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Haplogroup R1

August 18, 2023

Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).

Haplogroup R1
Possible place of originSiberia, Central Asia, South Asia or Southwest Asia[1][2][3]
AncestorR (R-M207)
DescendantsR1a (M420), R1b (M343)
Defining mutationsM173/P241/Page29, CTS916/M611/PF5859, CTS997/M612/PF6111, CTS1913/M654, CTS2565/M663, CTS2680, CTS2908/M666/PF6123, CTS3123/M670, CTS3321/M673, CTS4075/M682, CTS5611/M694, CTS7085/M716/Y481, CTS8116/M730, F93/M621/PF6114, F102/M625/PF6116, F132/M632, F211/Y290, F245/M659/Y477, FGC189/Y305, L875/M706/PF6131/YSC0000288, L1352/M785/YSC0000230, M306/PF6147/S1, M640/PF6118, M643, M689, M691/CTS4862/PF6042/YSC0001281, M710/PF6132/YSC0000192, M748/YSC0000207, M781, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238/PF6115, P242/PF6113, P245/PF6117, P286/PF6136, P294/PF6112, PF6120[4]

Males carrying R-M173 in modern populations appear to comprise two subclades: R1a and R1b, which are found mainly in populations native to Eurasia (except East and Southeast Asia). R-M173 contains the majority of representatives of haplogroup R in the form of its subclades, R1a and R1b (Rosser 2000, Semino 2000).

Structure

Human Y-DNA Phylogenetic Tree
Haplogroup R1
M173 (R1)
M420 (R1a)
M459 (R1a1)
M512

(R1a1a)

(R1a1*)

(R1a*)

M343 (R1b)
L278 (R1b1)
L754

(R1b1a)

M335

(R1b1b)

PH155

(R1b1c)

(R1b*)

Origins

R1a and its sibling clade R2 (R-M79) are the only immediate descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207). R is a direct descendant of Haplogroup P1 (P-M45), and a sibling clade, therefore, of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242). The origins of haplogroup R1 cannot currently be proved. According to the SNP-Tracker ([5], as of may, 2023) it evolved around 25 000 BP/23 000 BC in western Siberia between the southern Urals and Lake Balkhash.

No examples of the basal subclade, R1* have yet been identified in living individuals or ancient remains. However, the parent clade, R* was evidently present in upper paleolithic-era individuals (24,000 years BP), from the Mal'ta-Buret' culture, in Siberia.[6] The autosomal DNA of the Mal'ta-Buret' people is a part of a group known to scholars of population genetics as Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). The first major descendant haplogroups of R1*, R1a and R1b, appeared subsequently in mesolithic Central Asia and Eastern Europe, with genotypes derived, to varying degrees, from ANE.[7]

General distribution

Eurasia

Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the Last Glacial Maximum. Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b. One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan (Lobov 2009), while a subclade of haplogroup R1a (especially haplogroup R1a1) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Western China, and South Siberia.[8]

Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines haplogroup R1 nor the M479 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorized as belonging to group R* (R-M207). R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan (Firasat 2007).

Americas

See also: Indigenous Amerindian genetics and Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The presence of haplogroup R1 among Indigenous Americans groups is a matter of controversy. It is now the most common haplogroup after the various Q-M242, especially in North America in Ojibwe people at 79%, Chipewyan 62%, Seminole 50%, Cherokee 47%, Dogrib 40% and Tohono O'odham 38%.

Some authorities point to the greater similarity between haplogroup R1 subclades found in North America and those found in Siberia (e.g. Lell [9] and Raghavan [10]), suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and/or Beringia.

Africa

One subclade, now known as R1b1a2 (R-V88), is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to West Africa, such as the Fulani, and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration from Eurasia to Africa.[citation needed]

Subclade distribution

R1a (R-M420)

Main article: Haplogroup R1a

The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca 25,000 years ago (95% CI: 21, 300–29, 000 BP), or roughly the last glacial maximum. A large study performed in 2014 (Underhill et al. 2015), using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was compelling evidence that "the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present-day Iran."[11] The subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified ca. 5,800 years ago.[12] The distribution of M417-subclades R1-Z282 (including R1-Z280)[13] in Central- and Eastern Europe and R1-Z93 in Asia[13][14] suggests that R1a1a diversified within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region.[13] The place of origin of these subclades plays a role in the debate about the origins of the Indo-Europeans. High frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found amongst West Bengal Brahmins (72%), and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins, (67%), the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Panjikent (64%), the Kyrgyz population of Central Kyrgyzstan (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Bihar Brahmins (60.53%), Shors (58.8%),[15] Poles (56.4%), Teleuts (55.3%),[15] South Altaians (58.1%),[16] Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%) (Semino 2000, Wells 2001, Behar 2003, and Sharma 2007).

R1b (R-M343)

Main article: Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R1b probably originated in Eurasia prior to or during the last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan.(Lobov 2009) It may have survived the last glacial maximum,[17] in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and Aegean Sea.(Lobov 2009).

It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, with higher diversity than in western Europe, suggesting an ancient migration of haplogroup R1b from the east.[18] Haplogroup R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia, its likely region of origin.

There may be a correlation between this haplogroup and the spread of Centum branch Indo-European languages in southern and western Europe. For instance, the modern incidence of R1b reaches between 60% and 90% of the male population in most parts of Spain, Portugal, France, Britain and Ireland.[19] The clade is also found at frequencies of up to 90% in the Chad Basin, and is also present in North Africa, where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.

Although it is rare in South Asia, some populations show relatively high percentages for R1b. These include Lambadi showing 37%(Kivisild 2003). Hazara 32% (Sengupta 2005), and Agharia (in East India) at 30% (Sengupta 2005). Besides these, R1b has appeared in Balochi (8%), Bengalis (6.5%), Chenchu (2%), Makrani (5%), Newars (10.6%), Pallan (3.5%) and Punjabis (7.6%) (Kivisild 2003, Sengupta 2005, and Gayden 2007).

R-M343 (previously called Hg1[citation needed] and Eu18[citation needed]) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. It is an offshoot of R-M173, characterised by the M343 marker.[20] An overwhelming majority of members of R-M343 are classified as R-P25 (defined by the P25 marker), the remainder as R-M343*. Its frequency is highest in Western Europe (and due to modern European immigration, in parts of the Americas). The majority of R-M343-carriers of European descent belong to the R-M269 (R1b1a2) descendant line.

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup R1 of Y-DNA.

Genetics

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

References

  1. ^ Kivisild 2003
  2. ^ Soares 2010
  3. ^ (Wells 2001)[dead link]
  4. ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades – 2008 from ISOGG
  5. ^ "SNP Tracker".
  6. ^ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (2015-02-10). "Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". bioRxiv: 013433. doi:10.1101/013433. S2CID 196643946.
  7. ^ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
  8. ^ . Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
  9. ^ Lell Jeffrey T.; Sukernik Rem I.; Starikovskaya Yelena B.; Su Bing; Jin Li; Schurr Theodore G.; Underhill Peter A.; Wallace Douglas C. (2002). "The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
  10. ^ Raghavan Maanasa; Skoglund Pontus; Graf Kelly E.; Metspalu Mait; Albrechtsen Anders; Moltke Ida; Rasmussen Simon; Thomas W. Stafford Jr; Orlando Ludovic; Metspalu Ene; Karmin Monika; Tambets Kristiina; Rootsi Siiri; Mägi Reedik; Campos Paula F.; Balanovska Elena; Balanovsky Oleg; Khusnutdinova Elza; Litvinov Sergey; Osipova Ludmila P.; Fedorova Sardana A.; Voevoda Mikhail I.; DeGiorgio Michael; Sicheritz-Ponten Thomas; Brunak Søren; et al. (2013). "(2 January 2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans"". Nature. 505 (7481): 87–91. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.
  11. ^ Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
  12. ^ Underhill 2014, p. 130.
  13. ^ a b c Pamjav 2012.
  14. ^ Underhill 2014.
  15. ^ a b Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
  16. ^ Khar'kov, V.N. (2007), "Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups", Genetika, 43 (5): 675–87, doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110, PMID 17633562, S2CID 566825
  17. ^ Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, et al. (May 2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". Int. J. Legal Med. 122 (3): 251–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID 17909833. S2CID 11556974.
  18. ^ "Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Distribution and Origins | WorldFamilies.net". www.worldfamilies.net. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
  19. ^ , Metro NY, Reuters, August 2, 2011, archived from the original on March 23, 2012, retrieved September 14, 2011
  20. ^ Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the "R1b" haplogroup. Then, for a time (from 2003 to 2005) what is now R1b1c was designated R1b3.

Works cited

  • Gayden, T; Cadenas, AM; Regueiro, M; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2007), "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow.", American Journal of Human Genetics, 80 (5): 884–94, doi:10.1086/516757, PMC 1852741, PMID 17436243
  • Behar; Thomas, MG; Skorecki, K; Hammer, MF; Bulygina, E; Rosengarten, D; Jones, AL; Held, K; Moses, V (2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" (PDF), Am. J. Hum. Genet., vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 768–779, doi:10.1086/378506, PMC 1180600, PMID 13680527
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4
  • Cinnioğlu, C; et al. (2004), "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia", Hum Genet, 114 (2): 127–48, doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4, PMID 14586639, S2CID 10763736
  • Firasat, S.; Khaliq, S.; Mohyuddin, A.; Papaioannou, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Underhill, P. A.; Ayub, Q. (2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–26. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
  • Kivisild, T.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, M.; Mastana, S.; Kaldma, K.; Parik, J.; Metspalu, E.; Adojaan, M.; Tolk, H.-V.; Stepanov, V.; Gölge, M.; Usanga, E.; Papiha, S. S.; Cinnioğlu, C.; King, R.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.; Underhill, P. A.; Villems, R. (2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–332. doi:10.1086/346068. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
  • Lobov AS, et al. (2009). (PDF) (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-16.
  • Pamjav (December 2012), "Brief communication: New Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149 (4): 611–615, doi:10.1002/ajpa.22167, PMID 23115110
  • Passarino; et al. (2002), "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms", Eur. J. Hum. Genet., vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 521–9, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834, PMID 12173029
  • Saha; et al. (2005), "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow", J. Hum. Genet., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 49–51, doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0219-3, PMID 15611834
  • Semino; et al. (2000), (PDF), Science, vol. 290, no. 5494, pp. 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453, archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-11-25
  • Sengupta; et al. (2005), "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists", Am. J. Hum. Genet., vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 202–21, doi:10.1086/499411, PMC 1380230, PMID 16400607
  • Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Bhat, Audesh K; Bhanwer, Amarjit S; Bamezai, Rameshwar NK (2007). "A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232. PMC 2258157. PMID 18021436.
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  • Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, et al. (2000). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.

August 18, 2023
haplogroup, m173, chromosome, haplogroup, primary, subclade, haplogroup, m207, defined, m173, other, primary, subclade, haplogroup, haplogroup, m479, possible, place, originsiberia, central, asia, south, asia, southwest, asia, ancestorr, m207, descendantsr1a, . Haplogroup R1 or R M173 is a Y chromosome DNA haplogroup A primary subclade of Haplogroup R R M207 it is defined by the SNP M173 The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 R M479 Haplogroup R1Possible place of originSiberia Central Asia South Asia or Southwest Asia 1 2 3 AncestorR R M207 DescendantsR1a M420 R1b M343 Defining mutationsM173 P241 Page29 CTS916 M611 PF5859 CTS997 M612 PF6111 CTS1913 M654 CTS2565 M663 CTS2680 CTS2908 M666 PF6123 CTS3123 M670 CTS3321 M673 CTS4075 M682 CTS5611 M694 CTS7085 M716 Y481 CTS8116 M730 F93 M621 PF6114 F102 M625 PF6116 F132 M632 F211 Y290 F245 M659 Y477 FGC189 Y305 L875 M706 PF6131 YSC0000288 L1352 M785 YSC0000230 M306 PF6147 S1 M640 PF6118 M643 M689 M691 CTS4862 PF6042 YSC0001281 M710 PF6132 YSC0000192 M748 YSC0000207 M781 P225 P231 P233 P234 P236 P238 PF6115 P242 PF6113 P245 PF6117 P286 PF6136 P294 PF6112 PF6120 4 Males carrying R M173 in modern populations appear to comprise two subclades R1a and R1b which are found mainly in populations native to Eurasia except East and Southeast Asia R M173 contains the majority of representatives of haplogroup R in the form of its subclades R1a and R1b Rosser 2000 Semino 2000 Contents 1 Structure 2 Origins 3 General distribution 3 1 Eurasia 3 2 Americas 3 3 Africa 4 Subclade distribution 4 1 R1a R M420 4 2 R1b R M343 5 See also 5 1 Genetics 5 2 Y DNA R M207 subclades 6 References 6 1 Works citedStructure EditHuman Y DNA Phylogenetic Tree Haplogroup R1M173 R1 M420 R1a M459 R1a1 M512 R1a1a R1a1 R1a M343 R1b L278 R1b1 L754 R1b1a M335 R1b1b PH155 R1b1c R1b Origins EditR1a and its sibling clade R2 R M79 are the only immediate descendants of Haplogroup R R M207 R is a direct descendant of Haplogroup P1 P M45 and a sibling clade therefore of Haplogroup Q Q M242 The origins of haplogroup R1 cannot currently be proved According to the SNP Tracker 5 as of may 2023 it evolved around 25 000 BP 23 000 BC in western Siberia between the southern Urals and Lake Balkhash No examples of the basal subclade R1 have yet been identified in living individuals or ancient remains However the parent clade R was evidently present in upper paleolithic era individuals 24 000 years BP from the Mal ta Buret culture in Siberia 6 The autosomal DNA of the Mal ta Buret people is a part of a group known to scholars of population genetics as Ancient North Eurasians ANE The first major descendant haplogroups of R1 R1a and R1b appeared subsequently in mesolithic Central Asia and Eastern Europe with genotypes derived to varying degrees from ANE 7 General distribution EditEurasia Edit Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re settlement of Eurasia following the Last Glacial Maximum Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b One subclade of haplogroup R1b especially R1b1a2 is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan Lobov 2009 while a subclade of haplogroup R1a especially haplogroup R1a1 is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia Eastern Europe Central Asia Western China and South Siberia 8 Individuals whose Y chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y DNA tree down to and including M207 which defines Haplogroup R but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines haplogroup R1 nor the M479 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorized as belonging to group R R M207 R has been found in 10 3 10 97 of a sample of Burusho and 6 8 3 44 of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan Firasat 2007 Americas Edit See also Indigenous Amerindian genetics and Y DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas The presence of haplogroup R1 among Indigenous Americans groups is a matter of controversy It is now the most common haplogroup after the various Q M242 especially in North America in Ojibwe people at 79 Chipewyan 62 Seminole 50 Cherokee 47 Dogrib 40 and Tohono O odham 38 Some authorities point to the greater similarity between haplogroup R1 subclades found in North America and those found in Siberia e g Lell 9 and Raghavan 10 suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and or Beringia Africa Edit One subclade now known as R1b1a2 R V88 is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to West Africa such as the Fulani and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back migration from Eurasia to Africa citation needed Subclade distribution EditR1a R M420 Edit Main article Haplogroup R1a The split of R1a M420 is computed to ca 25 000 years ago 95 CI 21 300 29 000 BP or roughly the last glacial maximum A large study performed in 2014 Underhill et al 2015 using 16 244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia concluded that there was compelling evidence that the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present day Iran 11 The subclade M417 R1a1a1 diversified ca 5 800 years ago 12 The distribution of M417 subclades R1 Z282 including R1 Z280 13 in Central and Eastern Europe and R1 Z93 in Asia 13 14 suggests that R1a1a diversified within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region 13 The place of origin of these subclades plays a role in the debate about the origins of the Indo Europeans High frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found amongst West Bengal Brahmins 72 and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins 67 the Ishkashimi 68 the Tajik population of Panjikent 64 the Kyrgyz population of Central Kyrgyzstan 63 5 Sorbs 63 39 Bihar Brahmins 60 53 Shors 58 8 15 Poles 56 4 Teleuts 55 3 15 South Altaians 58 1 16 Ukrainians 50 and Russians 50 Semino 2000 Wells 2001 Behar 2003 and Sharma 2007 R1b R M343 Edit Main article Haplogroup R1b Haplogroup R1b probably originated in Eurasia prior to or during the last glaciation It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan Lobov 2009 It may have survived the last glacial maximum 17 in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and Aegean Sea Lobov 2009 It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe with higher diversity than in western Europe suggesting an ancient migration of haplogroup R1b from the east 18 Haplogroup R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia its likely region of origin There may be a correlation between this haplogroup and the spread of Centum branch Indo European languages in southern and western Europe For instance the modern incidence of R1b reaches between 60 and 90 of the male population in most parts of Spain Portugal France Britain and Ireland 19 The clade is also found at frequencies of up to 90 in the Chad Basin and is also present in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10 in some parts of Algeria Although it is rare in South Asia some populations show relatively high percentages for R1b These include Lambadi showing 37 Kivisild 2003 Hazara 32 Sengupta 2005 and Agharia in East India at 30 Sengupta 2005 Besides these R1b has appeared in Balochi 8 Bengalis 6 5 Chenchu 2 Makrani 5 Newars 10 6 Pallan 3 5 and Punjabis 7 6 Kivisild 2003 Sengupta 2005 and Gayden 2007 R M343 previously called Hg1 citation needed and Eu18 citation needed is the most frequent Y chromosome haplogroup in Europe It is an offshoot of R M173 characterised by the M343 marker 20 An overwhelming majority of members of R M343 are classified as R P25 defined by the P25 marker the remainder as R M343 Its frequency is highest in Western Europe and due to modern European immigration in parts of the Americas The majority of R M343 carriers of European descent belong to the R M269 R1b1a2 descendant line See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup R1 of Y DNA History of EurasiaGenetics Edit Genetic history of the Middle East Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups Genetic Genealogy Haplogroup Haplotype Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup Molecular Phylogeny Paragroup Subclade Y chromosomal Aaron Y chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world Y DNA haplogroups by ethnic group Y DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia Y DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East Y DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa Y DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus Y DNA R M207 subclades Edit R L21 R L295 R M124 R M167 R M17 R M173 R R M207 R M342 R M420 R M479 R U106References Edit Kivisild 2003 Soares 2010 Wells 2001 dead link Y DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades 2008 from ISOGG SNP Tracker Haak Wolfgang Lazaridis Iosif Patterson Nick Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Llamas Bastien Brandt Guido Nordenfelt Susanne Harney Eadaoin Stewardson Kristin Fu Qiaomei 2015 02 10 Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo European languages in Europe bioRxiv 013433 doi 10 1101 013433 S2CID 196643946 Haak Wolfgang Lazaridis Iosif Patterson Nick Rohland Nadin Mallick Swapan Llamas Bastien Brandt Guido Nordenfelt Susanne Harney Eadaoin Stewardson Kristin Fu Qiaomei June 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Nature 522 7555 207 211 arXiv 1502 02783 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 207H doi 10 1038 nature14317 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 Results for R1b1 members Archived from the original on March 13 2009 Retrieved December 27 2019 Lell Jeffrey T Sukernik Rem I Starikovskaya Yelena B Su Bing Jin Li Schurr Theodore G Underhill Peter A Wallace Douglas C 2002 The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American The American Journal of Human Genetics 70 1 192 206 doi 10 1086 338457 PMC 384887 PMID 11731934 Raghavan Maanasa Skoglund Pontus Graf Kelly E Metspalu Mait Albrechtsen Anders Moltke Ida Rasmussen Simon Thomas W Stafford Jr Orlando Ludovic Metspalu Ene Karmin Monika Tambets Kristiina Rootsi Siiri Magi Reedik Campos Paula F Balanovska Elena Balanovsky Oleg Khusnutdinova Elza Litvinov Sergey Osipova Ludmila P Fedorova Sardana A Voevoda Mikhail I DeGiorgio Michael Sicheritz Ponten Thomas Brunak Soren et al 2013 2 January 2014 Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans Nature 505 7481 87 91 doi 10 1038 nature12736 PMC 4105016 PMID 24256729 Underhill Peter A 2015 The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y chromosome haplogroup R1a European Journal of Human Genetics 23 1 124 131 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2014 50 PMC 4266736 PMID 24667786 Underhill 2014 p 130 a b c Pamjav 2012 Underhill 2014 a b Miroslava Derenko et al 2005 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai Sayan regions Khar kov V N 2007 Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y chromosomal haplogroups Genetika 43 5 675 87 doi 10 1134 S1022795407050110 PMID 17633562 S2CID 566825 Robino C Crobu F Di Gaetano C et al May 2008 Analysis of Y chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample Int J Legal Med 122 3 251 5 doi 10 1007 s00414 007 0203 5 PMID 17909833 S2CID 11556974 Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe Distribution and Origins WorldFamilies net www worldfamilies net Retrieved December 27 2019 Most Euro men are related to King Tut DNA testing reveals strange genetic link among Europeans Oddly most Egyptians not in the family Metro NY Reuters August 2 2011 archived from the original on March 23 2012 retrieved September 14 2011 Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker rather than M343 was used to define the R1b haplogroup Then for a time from 2003 to 2005 what is now R1b1c was designated R1b3 Works cited Edit Gayden T Cadenas AM Regueiro M Singh NB Zhivotovsky LA Underhill PA Cavalli Sforza LL Herrera RJ 2007 The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow American Journal of Human Genetics 80 5 884 94 doi 10 1086 516757 PMC 1852741 PMID 17436243 Behar Thomas MG Skorecki K Hammer MF Bulygina E Rosengarten D Jones AL Held K Moses V 2003 Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries PDF Am J Hum Genet vol 73 no 4 pp 768 779 doi 10 1086 378506 PMC 1180600 PMID 13680527 Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza 1994 The History and Geography of Human Genes Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 08750 4 Cinnioglu C et al 2004 Excavating Y chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia Hum Genet 114 2 127 48 doi 10 1007 s00439 003 1031 4 PMID 14586639 S2CID 10763736 Firasat S Khaliq S Mohyuddin A Papaioannou M Tyler Smith C Underhill P A Ayub Q 2007 Y chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan European Journal of Human Genetics 15 1 121 26 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201726 PMC 2588664 PMID 17047675 Kivisild T Rootsi S Metspalu M Mastana S Kaldma K Parik J Metspalu E Adojaan M Tolk H V Stepanov V Golge M Usanga E Papiha S S Cinnioglu C King R Cavalli Sforza L Underhill P A Villems R 2003 The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations American Journal of Human Genetics 72 2 313 332 doi 10 1086 346068 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 379225 PMID 12536373 Lobov AS et al 2009 Structure of the Gene Pool of Bashkir Subpopulations PDF in Russian Archived from the original PDF on 2011 08 16 Pamjav December 2012 Brief communication New Y chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1 American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149 4 611 615 doi 10 1002 ajpa 22167 PMID 23115110 Passarino et al 2002 Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms Eur J Hum Genet vol 10 no 9 pp 521 9 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5200834 PMID 12173029 Saha et al 2005 Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y chromosome gene flow J Hum Genet vol 50 no 1 pp 49 51 doi 10 1007 s10038 004 0219 3 PMID 15611834 Semino et al 2000 The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans PDF Science vol 290 no 5494 pp 1155 9 Bibcode 2000Sci 290 1155S doi 10 1126 science 290 5494 1155 PMID 11073453 archived from the original PDF on 2003 11 25 Sengupta et al 2005 Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists Am J Hum Genet vol 78 no 2 pp 202 21 doi 10 1086 499411 PMC 1380230 PMID 16400607 Sharma Swarkar Rai Ekta Bhat Audesh K Bhanwer Amarjit S Bamezai Rameshwar NK 2007 A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y chromosomal haplogroup Q in India BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 1 232 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 7 232 PMC 2258157 PMID 18021436 Soares et al 2010 The Archaeogenetics of Europe Current Biology 20 4 R174 83 doi 10 1016 j cub 2009 11 054 PMID 20178764 S2CID 7679921 Wells et al 2001 The Eurasian Heartland A continental perspective on Y chromosome diversity Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A vol 98 no 18 pp 10244 9 Bibcode 2001PNAS 9810244W doi 10 1073 pnas 171305098 PMC 56946 PMID 11526236 Also 1 Rosser ZH Zerjal T Hurles ME Adojaan M Alavantic D Amorim A Amos W Armenteros M et al 2000 Y Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography Rather than by Language American Journal of Human Genetics 67 6 1526 1543 doi 10 1086 316890 PMC 1287948 PMID 11078479 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup R1 amp oldid 1162005416, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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