AMC Amitron
The AMC Amitron was an experimental electric subcompact car built in 1967 by American Motors Corporation (AMC) and Gulton Industries. It included many advanced features, including regenerative braking and advanced battery designs, to provide a 150-mile (240 km) range on a single charge. Development ended because of technology issues and the high cost of batteries.
| Amitron | |
|---|---|
The Amitron as shown in 1967 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | American Motors (AMC) and Gulton Industries |
| Production | 1967 (concept car) |
| Designer | Dick Teague[1] |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Subcompact car |
| Body style | 1-door[2] hatchback |
| Layout | FF layout |
| Doors | Canopy door |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | DC series traction |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 85 in (2,159 mm) |
| Curb weight | 1,100 lb (499 kg)[3] |
In 1977, the prototype was updated and renamed Electron to become one of the automaker's "Concept 80" show cars.
American Motors' small concept car was "meant to be a prediction of future subcompact commuter cars."[4] It introduced technologies that included a revolutionary braking system that took 50 years to become common in the automotive industry.[5]
Design edit
Impetus edit
Development of the Amitron was prompted by three bills passed by the 89th United States Congress, described collectively as the "Electric Vehicle Development Act of 1966", as well as a fourth bill that amended the Clean Air Act of 1963.[6] The legislation provided funding for electric car research in response to the rapidly decreasing air quality caused by automobile emissions.[7] Development of electric vehicles was undertaken by the domestic big three automobile manufacturers, as well as AMC.[8] Electrically powered cars were also seen as a way for the U.S. to reduce its reliance on "expensive, undependable oil imports."[8]
Powertrain edit
American Motors entered into a partnership with Gulton Industries of Metuchen, New Jersey[9] (acquired by Mark IV Industries in 1986[10]) to develop the battery and power handling electronics for the car. Their entry into the electric car market was significantly more advanced than other developments, including two types of batteries for fast and slow power release and charging, as well as regenerative brakes to help extend range.<[11]
The primary power source consisted of two 75 lb (34 kg) lithium-nickel-fluoride batteries rated at 150 watt-hours per pound, or 331 watt-hours per kilogram, with a total capacity of 22.5 kWh. The designers selected lithium for the Amitron because "it is both highly reactive (easy to oxidize) and has high electromotive potential."[12] The downside to these batteries is that they have relatively low instantaneous power, too little to provide reasonable acceleration, or be able to handle the rapid recharging during regenerative braking. A secondary power source consisting of two 24 lb (11 kg) nickel-cadmium (NiCd, often read ni-cad) batteries was used to handle higher power peaks. These batteries could accelerate the car to 50 mph (80 km/h) in 20 seconds.[11] During driving, the lithium batteries recharged the ni-cads, which continued to power the motor.
The regenerative system would automatically switch the drive motors to generators as the car slowed so that the ni-cads could recharge, thus increasing the range of the car.[3] The regenerative braking control was designed "to provide the same brake pedal "feel" as a conventional car.[13] This was the first use of regenerative braking technology in the U.S. automobile industry.[14][15]
Altogether, the system provided the car with a range of 150-mile (241 km) when traveling at 50 mph (80 km/h).[16] Its total battery weight of only 200 lb (91 kg) was also light for electric vehicles.[17] The equivalent in lead-acid cells would weigh nearly a ton (907 kg).[12] A solid-state power management system controlled the entire system.
The first road tests of the batteries and powertrain were in 1968 using a converted conventional Rambler American sedan.[18] At the time, AMC's vice president of design, Dick Teague, was working on a car called "the Voltswagon".[11] The supporters of the Amitron were confident and stated that "We don't see a major obstacle in the technology. It's just a matter of time."[19]
Body edit
The Amitron was designed to minimize power loss by keeping down rolling resistance, wind drag resistance, and vehicle weight.[20] The prototype was a snub-snouted three-passenger urban area vehicle or city car with an overall length of only 85 inches (2,159 mm).[21] Among its unique design features were passenger seats that had air-filled cushions, rather than conventional polyurethane (foam rubber). The car did not feature conventional bodyside doors, but the canopy of the vehicle was hinged up and backward ("clamshell-type" on rear-mounted pivots[22]) for entry and egress.[23]
American Motors put more effort into making its prototype electric car more attractive than its competitors.[24] "The modern looking Amitron was one of the most promising electrics developed in the Sixties."[25] During the December 1967 public introduction of the car, Roy D. Chapin Jr., chairman and chief executive officer of AMC, stated that the Amitron "could eliminate many problems that up to this point have made electric-type cars impractical".[11]
Potential market edit
American Motors' original plans were to offer the Amitron for sale to commuters and urban shoppers in five years.[26] Chapin said AMC had discussed the venture with its bankers and creditors, and "they are about as enthusiastic about it".[26] The Amitron was also well received by the public.[17] The new technology was still in the infant stage and it was not expected to be popular "until the end of the decade."[27] Competitors were also skeptical of AMC's rapid deployment, stating it would take ten years to have a practical battery.[18] Moreover, research programs to develop clean transportation in the U.S. ceased.[24] The Amitron did not go beyond the prototype stage. The expensive batteries forced AMC to halt further experiments with advanced technology electric vehicles for several years.[25]
Legacy edit
The AMC Pacer was influenced by the Amitron's short, wide dimensions, along with optionally including three front seats.[28][2] The abruptly terminating rear end of the concept car influenced the AMC Gremlin.[29]
American Motors' battery-powered vehicle development continued under a partnership with Gould (Gould Electronics after selling its battery operations[30]) that led to the mass production of the Jeep DJ-5E starting in 1974.[31] This rear-wheel-drive mini-delivery van was also known as the Electruck.[32] Regenerative braking was effective at speeds above 22.5 mph (36.2 km/h) and the system included current-limiting to prevent overcharging the lead-acid batteries.[13]
In 1977, AMC introduced their "Concept 80" line of experimental vehicles, which included the AM Van, Grand Touring, Concept I, Concept II, and Jeep II.[33] Along with this lineup, AMC renamed the Amitron to Electron, added side-view mirrors to the windows, and gave it a fresh paint job.[34] The show car was not driveable because it did not have a power train.[35]
The design has been characterized by some observers as "hot, sexy, cute and practical."[36] The exterior's angular design was also ahead of its time because it was not until the 1970s that wedge-shaped bodies were finally adopted for production cars.[37] The Amitron featured a polygonal exterior design that "looks like a miniature Cybertruck" that was unveiled in late 2019 by Tesla, Inc.[37][38]
The AMC car "laid down principles that looked to represent the future of urban travel, but it was just too advanced for its own good."[39] "The AMC Amitron had almost 50 years ago all that is still considered indispensable for an electric car if it is supposed to succeed: a decent range, low weight, and a jaunty look."[40]
References edit
- ^ Booij, Jeroen (11 February 2010). . coachbuld.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Franktoid No. 2 - AMC's Amitron". Frank's Classic Car Blog. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ a b Hamilton, Williom F.; Eisenhut, E.J.; Houser, G.M.; Sojvold, A.R. (October 1974). Impact of Future Use of Electric Cars in the Los Angeles Region. Vol. 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. p. 1/6.
- ^ Young, Aaron (25 November 2020). "The Coolest Vintage EVs That The World Forgot About". HotCars. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Radu, Vlad (4 October 2020). "Understanding Conventional Friction Brakes and the Regenerative Braking System". AutoEvolution. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Anderson, Curtis D.; Anderson, Judy (2005). Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History. McFarland. p. 65. ISBN 9780786418725. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
eighty-ninth Congress three bills referred to as Electric Vehicle Development Act of 1966.
- ^ Anderson, Curtis D.; Anderson, Judy (2010). Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History. McFarland. p. 75. ISBN 9780786457427. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Federal funding for electric cars.
- ^ a b Holusha, John (10 July 1981). "Where is the electric car?". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Ayres, Robert U.; McKenna, Richard P. (1972). "The Electric Car". Alternatives to the Internal Combustion Engine: Impacts On Environmental Quality. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9780801813696. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Mark IV Industries Inc 10-K Report". U.S. Securities Exchange Commission. 28 February 1994. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Next: the Voltswagon?". Time. 22 December 1967. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ a b Bacon, W. Stevenson (February 1968). "New breed of batteries pack more power". Popular Science. pp. 90–93, 206. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b United States Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (1977). Determination of the Effectiveness and Feasibility of Regenerative Braking Systems On Electric and Other Automobiles. Vol. 2. US Department of Energy. p. 42. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ Clark, Woodrow W.; Cooke, Grant (2011). Global Energy Innovation: Why America Must Lead. ABC-CLIO. p. 140. ISBN 9780313397219. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ Voelcker, John (10 January 2014). "Electric-Car Trivia: When Was Regenerative Braking First Used?". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Shacket, Sheldon R. (1979). The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles. Domus Books. p. 28.
- ^ a b Grahame, James (22 September 2008). "1968: AMC's Amazing Amitron Electric Car". Retro Thing: vintage gadets and technology. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ a b Irwin, Bob (March 1968). "Detroit Listening Post". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 129, no. 3. p. 26. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ Bryce, Robert (2011). Power Hungry: The Myths of "Green" Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586489533. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ Firor, John W. (1970). Urban Demands on Natural Resources. University of Denver Press. p. 2.
- ^ "none". The Rubber and Plastics Age. Vol. 49. London: Rubber & Technical Press. 1968. p. 1048.
- ^ "AMC Concept Cars". Design News. Vol. 33, no. 10–16. Reed Business Information. 1977. p. 580. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ "AMC Displays Show Cars". Automotive News. Vol. 52. Crain Automotive Group. 2 May 1977. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Fletcher, Seth (2013). Bottled Lightning: Superbatteries, Electric Cars, and the New Lithium Economy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 79–80. ISBN 9781429922913. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "Electric Cars". Automobile Quarterly. 31 (1). 1992.
- ^ a b "AMC's Electric Car". Automotive Industries. Vol. 138. Chilton. 1968. p. 52.
- ^ "FYI". Car and Driver. Vol. 27. 1982. p. 134. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ Dachet, Flavien (13 December 2013). . Car Design News. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ . muscleheaded.com. 4 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "Gould Inc to sell battery operations". The New York Times. 24 May 1983. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "Electric carrier". Popular Science. Vol. 205, no. 1. July 1974. p. 66. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second session (1978). Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1979. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 343. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "Concept 80". Iron and Steel Engineer. 54. Association of Iron and Steel Engineers: 177. 1977.
- ^ Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2012). American Cars, 1973-1980: Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland. p. 937. ISBN 9780786443529.
- ^ Flory Jr., J. Kelly (2012). "Concept Cars". American Cars, 1973-1980: Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland. p. 937. ISBN 9780786443529. Retrieved 29 January 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ . Motor Trade News. 1 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ a b Florea, Ciprian (25 November 2019). "The Tesla's Cybertruck's polygonal design may be weird, but it's not the first EV with this shape". Top Speed. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Florea, Ciprian (11 March 2022). "Remembering the AMC Amitron, the EV Concept That Looks Like a Mini Tesla Cybertruck". autoevolution. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Breeze, Joe (16 March 2015). "The 1967 AMC Amitron concept was the future of transportation – and still is". Classic Driver. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "Schönes Ding: Der elektrische Stuhl". Spiegel Online (in German). 16 March 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
Further reading edit
- Frumkin, Mitch; Hall, Phil (2002). American Dream Cars: 60 Years of the Best Concept Vehicles. Krause Publications. ISBN 9780873494915.
- Shacket, Sheldon R. (1979). The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles. Domus Books. ISBN 9780891960195.
External links edit
- Banovsky, Michael (10 June 2014). . Weird Cars. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2024.