Hari Singh Nalwa
Hari Singh Nalwa (1791–1837) was Commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Fauj, the army of the Sikh Empire. He is known for his role in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar and Jamrud. Hari Singh Nalwa was responsible for expanding the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the Indus River right up to the mouth of the Khyber Pass. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the empire was Jamrud.
Hari Singh Nalwa | |
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Painting of Hari Singh Nalwa, by Hasan al-Din, Lahore, ca.1845-50 | |
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| Born | 1791 Gujranwala, Shukarchakia Misl, Sikh Confederacy (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) |
| Died | 30 April 1837 (aged 45–46) Jamrud, Khyber Pass, Sikh Empire (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) |
| Allegiance | Sikh Empire |
| Service/ | Sikh Khalsa Army |
| Years of service | 1804–1837 |
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| Awards | Izazi-i-Sardari |
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He served as governor of Kashmir, Peshawar and Hazara. He established a mint on behalf of the Sikh Empire to facilitate revenue collection in Kashmir and Peshawar.[7]
Early life
Hari Singh Nalwa was born in Gujranwala, in the Majha region of Punjab to Dharam Kaur and Gurdial Singh Uppal.[8] According to historian Autar Singh Sandhu, Hari Singh Nalwa's family are of Uppal Khatri origin.[9] As per Vanit Nalwa who claims to be Hari's descendant says that their family were Uppal Khatris who originally belonged to Majitha town near Amritsar.[10] After his father died in 1798, he was raised by his mother. In 1801, at the age of ten, he took Amrit Sanchar and was initiated as a Khalsa. At the age of twelve, he began to manage his father's estate and took up horse riding.[11]
In 1804, at the age of fourteen, his mother sent him to the court of Ranjit Singh to resolve a property dispute. Ranjit Singh decided the arbitration in his favor because of his background and aptitude. Hari Singh had explained that his father and grandfather had served under Maha Singh and Charat Singh, the Maharaja's ancestors, and demonstrated his skills as a horseman and musketeer.[11] Ranjit Singh gave him a position at the court as a personal attendant.[1][12][13]
Hari Singh had two wives, as customary at the time, Raj Kaur from Rawalpindi and Desan Kaur. He had four sons and two daughters.[14]
Military career
During a hunt in 1804, a tiger attacked him and also killed his horse. His fellow hunters attempted to protect him but he refused their offers and allegedly killed the tiger by himself bare handedly by tearing the tiger apart from its mouth, thus earning the cognomen Baghmar (Tiger-killer).[1] Whether he was by that time already serving in the military is unknown but he was commissioned as Sardar, commanding 800 horses and footmen, in that year.[15]
Battle of Kasur (1807)
Hari Singh's first significant participation in a Sikh conquest on assuming charge of an independent contingent was in 1807, at the capture of Kasur. This place had long been a thorn in the side of Ranjit Singh's power because of its proximity to his capital city of Lahore.[16] It was captured in the fourth attempt. This attack was led by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Jodh Singh Ramgarhia. During the campaign the Sardar showed remarkable bravery and dexterity.[17] The Sardar was granted a Jagir in recognition of his services.[18]
Battle of Sialkot (1807)
Ranjit Singh nominated Hari Singh Nalwa to take Sialkot from its ruler Jiwan Singh. This was his first battle under an independent command. The two armies were engaged for a couple of days, eventually seventeen year old Hari Singh carried the day.[19] Nalwa lead the army to victory and planted the Sikh Flag on top of the fort.[4]
Battle of Attock (1813)
The fort of Attock was a major replenishment point for all armies crossing the Indus. In the early 19th century, Afghan appointees of the Kingdom of Kabul held this fort, as they did most of the territory along this frontier. This battle was fought and won by the Sikhs on the banks of the Indus under the leadership of Dewan Mokham Chand, Maharaja Ranjit Singh's general, against Wazir Fatteh Khan and his brother Dost Mohammad Khan, on behalf of Shah Mahmud of Kabul. Besides Hari Singh Nalwa, Hukam Singh Attariwala, Shyamu Singh, Khalsa Fateh Singh Ahluwalia and Behmam Singh Malliawala actively participated in this battle.[20][21] With the conquest of Attock, the adjoining regions of Hazara-i-Karlugh and Gandhgarh became tributary to the Sikhs. In 1815, Sherbaz Khan of Gandhgarh challenged Hari Singh Nalwa's authority and was defeated.[22]
Abortive attempt on Kashmir (1814)
The Sikhs made an attempt to take Kashmir soon after the Battle of Attock. The army was under the general command of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who camped at Rajauri. The troops were led towards Srinagar by Ram Dayal, grandson of Dewan Mokham Chand, while Jamadar Khushal Singh commanded the van, Hari Singh Nalwa and Nihal Singh Attariwala brought up the rear.[23] Lack of provisions, delay in the arrival of reinforcements, bad weather and treachery of the allies lead to the Sikhs to retreat.[22] The next few years were spent in subduing Muslim chiefs within the Kashmir territory, en route Srinagar Valley.[24] In 1815–16, Hari Singh Nalwa attacked and destroyed the stronghold of the traitorous Rajauri chief.[25]
Conquest of Mahmudkot (1816)
In preparation of the conquest of the strongly fortified Mankera, Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to approach it from its southern extremity. After the Baisakhi of 1816, Misr Diwan Chand, Illahi Bakhsh, Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, Nihal Singh Attariwala and Hari Singh Nalwa accompanied by seven paltans and the topkhana went towards Mahmudkot.[22] When news of its conquest arrived, it left the Maharaja so elated at the success of Sikh arms that he celebrated this victory with the firing of cannons. Two years later, on their way to Multan, the Sikhs captured the forts of Khangarh and Muzzaffargarh.[26]
Battle of Multan (1818)
The winter of 1810 saw a jubilant Sikh army stationed near Multan in the Bari Doab. They were riding high on the success of having conquered the Chuj Doab. The possession of the city of Multan was taken with little resistance; however, the fort could not be captured. The fort was bombarded and mined without effect. Sardar Nihal Singh Attariwala and the young Hari Singh Nalwa were seriously wounded. A fire pot thrown from the walls of the fort fell on Hari Singh and he was so badly burnt that it was some months before he was fit for service.[25] Ranjit Singh was disconcerted beyond measure at the length of the siege and perforce had to abandon the attempt. Multan was finally conquered under the nominal command of Kharak Singh and the actual command of Misr Diwan Chand.[27] It was a fiercely contested battle in which Muzzaffar Khan and his sons defended the place with exemplary courage, but they could not withstand the onslaught of the Sikhs. Hari Singh Nalwa was "chiefly instrumental" in the capture of the citadel.[20]
Peshawar becomes tributary (1818)
When Shah Mahmud's son, Shah Kamran, killed their Barakzai Vazir Fateh Khan in August 1818 the Sikhs took advantage of the resulting confusion and their army formally forded the Indus and entered Peshawar, the summer capital of the Kingdom of Kabul (modern-day Afghanistan), for the first time. Thereafter, Hari Singh Nalwa was deputed towards Peshawar in order to keep the Sikh dabdaba kayam — maintain the pressure.[28]
Mitha Tiwana becomes his jagir (1818)
In the beginning of 1819, Hari Singh accompanied Misr Diwan Chand to collect tribute from the Nawab of Mankera. On completion of the mission, Diwan Chand crossed the river Chenab along with his topkhana and set up his camp in Pindi Bhattian near Chiniot. He was asked to leave Hari Singh stationed in the suburbs of Nurpur and Mitha Tiwana.[4] Hari Singh must have achieved significant success for soon thereafter the Maharaja bestowed all the possessions of the Tiwana chiefs in jagir on the Sardar.[25]
Kashmir becomes a part of the Punjab (1819)
In April 1819, the Sikh army marched towards Kashmir. On this occasion, Prince Kharak Singh held nominal command. Misr Diwan Chand led the vanguard, while Hari Singh Nalwa brought up the rear for the support of the leading troops.[29] The third division, under the personal command of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, expedited supplies and conveyed these to the advance troops.[30] On the morning of 5 July 1819, the Sikh columns advanced to the sound of bugles. A severe engagement took place between the two armies and the Sikhs captured Kashmir. Great rejoicing followed in the Sikh camp and the cities of Lahore and Amritsar were illuminated for three successive nights.[22] Thus came to an end the five centuries of Muslim rule in Kashmir.[31] Two years later, as Governor of Kashmir, Hari Singh Nalwa put down the rebellion of the most troublesome Khakha chief, Gulam Ali.[32]
Battle of Pakhli (1819)
Under the Afghans, Hazara-i-Karlugh, Gandhgarh and Gakhar territory were governed from Attock. Kashmir collected the revenue from the upper regions of Pakhli, Damtaur and Darband. Numerous attempts by the Sikhs to collect revenue from Hazara-i-Karlugh not only met with failure, but also the loss of prominent Sikh administrators and commanders. Following the Sikh conquest of Kashmir, tribute was due from Pakhli, Damtaur, and Darband.[33] On his return to the Punjab plains from the Kashmir Valley, Hari Singh and his companions followed the traditional kafila (caravan) route through Pakhli hoping to collect tribute from the region. The Sikh request for Nazrana resulted in the usual "fighting and mulcting"; the party however, was successful in their mission.[24]
Battle of Mangal (1821)
Hari Singh's most spectacular success in the region of Hazara came two years later. On the successful conclusion of his governorship of Kashmir, he departed from the Valley and crossed the river Kishenganga at Muzaffarabad with 7000 foot soldiers. Hari Singh Nalwa traversed the hazardous mountainous terrain successfully, however when his entourage reached Mangal he found his passage opposed. Mangal, the ancient capital of Urasa was now the stronghold of the chief of the Jaduns who controlled the entire region of Damtaur. Hari Singh requested the tribesmen for a passage through their territory, but they demanded a tax on all the Kashmir goods and treasure he was taking with him. All trade kafilas routinely paid this toll. Hari Singh's claim that the goods he carried were not for trade purposes was not accepted. When parleying produced no result, a battle was to occur. Hari Singh then left to join forces with the Sikh army poised for an attack on Mankera, but after he had collected a fine from every house and built a fort in this vicinity.[34]
Battle of Mankera (1822)
The Sindh Sagar Doab was chiefly controlled from Mankera and Mitha Tiwana. Nawab Hafiz Ahmed Khan, a relative of the Durranis, exerted considerable influence in this region. Besides Mankera, he commanded a vast area protected by 12 forts. With the weakening of Afghan rule in Kabul, the governors of Attock, Mankera, Mitha Tiwana and Khushab had declared their independence. Ranjit Singh celebrated the Dussehra of 1821 across the river Ravi, at Shahdera. Hari Singh, Governor of Kashmir, was most familiar with the territory that the Maharaja had now set his eyes on. Nalwa was summoned post-haste to join the Lahore Army already on its way towards the river Indus. The Maharaja and his army had crossed the Jehlum when Hari Singh Nalwa, accompanied by his Kashmir platoons, joined them at Mitha Tiwana. The Sikhs commenced offensive operations in early November.
Nawab Hafiz Ahmed's predecessor, Nawab Mohammed Khan, had formed a cordon around Mankera with 12 forts—Haidrabad, Maujgarh, Fatehpur, Pipal, Darya Khan, Khanpur, Jhandawala, Kalor, Dulewala, Bhakkar, Dingana and Chaubara. The Sikh army occupied these forts and soon the only place that remained to be conquered was Mankera itself. A few years earlier, the Nawab of Mankera had actively participated in the reduction of Mitha Tiwana. The Tiwanas, now feudatories of Hari Singh Nalwa, were eager participants in returning that favour to the Nawab. The force was divided into three parts—one column being under Hari Singh—and each column entered the Mankera territory by a different route; capturing various places en route all three columns rejoined near Mankera town. Mankera was besieged, with Nalwa's force being on the west of the fort.[35]
The Nawab was allowed to proceed towards Dera Ismail Khan, which was granted to him as jagir.[36] His descendants held the area until 1836.
Battle of Nowshera (Naushehra) (1823)
The Sikhs forayed into Peshawar for the first time in 1818, but did not occupy the territory. They were content with collecting tribute from Yar Mohammed, its Barakzai governor. Azim Khan, Yar Mohammed's half-brother in Kabul, totally disapproved of the latter's deference to the Sikhs and decided to march down at the head of a large force to vindicate the honour of the Afghans. Azim Khan wanted to avenge both, the supplication of his Peshawar brethren and the loss of Kashmir. Hari Singh Nalwa was the first to cross the Indus at Attock to the Sikh post of Khairabad; he was accompanied by Diwan Kirpa Ram and Khalsa Sher Singh, the Maharaja's teenaged son, beside 8,000 men.
The Afghan army was expected near Nowshera, on the banks of the river Kabul (Landai). Hari Singh's immediate plan was to capture the Yusafzai stronghold to the north of the Landai at Jehangira, and the Khattak territory to its south at Akora Khattak. Jehangira was a masonry fort with very strong towers and the Afghan Yusafzais offered tough resistance. Hari Singh entered the fort and established his thana there.[35] The remaining troops re-crossed the Landai River and returned to their base camp at Akora. Mohammed Azim Khan had encamped roughly ten miles north-west of Hari Singh's position, on the right bank of the Landai, facing the town of Nowshera, awaiting Ranjit Singh's approach. The Sikhs had scheduled two battles – one along either bank of the Landai.[37]
After Hari Singh had successfully reduced the Afghan tribal strongholds on either side of the river, Ranjit Singh departed from the fort of Attock. He crossed the Landai River at a ford below Akora, and set up his camp near the fort of Jehangira. The famous army commander Akali Phula Singh and Gurkha commander Bal Bahadur, with their respective troops, accompanied the Maharaja. The Afghan Barakzais witnessed the battle from across the river. They were not able to cross the Landai river.[38] Eventually, the inheritors of Ahmed Shah Abdali's legacy withdrew from the area, toward the direction of Jalalabad.
Battle of Sirikot (1824)
Sirikot lay less than ten miles to the north-west of Haripur. This Mashwani village was strategically placed in a basin at the top of the north-east end of the Gandhgarh Range, which made its secure location a haven for the rebellious chiefs in the entire region. Hari Singh Nalwa went towards Sirikot before the rains of 1824. It was another six months before the attempt produced conclusive results. The Sardar almost lost his life in the course of this expedition. Ranjit Singh's military campaign for the winter of 1824 was scheduled towards Peshawar and Kabul. While stationed at Wazirabad, he received an arzi (written petition) from Sardar Hari Singh[39] informing him that he and his men were overwhelmingly outnumbered – one Sikh to ten Afghans. Ranjit Singh marched to [Rohtas], from there to [Rawalpindi] and via [Sarai Kala] reached Sirikot. With news of the approach of the Sikh army, the Afghans withdrew.
Battle of Saidu (1827)
The redeemer of the Yusafzais came in the form of one Sayyid Ahmad [1], who despite being a 'Hindki' was accepted as a leader by them. Budh Singh Sandhanwalia, accompanied by 4,000 horsemen, was deputed towards Attock to assist in suppressing the Yusafzai rebellion. The Maharaja's brief required him to thereafter to proceed towards Peshawar and collect tribute from Yar Mohammed Khan Barakzai. Budh Singh first heard of the Sayyid after he had crossed the Indus and encamped near the fort of Khairabad. Ranjit Singh was still on the sickbed when the news of the Sayyid's arrival, at the head of a large force of the Yusafzai peasantry, reached him. The gallantry of the Yusafzai defence in the Battle of Nowshera was still vivid in his mind. On receiving this news, he immediately put into motion all the forces that he could muster and immediately dispatched them towards the frontier.
The Barakzais in Peshawar, though outwardly professing allegiance to the Sikhs, were in reality in league with the other Afghans. The Sayyid marched from Peshawar in the direction of Nowshera. Sardar Budh Singh wrote to the Sayyid seeking for a clarification of his intention. The Sayyid replied that he wished to first take the fort of Attock and then engage Budh Singh in battle.[22]
Hari Singh Nalwa stood guard at the fort of Attock with the intention of keeping the Sayyid and his men from crossing the river until reinforcements arrived from Lahore. News had reached the Sikhs that the jihadis accompanying the Sayyid numbered several thousand. The battle between the Sayyid and the Sikhs was fought on 14 Phagun (23 February) 1827. The action commenced at about ten in the morning. The Muslim war cry of Allah hu Akbar, or "God is the greatest", was answered by the Sikhs with Bole so nihal, Sat Sri Akal, or "they who affirm the name of God, the only immortal truth, will find fulfilment". Ironically, the opposing forces first professed the glory of the very same God Almighty, albeit in different languages, before they commenced slaughtering each other. The cannonade lasted about two hours. The Sikhs charged at their opponents, routed them, and continued a victorious pursuit for six miles, taking all their guns, swivels and camp equipment. 150,000.[40][41][42]
Occupies Peshawar (1834)
The occupation of the great city of Peshawar and its ruinous fort, the Bala Hisar showered that it was a reflection of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa's formidable reputation in the region. Masson arrived in Peshawar just in time to see the Sikhs take control of the city. His eyewitness' account reports that the Afghans withdrew from the region and Hari Singh Nalwa occupied Peshawar without conflict.[43]
Dost Mohammad Khan withdraws (1835)
Hari Singh Nalwa was the governor of Peshawar when Dost Mohammed personally came at the head of a large force to challenge the Sikhs. Following his victory against Shah Shuja at Kandahar, in the first quarter of 1835, Dost Mohammed declared himself padshah (king), gave a call for jihad and set off from Kabul to wrest Peshawar from the Sikhs. Ranjit Singh directed his generals to amuse the Afghans with negotiations and to win over Sultan Mohammed Khan. He directed them that on no account, even if attacked, were they to enter into a general engagement until his arrival.[44]
Hari Singh Nalwa and the other Sikh chieftains requested Ranjit Singh to permit them to engage with the Afghans. On 30 Baisakh (10 May 1835), Sardar Hari Singh, Raja Gulab Singh, Misr Sukh Raj, Sardar Attar Singh Sandhanwalia, Jamadar Khushal Singh, the Raja Kalan (Dhian Singh), Monsieur Court, Signor Avitabile, Sardar Tej Singh, Dhaunkal Singh, Illahi Bakhsh of the topkhana, Sardar Jawala Singh and Sardar Lehna Singh Majithia were ordered to move. The troops fanned out over five kos, forming a semicircle in front of the Amir's encampment. Sardar Hari Singh proposed that the water of the stream Bara, which flowed in the direction of Dost Mohammed Khan's camp, be dammed. When the Ghazis appeared, Sardar Hari Singh commenced firing his guns. The Maharaja, however, prohibited him from indulging in battle and dispatched his Vakils to negotiate with the Amir.
Dost Mohammed Khan was assured that the Sikhs would affect a truce until their Vakils were in his camp. He accused Fakir Aziz-ud-din of making "use of much language, having plenty of leaves but little fruit". On finding both his step brothers, Jabbar and Sultan, irredeemably lost to him, Dost Mohammed decided to retire from the field with the whole of his army, armament and equipage. He left at night, making sure that the Fakir did not return to the Sikh camp until after he had gone through the Khyber Pass.[45]
Jamrud (Khyber Pass) (1836)
In October 1836 following the Dussehra celebrations in Amritsar, Hari Singh made a sudden attack on the village of Jamrud, at the mouth of the Khyber Pass. The Misha Khel Khyberis, the owners of this village, were renowned for their excellent marksmanship and total lack of respect for any authority. Hari Singh Nalwa's first encounter with this tribe had taken place following the Battle of Nowshera when he had pursued the fleeing Azim Khan; and once again, when he chased Dost Mohammed Khan in 1835.[46]
The occupation of Jamrud was rather strongly contested but it appeared that the place was taken by surprise. On its capture, Hari Singh Nalwa gave instructions to fortify the position without delay. A small existing fort was immediately put into repair. News of this event was immediately transmitted to Kabul. Masson informed Wade of the passage of events along this frontier in a letter dated 31 October 1836. With the conquest of Jamrud, at the very mouth of the Khyber,[44] the frontier of the Sikh Empire now bordered the foothills of the Hindu Kush Mountains.[47]
Panjtaar defeated (1836)
The defeat of the Khyberis sent shock waves through the Afghans. Hari Singh Nalwa accompanied by Kanwar Sher Singh, now proceeded towards the Yusafzai strongholds, north-east of Peshawar, which had withheld tribute for three years. The Sikhs defeated the Yusafzais, with their chief, Fateh Khan of Panjtar, losing his territory.[48] It was reported that 15,000 mulkia fled before the Sikhs, many being killed and the remaining taking refuge in the hills. After burning and levelling Panjtar to the ground, Hari Singh returned to Peshawar realising all the arrears of revenue. Fateh Khan was obliged to sign an agreement to pay tribute on which condition Panjtar was released.[22] When news of the conquest of Panjtar reached the Court of Lahore, a display of fireworks was proposed.[4]
Battle of Jamrud (1837)
The Maharaja's grandson, Nau Nihal Singh was getting married in March 1837. Troops had been withdrawn from all over the Punjab to put up a show of strength for the British Commander-in-chief who was invited to the wedding. Dost Mohammed Khan had been invited to the great celebration.[49] Hari Singh Nalwa too was supposed to be at Amritsar, but in reality was in Peshawar (some accounts say he was ill[50]) Dost Mohammed had ordered his army to march towards Jamrud together with five sons and his chief advisors with orders not to engage with the Sikhs, but more as a show of strength and try and wrest the forts of Shabqadar, Jamrud and Peshawar.[51] Hari Singh had also been instructed not to engage with the Afghans till reinforcements arrived from Lahore.[49] Hari Singh's lieutenant, Mahan Singh, was in the fortress of Jamrud with 600 men and limited supplies. Hari Singh was in the strong fort of Peshawar. He was forced to go to the rescue of his men who were surrounded from every side by the Afghan forces, without water in the small fortress. Though the Sikhs were totally outnumbered, presence of Hari Singh Nalwa put the Afghan army into panic. In the melee, Hari Singh Nalwa was grievously wounded.[49] Before he died, he told his lieutenant not to let the news of his death out till the arrival of reinforcements, which is what he did. While the Afghans knew that Hari Singh had been wounded, they waited for over a week doing nothing, till the news of his death was confirmed. The Afghans withdrew after witnessing Nalwa's body hung outside the fort.[52] Hari Singh Nalwa had not only defended Jamrud and Peshawar, but had prevented the Afghans from ravaging the entire north-west frontier, in turn was not able to invade Afghanistan himself. The loss of Hari Singh Nalwa was irreparable and this Sikh defeat was costly for that precise reason.[53][54]
The victories in battles that were achieved over the Afghans, were a favourite topic of conversation for Ranjit Singh. He was to immortalise these by ordering a shawl from Kashmir at the record price of Rs 5000, in which were depicted the scenes of the battles fought with them.[49] Following the death of Hari Singh Nalwa, no further conquests were made in this direction. The Khyber Pass continued as the Sikh frontier till the annexation of the Punjab by the British.[55]
Administrator
Hari Singh's administrative rule covered one-third of the Sikh Empire. He served as the Governor of Kashmir (1820–21), Greater Hazara (1822–1837) and was twice appointed the Governor of Peshawar (1834-5 & 1836-his death). He worked closely with 2nd in command of the Khalsa Army, the Sikh Brahmin[56] 'Raja Mahan Singh Mirpuri' on many affairs related to administration.[57]
In his private capacity, Hari Singh Nalwa was required to administer his vast jagir spread all over the kingdom.[58] He was sent to the most troublesome spots of the Sikh empire in order to "create a tradition of vigorous and efficient administration".[59] The territories under his jurisdiction later formed part of the British Districts of Peshawar, Hazara (Pakhli, Damtaur, Haripur, Darband, Gandhgarh, Dhund, Karral and Khanpur), Attock (Chhachch, Hassan Abdal), Jehlum (Pindi Gheb, Katas), Mianwali (Kachhi), Shahpur (Warcha, Mitha Tiwana and Nurpur), Dera Ismail Khan (Bannu, Tank, and Kundi), Rawalpindi (Rawalpindi, Kallar) and Gujranwala. In 1832, at the specific request of William Bentinck, the Maharajah proposed a fixed table of duties for the whole of his territories. Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa was one of the three men deputed to fix the duties from Attock (on the Indus) to Filor (on the Satluj).[60]
In Kashmir, however, Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive,[61] protected perhaps by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh empire in Lahore. The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws,[62] which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter,[63] closing down the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar,[62] and banning the azaan, the public Muslim call to prayer.[62] Kashmir had also now begun to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and of the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs.[63]
The Sikh rule in lands dominated for centuries by Muslims was an exception in the political history of the latter. To be ruled by 'kafirs' was the worst kind of ignominy to befall a Muslim.[64] Before the Sikhs came to Kashmir (1819 CE), the Afghans had ruled it for 67 years. For the Muslims, Sikh rule was the darkest period of the history of the place, while for the Kashmiri Pandits (Hindus) nothing was worse than the Afghan rule.[65] The Sikh conquest of Kashmir was prompted by an appeal from its Hindu population. The oppressed Hindus had been subjected to forced conversions, their women raped, their temples desecrated, and cows slaughtered.[66] Efforts by the Sikhs to keep peace in far-flung regions pressed them to close mosques and ban the call to prayer because the Muslim clergy charged the population to frenzy with a call for 'jihad' at every pretext.[67][68] Cow-slaughter (Holy Cow) offended the religious sentiments of the Hindu population and therefore it met with capital punishment in the Sikh empire. In Peshawar, keeping in view "the turbulence of the lawless tribes ... and the geographical and political exigencies of the situation" Hari Singh's methods were most suitable.[69]
Diplomatic mission
In 1831, Hari Singh Nalwa was deputed to head a diplomatic mission to Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General of British India. The Ropar Meeting between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the head of British India followed soon thereafter. The Maharaja saw this as a good occasion to get his son, Kharak Singh, acknowledged as his heir-apparent. Hari Singh Nalwa expressed strong reservations against any such move.[70] The British desired to persuade Ranjit Singh to open the Indus for trade.[71]
Death
Hari Singh Nalwa Sahib was severely wounded while fighting the forces of Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan.[72] He died of his injuries and was cremated in the Jamrud Fort built at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. According to Afghan chronicle Siraj al-Tawarikh, he was killed in a duel with Wazir Akbar Khan.[73] According to historian Hari Ram Gupta, Hari SIngh rallied his men and rode to the front where he was struck by two bullets and later expired after being rushed inside the fort.[74] Babu Gajju Mall Kapur, a Hindu resident of Peshawar, commemorated his memory by building a memorial in the fort in 1892.[75]
Legacy
Nalwa was also a builder. At least 56 buildings were attributed to him, which included forts, ramparts, towers, gurdwaras, tanks, samadhis, temples, mosques, towns, havelis, sarais and gardens.[76] He built the fortified town of Haripur in 1822. This was the first planned town in the region, with a superb water distribution system.[77] His very strong fort of Harkishengarh, situated in the valley at the foothill of mountains, had four gates. It was surrounded by a wall, four yards thick and 16 yards high. Nalwa's presence brought such a feeling of security to the region that when Hügel visited Haripur in 1835–6, he found the town humming with activity.[78] A large number of Khatris migrated there and established a flourishing trade. Haripur, tehsil and district, in Hazara, North-West Frontier Province, are named after him.[79]
Nalwa contributed to the prosperity of Gujranwala, which he was given as a jagir sometime after 1799,[80] which he held till his death in 1837.
He built all the main Sikh forts in the trans-Indus region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa — Jehangira[81] and Nowshera[82] on the left and right bank respectively of the river Kabul, Sumergarh (or Bala Hisar Fort in the city of Peshawar),[83] for the Sikh Kingdom. In addition, he laid the foundation for the fort of Fatehgarh, at Jamrud (Jamrud Fort).[84] He reinforced Akbar's Attock fort situated on the left bank of the river Indus[85] by building very high bastions at each of the gates.[citation needed] He also built the fort of Uri in Kashmir.[86]
A religious man, Nalwa built Gurdwara Panja Sahib in the town of Hassan Abdal, south-west of Haripur and north-west of Rawalpindi, to commemorate Guru Nanak's journey through that region.[87] He had donated the gold required to cover the dome of the Akal Takht within the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar.[88]
Following Hari Singh Nalwa's death, his sons Jawahir Singh Nalwa and Arjan Singh Nalwa[note 1] fought against the British to protect the sovereignty of the Kingdom of the Sikhs, with the former being noted for his defence in the Battle of Chillianwala.[citation needed]
Abhinav Bindra, India's first individual Olympic Gold Medalist, is his 5th generation direct descendant. [90][91]
See also
Popular culture
Hari Singh Nalwa's life became a popular theme for martial ballads. His earliest biographers were poets, including Qadir Bakhsh urf Kadaryar,[92] Misr Hari Chand urf Qadaryaar[93] and Ram Dayal,[94] all in the 19th century.
In the 20th century, the song Mere Desh Ki Dharti from the 1967 Bollywood film Upkaar eulogises him. Amar Chitra Katha first published the biography of Hari Singh Nalwa in 1978 (see List of Amar Chitra Katha comics).
On 30 April 2013 the Indian Minister of Communications Kapil Sibal released a commemorative postage stamp honouring Hari Singh.[95]
Hari Singh Nalwa Champion of the Khalsaji 1791–1837, a biography by Vanit Nalwa – a direct descendant of the general – was published in 2009. It is being adapted into an Indian feature film by Prabhleen Kaur of Almighty Motion Picture.[96]
A commemorative postage stamp was issued by the Government of India in 2013, marking the 176th anniversary of Nalwa's death.[97]
Hari Singh Nalwa is the subject of Punjabi singer Sidhu Moose Wala's song, Vaar. The song was released on November 8, 2022, to align with the 553rd birth anniversary of Guru Nanak. The song marked Sidhu's second posthumous release, and garnered 1.5 million Youtube views within the first 30 minutes of its release.[98]
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ a b c Sandhu (1935), p. 4
- ^ a b c d Singhia (2009), p. 96
- ^ Lansford, Tom (16 February 2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847604.
- ^ a b c d Vanit Nalwa (13 January 2009). Champion of the Khalsaji. ISBN 9788173047855.
- ^ Jaques 2007, p. 81
- ^ Jaques, Tony. (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 790. ISBN 9780313335365. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ Herrli (2004), pp. 122–123
- ^ Surinder Singh Johar (1982). Hari Singh Nalwa. Sagar. p. 13.
Hari Singh was born in 1791 to Dharam Kaur, wife of Sardar Gurdial Singh Uppal, a Kamedan in the army of Sardar Mahan Singh, father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 1Reference: "They were Uppal Khatrees by caste."
- ^ Nalwa 2009, p. 21.
- ^ a b Sandhu (1935), pp. 2–3
- ^ Kapur & Singh 2001, p. 167.
- ^ Sandhu 1935, p. 256; Sachdeva 1993.
- ^ Nalwa (2009), p. 273.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 5
- ^ Allen 2000, p. 39; Kaur 2004, p. intro..
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 6
- ^ Singh (1976), p. 36
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 8
- ^ a b Singh (1976), p. 37
- ^ Nayyar (1995), pp. 89–90
- ^ a b c d e f Shashikant Nishant Sharma (25 March 2014). International Journal of Research (IJR). ISBN 9781304977151.
- ^ Singh 1946, p. 46; Singh 1965, p. 43.
- ^ a b Sandhu (1935), pp. 14–16
- ^ a b c Sandhu (1935), p. 9
- ^ Nayyar (1995), p. 88
- ^ Tahir 1988, p. 67.
- ^ Singh 2001, p. 34; Singh 1976, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Waheeduddin 2001, p. 98-101.
- ^ Nayyar (1995), p. 94
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 15
- ^ Sandhu (1935), pp. 22–23
- ^ Khan 1962, p. 78; Madan 2008, p. 68.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), pp. 24–25
- ^ a b Singh (1976), p. 38
- ^ Singh (2001), p. 138
- ^ Singh 1965, p. 78.
- ^ Singh (1976), pp. 38–39
- ^ "The Akhbars". (11 March 1825). The Times, London
- ^ Singh (1976), p. 40
- ^ Shaheed, Shah Ismail. "Strengthening of the Faith – English – Shah Ismail Shaheed". IslamHouse.com. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ "Shah Ismail Shaheed". Rekhta. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), pp. 50–51
- ^ a b Singh (1976), p. 41
- ^ Waheeduddin (2001), p. 73
- ^ Sachdeva 1993, p. 54-57.
- ^ "Meet Hari Singh Nalwa – The Sikh Commander Who Was The Most Feared Warrior in Afghanistan". IndiaTimes. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ Nayyar (1995), p. 152
- ^ a b c d Shashikant Nishant Sharma (25 March 2014). International Journal of Research (IJR). p. 11. ISBN 9781304977151.
- ^ Singh (2001), p. 193
- ^ Waheeduddin (2001), p. 74
- ^ Singh (1976), p. 45
- ^ Singh (1976), pp. 45–46
- ^ Singh (2001), p. 194
- ^ Mathews (2010), pp. 15, 24
- ^ Nalwa, Hari Singh (2001), "PREFACE", Photodetectors and Fiber Optics, Elsevier, pp. xiii, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-513908-3.50004-x, ISBN 9780125139083, retrieved 25 January 2023
- ^ The history of the Muhiyals: The militant Brahman race of India'' (English,1911) by T.P. Russell Stracey
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 123
- ^ Singh (1994), p. 98
- ^ "Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa's life to be adapted into a web series". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ Madan (2008), p. 15
- ^ a b c Zutshi (2003), pp. 39–41
- ^ a b Schofield (2010), pp. 5–6
- ^ Singh (1994), p. 100
- ^ Sufi (1974), p. 750
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 13
- ^ Kapur & Singh 2001.
- ^ Zutshi 2003.
- ^ Singh (1976), pp. 53–54
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 98
- ^ Singh 1976, p. 78.
- ^ Dalrymple, William (2012). Return of a King: The Battle For Afghanistan (Paperback ed.). United Kingdom: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780307948533.
- ^ Dalrymple 2012, p. 89.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). HIstory of the Sikhs Vol. V. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 180. ISBN 9788121505154.
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 85
- ^ Sachdeva (1993), pp. 74–80
- ^ Kapur & Singh (2001), p. 163
- ^ Singh (1994), p. 99
- ^ Tehsils & Unions in the District of Haripur – Government of Pakistan 24 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Singh (1994), pp. 51–52, 87
- ^ Sandhu (1935), p. 124
- ^ Jaffar (1945), p. 123
- ^ Jaffar (1945), pp. 97, 119
- ^ Jaffar (1945), p. 121
- ^ Singh (1994), p. 102
- ^ Sufi (1974), p. 729
- ^ Khan (1962), p. 17
- ^ Kaur (2004), p. 214
- ^ Nalwa (2009), p. 278
- ^ "Ace shooter Abhinav Bindra is a mama's boy". Hindustan Times. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Surprised, it took so long... hope it's changed forever now: Bindra - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Tahir (1988)
- ^ Singh (1965)
- ^ Singh (1946)
- ^ Prashant H. Pandya (1 May 2013). Indian Philately Digest. Indian Philatelists' Forum. p. 1.
- ^ "Sikh Khalsa Commander Hari Singh Nalwa's Life to be Adapted into Series and Film". India West – via IANS.
- ^ "Hari Singh Nalwa" (PDF). indiapost.gov.in. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ "Sidhu Moosewala's new song 'Vaar' released on Gurpurb lauds Sikh valour; gets 1.5 million hits in 30 minutes". The Tribune. 8 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
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Sources
- Allen, Charles (2000), Soldier Sahibs, Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11456-0
- Caroe, Olaf (1958), The Pathans 550BC-AD1957, London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd.
- Herrli, Hans (2004), The Coins of the Sikhs (Reprinted ed.), Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, ISBN 8121511321
- Jaffar, S. M. (1945), Peshawar: Past and Present, Peshawar: S. Muhammad Sadiq Khan
- Kapur, P. S.; Singh, S. (2001), "A Forward Base in the Tribal Areas", in Kapur, P. S.; Dharam, Singh (eds.), Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Patiala: Punjabi University
- Kaur, Madanjit (2004) [First published 1983], The Golden Temple: Past and Present (Revised ed.), Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, ISBN 9780836413250
- Khan, Mohammad Waliullah (1962), Sikh Shrines in West Pakistan, Karachi: Department of Archaeology Ministry of Education and Information, Government of Pakistan, ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1
- Madan, T. N. (2008), "Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat: An Introductory Essay", in Rao, Aparna (ed.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, Delhi: Manohar, ISBN 978-81-7304-751-0
- Mathews, M. M. (2010), An Ever Present Danger, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9841-901-3-3
- Nalwa, Vanit (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa – Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, ISBN 978-81-7304-785-5
- Nayyar, G. S. (1995), The Campaigns of General Hari Singh Nalwa, Patiala: Punjabi University, ISBN 9788173801419
- Sachdeva, Krishan Lal (1993), "Hari Singh Nalwa – A Great Builder", in Kapur, P. S. (ed.), Perspectives on Hari Singh Nalwa, Jalandhar: ABS Publications, ISBN 8170720567
- Sandhu, Autar Singh (1935), General Hari Singh Nalwa, Lahore: Cunningham Historical Society
- Schofield, Victoria (2010), Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the unending war, London: I. B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84885-105-4
- Singh, Ganda (1946), Panjab Dian Waran (Ballads of the Panjab), Amritsar: Author
- Singh, Ganda (1965), Si-harfian Hari Singh Nalwa by Missar Hari Chand 'Kadiryar', Patiala: Punjabi University
- Singh, Gulcharan (October 1976), "General Hari Singh Nalwa", The Sikh Review, 24 (274): 36–54
- Singh, Khushwant (2001) [First published 1962], Ranjit Singh Maharaja of the Punjab, New Delhi: Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780141006840
- Singh, Kirpal (1994), Historical Study of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times, Delhi: National Book Shop, ISBN 978-81-7116-163-8
- Singhia, H. S. (2009), The encyclopaedia of Sikhism, New Delhi: Hemkunt Press
- Sufi, G. M. D. (1974) [First published 1948–1949], Kashir Being a History of Kashmir From the Earliest Times to Our Own, vol. 2 (Reprinted ed.), New Delhi: Life and Light Publishers
- Tahir, M. Athar (1988), Qadir Yar: a critical introduction, Lahore: Pakistan Punjabi Adabi Board, ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1
- Waheeduddin, F. S. (2001) [First published 1965], The Real Ranjit Singh (Second ed.), Karachi: Lion Art Press
- Zutshi, Chitralekha (2003), Language of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-521939-5
Further reading
- Dial, Ram (1946). "Jangnama Sardar Hari Singh". In Singh, Ganda (ed.). Punjab Dian Varan. Amritsar: Author.
- Hoti Mardan, Prem Singh (1950) [First published 1937]. Jivan-itihas Sardar Hari Singh-ji Nalua – Life of the Sikh General Hari Singh Nalua (Revised, reprinted ed.). Amritsar: Lahore Book Shop.
- NWFP Gazetteers – Peshawar District. Lahore: Punjab Government. 1931.
- Singh, Ganda (1966). A Bibliography of the Punjab. Patiala: Punjabi University.
- Niara, Gurabacana (1995). The Campaigns of Hari Singh Nalwa. Punjabi University. Publication Bureau.
External links
- Hari Singh Nalwa
- Hari Singh Nalwa Foundation Trust