The Huilliche (Spanish pronunciation: [wi.ˈʝi.tʃe]), Huiliche or Huilliche-Mapuche are the southern partiality of the Mapuche macroethnic group in Chile and Argentina.[2] Located in the Zona Sur, they inhabit both Futahuillimapu ("great land of the south")[2] and, as the Cunco or Veliche[3][4] subgroup, the north half of Chiloé Island.[5] The Huilliche are the principal indigenous people of those regions.[6] According to Ricardo E. Latcham the term Huilliche started to be used in Spanish after the second founding of Valdivia in 1645, adopting the usage of the Mapuches of Araucanía for the southern Mapuche tribes.[2] Huilliche means 'southerners' (Mapudungun willi 'south' and che 'people'.) A genetic study showed significant affinities between Huilliches and indigenous peoples east of the Andes, which suggests but does not prove a partial origin in present-day Argentina.[7]
Huilliches, Mapuche-Huilliche
Flag adopted by the Aukin Wallmapu Ngulam in 1990.
Catiguala, a cacique of the Huilliche in the 18th century
During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the mainland Huilliche were generally successful at resisting Spanish encroachment. However, after the Figueroa incursions of 1792 Huilliches were decisively defeated and their territory was gradually opened to European settlement beginning with the Parliament of Las Canoas. Today, most Huilliche speak Spanish, but some, especially older adults, speak the Huilliche language.[1]Laurelia sempervirens, known in Huilliche triwe and in Spanish as laurel, is the ritual tree of the Huilliche of Futahuillimapu.[8]
Map showing indigenous peoples of Chile; the Huilliche are shaded peach, near the middle of the country.
16th century
In the 1540s Spanish conquereros led by Pedro de Valdivia arrived in Central Chile from newly conquered Peru. Between 1549 and 1553 the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche territory and one in Huilliche territory: Valdivia.[9] Albeit the death of Pedro de Valdivia in 1553 halted the Spanish conquests for a while Osorno and Castro were established in Huilliche territory in 1558 and 1567 respectively.[9][10] The Spanish defeat by Mapuches in the battle of Curalaba in 1598 triggered a general uprising that led to the destruction of all Spanish cities in Huilliche territory except Castro.[2][11]
The portion of Futahuillimapu south of Maipué River became largely depopulated following a period of pillaging by the Spanish and loyalist Huilliches that had relocated from Osorno to the forts of Carelmapu and Calbuco.[2][12] After Valdivia was refounded in 1645, the Spanish struggled to establish a land route to the vicinities of Chiloé Archipelago across independent Huilliche territory.[2][13][A]
There are reports in the 17th and 18th centuries of internal conflicts among the Huilliche. This may have stunted population growth.[2]
In late 18th century Basque navigator José de Moraleda wrote that Huilliches of Osorno were more stocky, agile and of general better appearance than the people of Chiloé.[2] Their ponchos were described by Moraled as less pleasing ("vistosos") than those of Chiloé.[2]
In 1792 the Huilliches were ravaged by a Spanish army led by Tomás de Figueroa.[15] A peace parliament and treaty was signed in 1793.[15] In the treaty Huilliche property was recognized by the Spanish.[15]
19th century
Sociedad Stuttgart, a society established in the 19th century to bring German settlers to Chile, purchased about 15 000 km2 under fraudulent conditions from Huilliches in the Precordillera east of Osorno.[16] This purchase was later ratified by Chilean courts and serves to illustrate how Chilean authorities ignored their own legal order that guaranteed Huilliche property.[16]
As result of the establishment of Chilean and European settlers, including Germans, around Bueno River, Osorno Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno.[16] In the 1920s, The economy of Osorno shifted towards cattle farming, with land ownership concentrated among the German immigrants, and many Huilliches became peasants of haciendas.[17]
^The idea behind this road was to provide a provide pathway for reciprocal military aid in case of an invasion by a foreign power, likely Britain.[14]
References
^ ab"Huilliche". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
^ abcdefghiAlcamán, Eugenio (1997). "Los mapuche-huilliche del Futahuillimapu septentrional: Expansión colonial, guerras internas y alianzas políticas (1750–1792)" (PDF). Revista de Historia Indígena (in Spanish) (2): 29–76.
^Urbina, Ximena; Reyes, Omar; Belmar, Carolina A. (2020). "Canoeros en Chiloé: de facilitadores de las navegaciones españolas en los archipiélagos los Chonos y de Guayaneco, a productores y comerciantes, 1567-1792" [Coastal hunter gatherers in Chiloé: From facilitators of the navigation of Spaniards in the Chonos and Guayaneco archipelagoes to producers and traders, 1567-1792]. Chungara (in Spanish). 52 (2). doi:10.4067/S0717-73562020005000702.
^Contreras Oyarzún, Constantino (2009). "Renato CÁRDENAS ÁLVAREZ y Jorge O. VÁSQUEZ V. Collags, poesía mapuche de Chiloé. Aproximaciones socioculturales a una compilación de poesía veliche hecha por Elias Necul de Caguach en 1887. Publicación de la Agrupación de Amigos Chachaén de la Biblioteca Pública de Achao: Imprenta Ojoentinta, 2008, 44 pp". Alpha (in Spanish). 29. doi:10.4067/S0718-22012009002900022.
^"Poblaciones costeras de Chile: marcadores genéticos en cuatro localidades". Revista Médica de Chile. 126 (7). 1998. doi:10.4067/S0034-98871998000700002.
^Rothhammer, Francisco; Puddu, Giannina; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena (2017). "¿Puede el ADN mitocondrial proporcionar información sobre la etnogénesis de los pueblo originarios chilenos?" [Can mitochondrial DNA provide information on the ethnogenesis of Chilean native populations?]. Chungará (in Spanish). 49 (4). doi:10.4067/S0717-73562017005000028.
^Rumian Cisterna, Salvador (2020-09-17). Gallito Catrilef: Colonialismo y defensa de la tierra en San Juan de la Costa a mediados del siglo XX (M.Sc. thesis) (in Spanish). University of Los Lagos.
^Hanisch, Walter (1982). La Isla de Chiloe, Capitana de Rutas Australes (in Spanish). Academia Superior de Ciencias Pedagógicas de Santiago. pp. 11–12.
^Mansilla Almonacid, José D. (2002), "La Población de Calbuco Evolución de las Cifras. Siglos XVII-XX", Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish), 6 (6): 125–134, doi:10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2002.n6-10
^Couyoumdjian, Juan Ricardo (2009). "Reseña de "La frontera de arriba en Chile colonial. Interacción hispano-indígena en el territorio entre Valdivia y Chiloé e imaginario de sus bordes geográficos, 1600–1800" de MARÍA XIMENA URBINA CARRASCO" (PDF). Historia. I (42): 281–283. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ abcFoerster, Rolf G. (1998). "Tratado de Paz de 1793. Una aproximación a la gramática de la memoria mapuche-huilliche" (PDF). Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish) (2): 59–68. doi:10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.1998.n2-06. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
^ abcConcha Mathiesen, Martín (1998). Una mirada a la identidad de los grupos huilliche de San Juan de la Costa (Thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Arcis.
^Vergara, Jorge Iván; Gundermann, Hans (2012). "Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile". Chungara (in Spanish). University of Tarapacá. 44 (1): 115–134. doi:10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009.
Bibliography
Alberto Trivero (1999); Trentrenfilú, Proyecto de Documentación Ñuke Mapu. (in Spanish)
Montt Pinto, Isabel (1971). Breve Historia de Valdivia (in Spanish). Editorial Francisco de Aguirre.
Otero, Luis (2006). La huella del fuego: Historia de los bosques nativos. Poblamiento y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile. Pehuén Editores. ISBN956-16-0409-4.
huilliche, people, huilliche, spanish, pronunciation, ˈʝi, tʃe, huiliche, huilliche, mapuche, southern, partiality, mapuche, macroethnic, group, chile, argentina, located, zona, they, inhabit, both, futahuillimapu, great, land, south, cunco, veliche, subgroup,. The Huilliche Spanish pronunciation wi ˈʝi tʃe Huiliche or Huilliche Mapuche are the southern partiality of the Mapuche macroethnic group in Chile and Argentina 2 Located in the Zona Sur they inhabit both Futahuillimapu great land of the south 2 and as the Cunco or Veliche 3 4 subgroup the north half of Chiloe Island 5 The Huilliche are the principal indigenous people of those regions 6 According to Ricardo E Latcham the term Huilliche started to be used in Spanish after the second founding of Valdivia in 1645 adopting the usage of the Mapuches of Araucania for the southern Mapuche tribes 2 Huilliche means southerners Mapudungun willi south and che people A genetic study showed significant affinities between Huilliches and indigenous peoples east of the Andes which suggests but does not prove a partial origin in present day Argentina 7 Huilliches Mapuche HuillicheFlag adopted by the Aukin Wallmapu Ngulam in 1990 Catiguala a cacique of the Huilliche in the 18th centuryTotal population17 000 in Chiloe Archipelago 1 Regions with significant populationsFutahuillimapu and Chiloe Archipelago ChileLanguagesSpanish Chilean Spanish HuillicheReligionChristianity mainly Roman Catholic Related ethnic groupsCunco people Mapuche people Picunche people Chilean people Veliche people PayosDuring the 16th 17th and 18th centuries the mainland Huilliche were generally successful at resisting Spanish encroachment However after the Figueroa incursions of 1792 Huilliches were decisively defeated and their territory was gradually opened to European settlement beginning with the Parliament of Las Canoas Today most Huilliche speak Spanish but some especially older adults speak the Huilliche language 1 Laurelia sempervirens known in Huilliche triwe and in Spanish as laurel is the ritual tree of the Huilliche of Futahuillimapu 8 Contents 1 Colonization 1 1 16th century 1 2 17th century 1 3 18th century 1 4 19th century 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 BibliographyColonization Edit Map showing indigenous peoples of Chile the Huilliche are shaded peach near the middle of the country 16th century Edit In the 1540s Spanish conquereros led by Pedro de Valdivia arrived in Central Chile from newly conquered Peru Between 1549 and 1553 the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche territory and one in Huilliche territory Valdivia 9 Albeit the death of Pedro de Valdivia in 1553 halted the Spanish conquests for a while Osorno and Castro were established in Huilliche territory in 1558 and 1567 respectively 9 10 The Spanish defeat by Mapuches in the battle of Curalaba in 1598 triggered a general uprising that led to the destruction of all Spanish cities in Huilliche territory except Castro 2 11 17th century Edit See also Battle of Rio Bueno The portion of Futahuillimapu south of Maipue River became largely depopulated following a period of pillaging by the Spanish and loyalist Huilliches that had relocated from Osorno to the forts of Carelmapu and Calbuco 2 12 After Valdivia was refounded in 1645 the Spanish struggled to establish a land route to the vicinities of Chiloe Archipelago across independent Huilliche territory 2 13 A There are reports in the 17th and 18th centuries of internal conflicts among the Huilliche This may have stunted population growth 2 18th century Edit See also Huilliche uprising of 1712 and Parliament of Las Canoas In late 18th century Basque navigator Jose de Moraleda wrote that Huilliches of Osorno were more stocky agile and of general better appearance than the people of Chiloe 2 Their ponchos were described by Moraled as less pleasing vistosos than those of Chiloe 2 In 1792 the Huilliches were ravaged by a Spanish army led by Tomas de Figueroa 15 A peace parliament and treaty was signed in 1793 15 In the treaty Huilliche property was recognized by the Spanish 15 19th century Edit Sociedad Stuttgart a society established in the 19th century to bring German settlers to Chile purchased about 15 000 km2 under fraudulent conditions from Huilliches in the Precordillera east of Osorno 16 This purchase was later ratified by Chilean courts and serves to illustrate how Chilean authorities ignored their own legal order that guaranteed Huilliche property 16 As result of the establishment of Chilean and European settlers including Germans around Bueno River Osorno Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno 16 In the 1920s The economy of Osorno shifted towards cattle farming with land ownership concentrated among the German immigrants and many Huilliches became peasants of haciendas 17 See also EditColonial alerce logging and tradeNotes Edit The idea behind this road was to provide a provide pathway for reciprocal military aid in case of an invasion by a foreign power likely Britain 14 References Edit a b Huilliche Ethnologue Retrieved 28 December 2013 a b c d e f g h i Alcaman Eugenio 1997 Los mapuche huilliche del Futahuillimapu septentrional Expansion colonial guerras internas y alianzas politicas 1750 1792 PDF Revista de Historia Indigena in Spanish 2 29 76 Urbina Ximena Reyes Omar Belmar Carolina A 2020 Canoeros en Chiloe de facilitadores de las navegaciones espanolas en los archipielagos los Chonos y de Guayaneco a productores y comerciantes 1567 1792 Coastal hunter gatherers in Chiloe From facilitators of the navigation of Spaniards in the Chonos and Guayaneco archipelagoes to producers and traders 1567 1792 Chungara in Spanish 52 2 doi 10 4067 S0717 73562020005000702 Contreras Oyarzun Constantino 2009 Renato CARDENAS ALVAREZ y Jorge O VASQUEZ V Collags poesia mapuche de Chiloe Aproximaciones socioculturales a una compilacion de poesia veliche hecha por Elias Necul de Caguach en 1887 Publicacion de la Agrupacion de Amigos Chachaen de la Biblioteca Publica de Achao Imprenta Ojoentinta 2008 44 pp Alpha in Spanish 29 doi 10 4067 S0718 22012009002900022 Poblaciones costeras de Chile marcadores geneticos en cuatro localidades Revista Medica de Chile 126 7 1998 doi 10 4067 S0034 98871998000700002 Villalobos et al 1974 p 49 Rothhammer Francisco Puddu Giannina Fuentes Guajardo Macarena 2017 Puede el ADN mitocondrial proporcionar informacion sobre la etnogenesis de los pueblo originarios chilenos Can mitochondrial DNA provide information on the ethnogenesis of Chilean native populations Chungara in Spanish 49 4 doi 10 4067 S0717 73562017005000028 Rumian Cisterna Salvador 2020 09 17 Gallito Catrilef Colonialismo y defensa de la tierra en San Juan de la Costa a mediados del siglo XX M Sc thesis in Spanish University of Los Lagos a b Villalobos et al 1974 p 99 Hanisch Walter 1982 La Isla de Chiloe Capitana de Rutas Australes in Spanish Academia Superior de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Santiago pp 11 12 Villalobos et al 1974 p 109 Mansilla Almonacid Jose D 2002 La Poblacion de Calbuco Evolucion de las Cifras Siglos XVII XX Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales in Spanish 6 6 125 134 doi 10 4206 rev austral cienc soc 2002 n6 10 Montt 1971 pp 25 28 Couyoumdjian Juan Ricardo 2009 Resena de La frontera de arriba en Chile colonial Interaccion hispano indigena en el territorio entre Valdivia y Chiloe e imaginario de sus bordes geograficos 1600 1800 de MARIA XIMENA URBINA CARRASCO PDF Historia I 42 281 283 Retrieved 30 January 2016 a b c Foerster Rolf G 1998 Tratado de Paz de 1793 Una aproximacion a la gramatica de la memoria mapuche huilliche PDF Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales in Spanish 2 59 68 doi 10 4206 rev austral cienc soc 1998 n2 06 Retrieved 25 December 2013 a b c Concha Mathiesen Martin 1998 Una mirada a la identidad de los grupos huilliche de San Juan de la Costa Thesis in Spanish Universidad Arcis Vergara Jorge Ivan Gundermann Hans 2012 Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapaca and Los Lagos Chile Chungara in Spanish University of Tarapaca 44 1 115 134 doi 10 4067 s0717 73562012000100009 Bibliography EditAlberto Trivero 1999 Trentrenfilu Proyecto de Documentacion Nuke Mapu in Spanish Montt Pinto Isabel 1971 Breve Historia de Valdivia in Spanish Editorial Francisco de Aguirre Otero Luis 2006 La huella del fuego Historia de los bosques nativos Poblamiento y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile Pehuen Editores ISBN 956 16 0409 4 Villalobos R Sergio Silva G Osvaldo Silva V Fernando Estelle M Patricio 1974 Historia de Chile in Spanish 1995 ed Editorial Universitaria ISBN 956 11 1163 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Huilliche people amp oldid 1145367517, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
