  • Houston Museum of African American Culture
  • Black Houston

history, african, americans, houston, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources History of African Americans in Houston news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message The African American population in Houston Texas has been a significant part of the city s community since its establishment 1 The Greater Houston area has the largest population of African Americans in Texas and west of the Mississippi River Black Enterprise has referred to Houston as a Black mecca 2 African Americans in HoustonTotal population528 145 2019 Regions with significant populationsThroughout Houston and its suburbsLanguagesSouthern American English Texan English African American English African American Vernacular EnglishReligionBlack Protestant Roman Catholic African American Library at the Gregory School located in the Fourth Ward in Houston Contents 1 History 2 Commerce 3 Cuisine 4 Demographics 5 Cultural institutions 6 Politics 7 Religion 8 Media 9 Education 9 1 History of primary and secondary education 9 2 History of tertiary education 9 3 Public libraries 10 Culture and recreation 10 1 Ensemble Theatre 10 2 Juneteenth 10 3 504 Day in Houston 10 4 Martin Luther King Day 10 5 Black Heritage Day at Houston Rodeo 10 6 Houston hip hop 10 7 Texas Southern Prairie View rivalry 10 8 National Battle of the Bands 10 9 Houston Black Restaurant Week 10 10 Houston Black brunch and nightlife culture 10 11 Black gay pride 11 Cemeteries 12 Gentrification 13 Notable people 14 See also 15 Bibliography 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksHistory edit nbsp Antioch Missionary Baptist Church When Houston was founded in 1836 an African American community had already begun to be established 1 In 1860 99 of the city s African American population was enslaved 3 there were eight free blacks and 1 060 slaves 1 Before the American Civil War enslaved African Americans living near Houston worked on sugar and cotton plantations while most of those living within the city limits held domestic and artisan jobs Although slavery ended after the U S Civil War by the mid 1870s racial segregation became codified throughout the South including Texas 4 African Americans in Houston were poorly represented by the predominantly white state legislature and city council and were politically disenfranchised during the Jim Crow era whites had used a variety of tactics including militias and legislation to re establish political and social supremacy throughout the South 5 In 1929 Houston Planning Commission chairperson Will Hogg made a proposal to designate areas of the city by race in its zoning so African Americans do not become too numerous near White communities the city did not enact this as it never adopted zoning 6 In the 1940s and 1950s black people from small southern towns moved to Houston resulting in the black communities increasing in size The black population in the Third Ward became larger and therefore closer in proximity to nearby Jewish communities 7 White people began to move from the Third Ward area partly due to the passage of Brown vs Board of Education in 1954 8 Texas Southern University students led the integration of Houston in the 1960s On Friday March 4 1960 Texas Southern University students led Houston s first sit in at the Weingarten s grocery store lunch counter located at 4110 Almeda Road 9 That sit in played a major role in the desegregation of Houston s white owned businesses Today a U S Post Office sits at that location however a Texas Historical Marker sits in the front of the building reminding visitors of the courageous role TSU students played in the desegregation of Houston Texas 10 Six months after their first sit in 70 Houston lunch counters were desegregated The success of their continued efforts eventually led to the full integration of businesses within the city 11 In 1970 90 of the black people in Houston lived in mostly African American neighborhoods By 1980 this decreased to 82 12 Historically the City of Houston placed established landfill facilities in established African American neighborhoods Private companies also located landfills in black neighborhoods Between the early 1920s and the late 1970s the five municipal sanitary landfills were in black neighborhoods During the same period six of the eight municipal solid waste incinerators resided in mostly black neighborhoods From 1970 to 1978 three of the four private landfills established during that period were located in Houston black neighborhoods 12 Around that era African Americans made up around 25 of the city s population Houston City Council which decided where the landfills would be located was entirely composed of white residents until 1972 13 The political efforts and advocacy behind a 1979 federal lawsuit regarding one proposed landfill led to political changes that ended the deliberate placement of landfills in black neighborhoods 13 14 nbsp The Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan formerly Ryan Middle School exists at the first location of Yates Colored High School In 1980 the city had 440 257 African American residents making it one of the largest black populations in the country 1 As of 1987 most African Americans in Houston continued to live in inner city black neighborhoods even though they gained the legal right to move to any neighborhood According to research at the University of Chicago many African Americans choose to live in neighborhoods where they were raised 15 From the 1980 U S Census to the 1990 U S Census many African Americans left traditional African American neighborhoods such as the MacGregor area Settegast Sunnyside and the Third Ward and entered parts of Southwest Houston such as Alief Fondren Southwest Sharpstown Westchase and Westwood 16 Meanwhile a significant percentage of Houston s Non Hispanic whites population particularly those with children under 18 left the city for suburban communities this phenomenon was known as white flight 17 In 2004 some African Americans who had lived in the suburbs had returned to the inner city area due to their previous ties to those communities 18 By 2005 the outflow from traditional black neighborhoods such as the Third Ward Sunnyside Kashmere Gardens and the Fifth Ward continued with blacks moving to Alief other parts of Southwest Houston Fresno Missouri City and northwestern suburbs Around 2005 African Americans began to move to an area around Farm to Market Road 1960 in an unincorporated area in Harris County In many traditional inner city black neighborhoods Mexican and Latino residents moved in 19 In addition to the New Great Migration many African Americans in the US are now recently moving to Houston for lower cost of living and more job opportunities 20 Houston gained approximately 233 000 African Americans between 2000 and 2010 21 Having the largest black population west of the Mississippi River Houston is known as a center of African American political power education economic prosperity and culture often referred to as a black mecca 2 Houston is ranked among best U S metros for Black professionals 22 According to LendingTree there are 3 586 Black owned businesses out of 108 772 total businesses in Houston Thats 3 3 while Black Americans make up 22 4 of Houston s population 23 An additional 150 000 to 250 000 mostly black evacuees arrived in 2005 from the New Orleans metro after Hurricane Katrina with many of them deciding to stay in Houston 24 Commerce editThe African American community in Houston had a rich diverse economic history Throughout the communities many businesses flourished The Wards 3rd 4th and 5th had many restaurants theaters clubs boarding houses carriage delivery services millinery shops hat shops stationery shops newspaper publishers dry goods stores banks savings and loans insurance companies seamstresses and tailor shops just to name a few There were two major office buildings that housed many African American businesses the Pilgrims Building 25 26 The agricultural history included a host of farmers and ranchers 27 28 was home to Sky Ranch the African American airport air transport service started by Tuskegee Airmen in the mid 1900s In the early 1900s the community celebrated DeRoLoc which helped to promote the economic development of the community This week long event was celebrated by an Agricultural Industrial Exhibition Ball and Carnival Many of the businesses benefited by all the people that attended from the region The first Official DeRoLoc Event in Emancipation Park Oldest park in Texas donated by Freed Slaves hosted 4 000 people Fall 1901 some people say it was 1909 the event stopped in 1929 and was recently revived by a local business NuWaters Co op in Houston In Acres homes there was the first African American Bus Company that made many runs to from downtown Houston to Acres homes providing transportation to many African Americans 29 Cuisine editSee also Cuisine of Houston The Louisiana Creole people who settled Houston around the 1920s brought their cuisine with them The Creole and Cajun cuisine style spread in Houston in the post World War II era 30 which led to various Creole food chains such as Frenchy s Chicken Pappadeaux and Popeyes 31 Creole dishes include boudin black rice and shrimp creole crawfish gumbo and jambalaya 30 Bernadette Pruitt author of The Other Great Migration The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston 1900 1941 wrote that Creole cooking became an important cultural bridge in the city and in its African American community and that As cooks Creole housewives transformed Houston s typical southern cuisine 30 In 2021 Alison Cook of the Houston Chronicle wrote that hamburger restaurants in historically black neighborhoods in Houston typically prepare hamburgers exceptionally charred and well done 32 In 2020 according to Emma Balter of the Houston Chronicle most of the vegan restaurants she chronicled in a list that was comprehensive yet not exhaustive were owned by African Americans 33 Demographics editFrom the 1870s to the 1890s African Americans made up almost 40 of Houston s population Between 1910 and 1970 the African American population ranged from 21 to 32 7 3 In 1870 36 of the African Americans in Houston lived in the Fourth Ward 29 lived in the Third Ward 16 lived in the Fifth Ward and 19 lived in other areas In 1910 the plurality now lived in the Third Ward with 32 the Fourth Ward Fifth Ward and other areas had 27 21 and 20 respectively 34 There were about 34 000 African Americans in Houston in the 1920s and in the 1930s there were about 63 000 African Americans 35 In 1920 20 of the people classified as black were subclassified as mulatto the census stopped taking statistics on mulatto people after 1920 In the racial segregation era people of Louisiana Creole origin with African heritage attended black institutions such as schools even though they often considered themselves racially distinct from non Creole African Americans 36 Creoles spoke Louisiana Creole French making them linguistically distinct Creoles also had different musical practices as they performed Southwest Louisiana style la la 36 In the 1920s the San Felipe districts had the largest group of African Americans the Third and Fifth wards had other significant communities 37 In 1940 the African American population numbered 86 302 21 4 of the number of people in Houston The same population increased to 125 400 21 of the city population in 1950 87 9 of the population increase from 1940 to 1950 was due to African Americans moving from other parts of the United States mostly Louisiana and Texas most of the migrating African Americans from rural areas and small towns 1960 the African American population numbered 215 037 25 7 of the city population In the central city from 1950 to 1960 the African American population increased by 20 299 Their percentage of the total population increased during that period from 23 4 to 31 1 because large numbers of white people left the central city In 1970 the African American population numbered 316 922 25 7 of the city population 7 By 1980 12 Houston had 440 257 African American residents making it one of the largest black populations in the country 1 In 2004 55 of the African American population born in Harris County originated from the Houston area either by birth or through growing up there as children 18 Between 2010 and 2015 Houston added about 100 000 new black residents to the area Only behind the Atlanta and Dallas areas 38 Many African Americans in the US are now recently moving to Houston due to the city s well established and influential Black or African American community 39 The Houston area has the largest African American community in Texas and one of the top 10 in the nation Cultural institutions editCultural institutions nbsp Houston Museum of African American Culture nbsp Buffalo Soldiers National Museum The Houston Museum of African American Culture HMAAC and Buffalo Soldiers National Museum located in the Houston Museum District 40 The Community Artists Collective located in the midtown area is a hub for black creatives and art 41 The University Museum located on the campus of Texas Southern University is an art gallery that primarily highlights art by and about people in the African diaspora 42 The Rutherford B H Yates Museum preserves the legacy of African Americans in Houston s Freedmen s Town 43 Shrine of the Black Madonna is a cultural center museum and bookstore that is owned and operated by the Pan African Orthodox Christian Church 44 Ovide Duncantell died 2018 founded the Houston Black Heritage Society 45 The Houston Black Chamber of Commerce serves and supports black businesses and professionals 46 Politics editBlack Mayors of Houston nbsp Lee P Brown Mayor 1998 2004 nbsp Sylvester Turner Mayor 2016 2024 Lee P Brown elected in 1997 was the first black Mayor of Houston 47 He was the city s 50th mayor 48 As of 1997 African Americans typically constituted less than 25 of the electorate of the City of Houston For the election of Lee P Brown blacks may have made up over 33 of the turnout Brown won 90 or more in African American neighborhoods 49 As of 2005 Sheila Jackson Lee a Houstonian is one of two black Texan U S House of Representatives members 50 Al Green Texas 9th district also from Houston is the other On December 13 2015 Houston elected its second African American mayor Sylvester Turner 51 Religion editSee also Religion in Houston nbsp St Nicholas Catholic Church in East Downtown Third Ward the first Black Catholic Church in Houston nbsp Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church in Frenchtown The number of African American Catholics in Houston increased after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 affected rural areas in the Southern United States 52 Most of them moved to the Fifth Ward 53 Due to a perception of the Catholic church being more favorable to African Americans than Protestant churches the Catholic church in Houston increased in popularity with African Americans in the 1930s 54 The oldest black church in Houston is Trinity United Methodist Church which was started by Rev Elias Dibble who came from Mississippi to establish churches 55 The oldest Black Baptist church in Houston is the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church historically a part of the Freedmen s Town of Fourth Ward and now in Downtown Houston 56 Jack Yates once served as the pastor of this church 57 The city s first black Catholic church was St Nicholas located in the Third Ward 58 The Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church in the Fifth Ward Houston s second black Catholic church was officially founded in June 1929 59 Houston area black Catholic churches have elements of Louisiana Creole culture such as zydeco parties 60 In the 1920s prior to the construction of Our Mother of Mercy a group of Louisiana Creole people attended the Hispanic Our Lady of Guadalupe Church because it was the closest church to the Frenchtown area of the Fifth Ward 58 Because the Our Lady of Guadalupe Church treated the Creole people in a discriminatory manner by forcing them to confess and take communion after people of other races and requiring them to take the back pews 61 the Creoles opted to build their own church 62 The number of African American Catholics in Houston increased after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 affected rural areas in the Southern United States 52 Most of them moved to the Fifth Ward 53 Due to a perception of the Catholic church being more favorable to African Americans than Protestant churches the Catholic church in Houston increased in popularity with African Americans in the 1930s 54 St Anne de Beaupre in Sunset Heights 63 64 near the Houston Heights is the third black church Named after the Basilica of Sainte Anne de Beaupre in Sainte Anne de Beaupre Quebec Canada opened in 1938 The naming after a Francophone Canadian site reflects the Louisiana Creole culture 65 Media editThe Houston Forward Times which began publication in 1960 66 is the largest black owned newspaper in the city 67 The Houston Defender and the African American News and Issues are other well established black owned papers The Texas Freeman was founded in 1893 and later merged to become The Houston Informer and Texas Freeman 54 KCOH 1430 AM was a black owned radio stationed started in 1953 68 It was a focal point for the Houston black community located at the iconic looking glass studios on 5011 Almeda in Midtown Houston KCOR launched the careers of radio personalities Michael Harris Ralph Cooper Don Samuel Wash Allen The station was purchased in 1976 by a consortium of investors led by its general manager at the time Michael Petrizzo 69 After his death in January 2012 the radio station was put up for sale The 1430 AM signal was eventually sold to Catholic oriented La Promessa Foundation s Guadalupe Radio Network in November 2012 70 The Petrizzo family continued to own the historic building and equipment leasing them and the 1230 AM signal to Dunn Ministries which continued the Urban Oldies format KCOH announced in January 2016 that it has plans to move to the FM dial 71 The Houston Sun was established by Dorris Ellis and Lonal Robinson in 1983 It has won more than 200 awards and recognition who and presents the First Amendment Conference annually for high school and college journalism students during March African American Press Month Dorris Ellis was awarded the Gutenberg Press Award by the Printing Museum of Houston in 2015 The Sun s staff is made up of journalists and interns who covers city hall school board and local community news citation needed Education edit nbsp Texas Southern University Texas Southern University is one the largest historically Black colleges HBCUs in the U S and the only HBCU fully based in Houston Prairie View A amp M University based in Prairie View Texas immediately northwest of Houston is also one of the largest HBCUs in the U S and the second oldest public university in the state 72 Historically black high schools schools reserved for black students prior to desegregation in the 1960s in Houston include Booker T Washington High School Wheatley High School Yates High School Worthing High School Historically black middle schools include Ryan Middle School closed 2013 The Imani School is marketed towards African American families 73 Opinions varied on whether the North Forest Independent School District NFISD which closed in 2013 74 was a historically black district and therefore also the largest historically black district in the state to be closed Kimberly Reeves of the Houston Press noted that the district had not been predominately African American in the segregation era and remained so since desegregation into the 1970s 75 History of primary and secondary education edit nbsp Booker T Washington High School current 2018 campus shown was the first high school for blacks in Houston After the U S Civil War Freedmen s schools served black children Later a private school in the Fourth Ward the Gregory Institute opened and began serving the children 76 In 1892 Colored High School the first high school for black students opened 35 There were 8 293 students in Houston s schools for black students in the 1924 1925 school year 77 In 1925 the Houston school board announced that a new high school would open in the Third Ward in light of the large increase in the black population The Houston Informer stated that the schools needed to be named after prominent black people from the city and or other successful black persons 35 With the construction of the former Jack Yates High School later Ryan Middle School Wheatley High School and other schools the capacity of Houston s secondary schools for black children increased by three times from 1924 to 1929 78 The original secondary school for blacks Colored High School became Booker T Washington High School 35 At the time all three secondary schools had junior high and senior high levels There were 12 217 students in the black schools in the 1929 1930 school year William Henry Kellar author of Make Haste Slowly Moderates Conservatives and School Desegregation in Houston wrote that conditions in black schools improved dramatically in the 1920s 77 nbsp Yates High School new campus Houston s second black high school On January 27 1958 Worthing High School opened relieving Yates 79 Yates moved to its current location in September 1958 Yates s former site became Ryan Colored Junior High School now Ryan Middle School named after the first principal of Yates 80 Booker T Washington moved to its present day location in Independence Heights in 1959 81 In Fort Bend Independent School District FBISD M R Wood School served as one of three schools for black students including the sole black senior high school until the district desegregated in 1965 82 In the Conroe Independent School District Booker T Washington High School was the black high school in the pre desegregation era Montgomery Colored School and Lincoln High School originally Lawson High School were the pre desegregation schools for black students in Montgomery 83 Racial desegregation of the Houston Independent School District HISD resulting from the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s 84 occurred in the 1970s 85 Yates High School began to lose upper and middle class students due to flight to the suburbs 84 and the establishment of magnet schools in HISD 86 As a result of the losses Yates began to deteriorate 84 Wheatley lost its upper and middle class students due to the same factors 85 and in 1979 its principal Charles Herald stated that integration caused the best students and teachers to leave the school 87 History of tertiary education edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it November 2015 In 1927 the Yates building began housing Houston Colored Junior College later Houston College for Negroes 78 Former colleges for black students in the pre desegregation era included Conroe Normal and Industrial College and Royal College 83 Public libraries edit nbsp African American Library at the Gregory School The Houston Public Library operates the African American Library at the Gregory School 88 The library preserves historical information about the African American community in Houston 89 It is the city s first library to focus on African American history and culture 90 W L D Johnson Neighborhood Library is the successor of the former Carnegie Library 91 Culture and recreation editEnsemble Theatre edit nbsp The Ensemble Theatre The Ensemble Theatre an African American theater company has its studio in Midtown The theater founded by George Hawkins in 1976 is the largest African American theater company in the United States 92 Juneteenth edit Juneteenth is an annual celebration recognizing the emancipation of black slaves in Texas President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation and published it on January 1 1863 but it did not reach Galveston Texas until June 19 1865 Over the next few years African American populations across Texas collected money to buy property dedicated to Juneteenth celebrations In Houston the effort was led by the Reverend Jack Yates a Baptist minister and former slave His church Antioch Baptist and Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church formed the Colored People s Festival and Emancipation Park Association In 1872 they pooled 800 to put down on ten acres of open land as home for their Juneteenth celebration 93 In honor of their freedom they named it Emancipation Park 94 95 There are several events throughout Houston commemorating this occasion The Friends of Emancipation Park FEP a non profit group of volunteers was founded in 2007 by Dorris Ellis and Lonal Robinson to preserve and protect the interest and legacy of Emancipation Park The FEP picked up the parade and keeps it going along with other exemplary programs The FEP led the 33 000 000 renovation campaign to restore Emancipation Park and this campaign serves as an anchor to revitalize the Third Ward community and thwart the onslaught of gentrification 96 Emancipation Park with a space of 500 000 square feet 46 000 m2 is located in the Third Ward and is a popular destination for annual Juneteenth celebrations 97 98 The State of Texas made Juneteenth a holiday at the state level after Al Edwards a member of the Texas House of Representatives from Houston proposed it as a bill 99 504 Day in Houston edit 504 Day in Houston is an annual event that celebrates New Orleans black culture 100 Martin Luther King Day edit nbsp 2024 s Original MLK Birthday Parade was postponed till February 10 due to freezing weather in January 101 There are two rival Martin Luther King Day parades held every year The MLK Grande Parade is held by the MLK Parade Foundation 102 and the other the Original MLK Birthday Parade 103 is held by the Black Heritage Society As of 2007 Ovide Duncantell was the executive director of the Black Heritage Society and Charles Stamps is the CEO of the MLK Parade Foundation 102 Previously there was one MLK day parade held annually 104 and Stamps was a part of Duncantell s organization 102 In 1995 Stamps left and formed a separate parade The two parades began competing for the favored times and days to hold their events By 2007 the City of Houston had regulations stating that one parade can be held in Downtown Houston on a particular day The Black Heritage Society and Duncantell sued the city in 2007 after Duncantell did not get the permit arguing that several provisions of the ordinance enforcing the one parade per day in Downtown rule were unconstitutional 104 In 2007 Lee Rosenthal a U S district judge on January 10 2007 ordered the city government to allow both parades to hold their events in Downtown Houston 102 By 2008 the one parade per day rule with the prized parade day decided by a coin toss was again in place 105 The Houston Press ranked the 2006 MLK day parade when the two rival parades joined as the Best Parade Houston 2006 106 Service projects and voter registration drives also occur on MLK Day in Houston 103 Black Heritage Day at Houston Rodeo edit Every spring the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo dedicates a day of the festival to acknowledge and celebrate black culture A different popular black music artist headlines and performs at the event each year 107 Houston hip hop edit The Houston hip hop scene is very influential and has a unique sound that is recognized and celebrated worldwide 108 109 110 Texas Southern Prairie View rivalry edit The Texas Southern University versus Prairie View A amp M University athletic events are a major draw for blacks in the Houston area particularly for black alumni of these institutions The Labor Day Classic is the only HBCU football classic in the Houston area The basketball games in the winter always draw large crowds and interest on both campuses 111 National Battle of the Bands edit Since 2019 Houston has been home to one of the largest collegiate marching band events in the nation Annually over 40 000 fans and spectators show up to the NRG Stadium to see several HBCU band programs perform and help raise money for them 112 113 114 Houston Black Restaurant Week edit Houston is internationally renowned for its world class restaurants and cuisines and black owned restaurants play a big part in that 115 For two weeks every year many black owned restaurants and black culinary professionals participate in this event that highlights their contributions to the city s food scene 116 117 Houston Black brunch and nightlife culture edit Houston s Black brunch and nightlife culture have grown to become highly prominent in the United States 118 Social media has played a major role in brunch and nightlife in the city becoming a top destination for Black adults around the world especially Nigerians 119 120 121 122 Unlike most cities Houston offers many popular restaurants bars lounges clubs and events that culturally caters to Black adults 123 124 125 Black gay pride edit See also LGBT culture in Houston Houston is home to one of the largest black LGBT communities in the nation Houston s black LGBT community annually celebrate its presence during a special event called Splash which organizes gay and lesbian events in order to improve the cultural environmental medical and social health of gay men lesbian and transgender people of African descent It is the oldest black gay event in Texas beginning in 1988 126 Cemeteries editHumble Negro Cemetery is in the suburb of Humble citation needed Evergreen Negro Cemetery is located in Fifth Ward 127 Gentrification editGentrification has notably changed most of Houston s historically black neighborhoods especially those within Loop 610 and near Downtown Houston Rising housing costs coupled with a housing shortage have displaced some black residents and deterred some new black residents from moving in A high number of blacks have moved to suburban cities or outside Loop 610 of Houston seeking a more affordable cost of living For example Third Ward went from 71 black in 2010 to 45 black in 2020 The white population in Third Ward grew 170 from 2010 to 2020 The median home price in Third Ward in 2010 was 124 500 by 2023 it increased to nearly 400 000 Also Third Ward s average rent price increased notably since 2010 128 129 The Houston Housing Authority is actively working to provide more affordable housing to help those with low to moderate incomes desiring to live near the city s largest business district 130 131 Notable people edit nbsp Beyonce Phylicia Rashad actress Quanell X Quanell Ralph Evans Leader and National Chairman of the New Black Panther Nation Debbie Allen actress Beyonce Beyonce Giselle Knowles Carter singer songwriter entrepreneur and actress Kelly Kelendria Trene Rowland Witherspoon singer songwriter entrepreneur and actress Travis Scott rapper Solange singer songerwriter entrepreneur and actress Mathew Knowles music mogul entrepreneur and educator LeToya Luckett singer songerwriter entrepreneur and actress Megan Thee Stallion rapper Don Toliver singer and rapper Lizzo singer and rapper Trae tha Truth rapper Scarface rapper Arizona Fleming Activist H town R amp B group Ideal R amp B group Isiah Washington actor Simone Biles gymnast Brittney Griner basketball player Michael Strahan athlete and TV personality Yolanda Adams singer Christia Adair Civil rights activist Richard Allen politician Michael Arceneaux author of I Can t Date Jesus 132 Slim Thug rapper and entrepreneur Mike Jones rapper and entrepreneur Kirko Bangz rapper Lee P Brown former mayor of Houston Robert D Bullard sociologist Kirbyjon Caldwell pastor of the Windsor Village United Methodist Church Chamillionaire Hakeem Seriki rapper Percy Creuzot founder of Frenchy s Chicken Ruth Simmons academic Normani singer dancer Loretta Devine actress Detria Marie Ward actress J E Franklin playwright Timothy Eric Dixion actor Jennifer Holliday actress singer Rodney Ellis prominent political official and businessman Fat Tony Anthony Obi rapper George Foreman Olympic Gold medalist two time Heavyweight Champion entrepreneur Van G Garrett poet 133 Lightnin Hopkins Sam John Hopkins Lenwood Johnson activist Vince Young Former NFL player Rashard Lewis Former NBA player Barbara Jordan Congresswoman Elwyn Lee University of Houston administrator Sheila Jackson Lee Congresswoman Mickey Leland Congressman Thaddeus S Lott Sr school principal in Houston ISD Rod Paige Former Houston ISD superintendent and U S Secretary of Education Dr Anthony B Pinn professor Rice University James Prince CEO of Rap a Lot Records Monica Roberts Sylvester Turner Mayor of Houston 2016 2024 Jack Yates Roland S Martin American journalist George Floyd Former rapper and founding member of SwishaHouse Records and Black man who was choked to death by white police officer in Minneapolis See also edit nbsp Texas portal nbsp United States portal nbsp History portal nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to African Americans in Houston Riverside Terrace Emancipation Park History of the African Americans in Texas History of African Americans in Dallas Ft Worth History of African Americans in San Antonio History of African Americans in Austin Ethnic groups in Houston Demographics of Texas Down in Houston Black Dixie Afro Mexicans History of Mexican Americans in Houston History of Central Americans in Houston Hispanics and Latinos in Houston Demographics of Houston History of Pakistani Americans in Houston History of Vietnamese Americans in Houston History of the Jews in Houston History of the Japanese in Houston History of the Korean Americans in Houston History of Chinese Americans in Houston Asian Americans in HoustonBibliography editHouston in Black Houston s African American Population Beeth Howard and Cary D Wintz editors Black Dixie Afro Texan History and Culture in Houston Volume 41 of Centennial Series of the Association of Series Texas A amp M University Press June 1 2000 ISBN 0890969760 9780890969762 Kellar William Henry Make Haste Slowly Moderates Conservatives and School Desegregation in Houston Texas A amp M University Press 1999 ISBN 1603447180 9781603447188 Pruitt Bernadette The Other Great Migration The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston 1900 1941 Sam Rayburn Series on Rural Life sponsored by Texas A amp M University Commerce Texas A amp M University Press October 24 2013 ISBN 1603449485 9781603449489 Steptoe Tyina Leaneice University of Wisconsin Madison Dixie West Race Migration and the Color Lines in Jim Crow Houston PhD thesis for a history degree ProQuest 2008 ISBN 0549635874 9780549635871 Steptoe Tyina L Houston Bound Culture and Color in a Jim Crow City Volume 41 of American Crossroads University of California Press November 3 2015 ISBN 0520958535 9780520958531 p 117 References edit a b c d e Haley John H University of North Carolina at Wilmington Black Dixie Afro Texan History and Culture in Houston Book Review The Georgia Historical Quarterly July 1 1993 Vol 77 2 pp 412 413 Available from JSTOR CITED p 412 Blacks were already present in Houston at the time of its founding in 1836 a b Graves Earl G Sr December 8 2016 Join us in Houston America s Next Great Black Business Mecca Black Enterprise Archived from the original on August 20 2019 Retrieved August 20 2019 a b Trevino Robert R The Church in the Barrio Mexican American Ethno Catholicism in Houston UNC 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Rodeohouston com Archived from the original on April 25 2016 Retrieved September 23 2017 Fat Tony Talks Houston Rap and How Screw is Everywhere Now July 15 2013 Archived from the original on September 2 2020 Retrieved August 15 2020 Chronicling Houston s hip hop history in words and pictures October 9 2018 Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved August 15 2020 What s Houston s Contribution to the Rap World February 27 2014 Archived from the original on August 12 2020 Retrieved August 15 2020 Prairie View A amp M takes over first place in SWAC with win over Texas Southern February 9 2020 Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved March 7 2020 About Us 8 marching bands from HBCUs battle it out at NRG Stadium August 29 2021 HBCU Marching Bands to take over NRG Stadium again June 23 2021 Why Houston is one of America s best food cities The Washington Post November 10 2015 Archived from the original on March 5 2020 Retrieved April 17 2020 Houston Black Restaurant Week Follow Your Fork houbrw com Retrieved June 4 2019 Walker Taisha April 16 2019 Chefs open up about Black Restaurant Week in Houston KPRC Archived from the original on May 27 2019 Retrieved June 4 2019 Black Girls Who Brunch Favorite Houston Black Owned Restaurants July 24 2023 Kelly Sam Gonzalez As Houston s Nigerian population booms so does its Afrobeat scene Retrieved February 10 2024 Mysouthernbrand on TikTok Mysouthernbrand on TikTok Akina on TikTok Black Owned Houston Nightlife May 30 2021 Experiencing Black Owned Downtown Houston Downtown Houston The Absolute Best Black Owned Brunch in Houston Updated 2023 Houston Splash 2016 Houstonsplash com Archived from the original on September 5 2017 Retrieved January 18 2016 Association Texas State Historical Evergreen Negro Cemetery Texas State Historical Association Retrieved February 10 2024 Third Ward action plan Greater Third Ward Houston TX realtor com www realtor com Retrieved March 11 2023 These Houston neighborhoods are evolving through gentrification Here s a look at their past and present The Houston Chronicle Sessions Kennedy January 14 2023 Houston s affordable housing application opens Jan 15 Chron Patrick Diane June 15 2018 What Would Beyonce Do Michael Arceneaux s Asking Publishers Weekly Archived from the original on July 23 2018 Retrieved July 22 2018 Home Archived 2020 07 25 at the Wayback Machine Van G Garrett Official Website Retrieved on March 15 2020 For his hometown Wilson Doni February 7 2020 Lanier teacher pens poetry collections on pitbulls and prayers Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on March 14 2020 Retrieved March 14 2020 Further reading editMalone Cheryl Knott Spring 1999 Autonomy and Accommodation Houston s Colored Carnegie Library 1907 1922 Libraries amp Culture 34 2 95 112 JSTOR 25548712 Ponton David III March 3 2017 Criminalizing Space Ideological and Institutional Productions of Race Gender and State sanctioned Violence in Houston 1948 1967 PDF S2CID 158691542 Archived from the original PDF on August 9 2019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help PhD thesis published by Rice University Ronald E Goodwin 2013 African Americans of Houston Arcadia ISBN 9780738584874 External links editHouston Museum of African American Culture Black Houston Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of African Americans in Houston amp oldid 1223925138 Cultural institutions, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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