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Brown marmorated stink bug

January 09, 2023

The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is an insect in the family Pentatomidae, native to China, Japan, Korea and other Asian regions.[2] In September 1998 it was collected in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where it is believed to have been accidentally introduced.[3] The nymphs and adults of the brown marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants, including many agricultural crops,[4] and by 2010–11 had become a season-long pest in orchards in the Eastern United States.[5] In 2010, in the Mid-Atlantic United States, $37 million in apple crops were lost, and some stone fruit growers lost more than 90% of their crops.[6] Since the 2010's the bug has spread to Georgia and Turkey and caused extensive damage to hazelnut production. It is now established in many parts of North America, and has recently become established in Europe and South America.[7]

Brown marmorated stink bug
Adult
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Halyomorpha
Species:
H. halys
Binomial name
Halyomorpha halys
Stål, 1855[1]

Description

Adult brown marmorated stink bugs are approximately 1.7 cm (0.67 in) long and about as wide, forming the heraldic shield shape characteristic of bugs in the superfamily Pentatomoidea. They are generally a dark brown when viewed from above, with a creamy white-brown underside. Individual coloration may vary, with some bugs being various shades of red, grey, light brown, copper, or black. The term "marmorated" means variegated or veined, like marble,[8] which refers to the markings unique to this species, including alternating light-colored bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the abdomen. The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding.[6]

The nymph stages are black or very dark brown, with red integument between the sclerites. First instar nymphs have no white markings, but second through fifth instar nymphs have black antennae with a single white band. The legs of nymphs are black with varying amounts of white banding.[6] Freshly molted individuals of all stages are pale white with red markings. Eggs are normally laid on the underside of leaves in masses of 28 eggs, and are light green when laid, gradually turning white.[6]

Like all stink bugs, the glands that produce the defensive chemicals (the smell) are located on the underside of the thorax, between the first and second pair of legs.[9]

Behavior

A brown marmorated stink bug on a tomato fruit

The odor from the stink bug is due to trans-2-decenal and trans-2-octenal.[10] The smell has been characterized as a "pungent odor that smells like coriander."[5] The stink bug's ability to emit an odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism evolved to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards. However, simply handling the bug, injuring it, or attempting to move it can trigger it to release the odor.

Reports on human cases are rare, but the stink bug's body fluids are toxic and irritating to the human skin and eyes. One case of keratitis has been reported in Taiwan.[11]

Mating

During courtship, the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female, which replies with her own vibrational signals, as in all stink bugs. The insects use the signals to recognize and locate each other. Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency, and one male signal type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs, although the significance of this is not yet clear.[12]

Diet

The brown marmorated stink bug is a sucking insect (like all Hemiptera or "true bugs") that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant to feed. This feeding results, in part, in the formation of dimpled or necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits, leaf stippling, seed loss, and possible transmission of plant pathogens. It is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops. In Japan, it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops. In the U.S., the brown marmorated stink bug feeds, beginning in late May or early June, on a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and other host plants including peaches, apples, green beans, soybeans, cherries, raspberries, and pears.[citation needed]

In North America

 
Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) US distribution from 2000-2019

The brown marmorated stink bug was accidentally introduced into the United States from China or Japan. It is believed to have hitched a ride as a stowaway in packing crates or on various types of machinery. The first documented specimen was collected in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in September 1998.[4][13] Several Muhlenberg College students were reported to have seen these bugs as early as August of that same year.[14][15] Between 2001 and 2010, 54 sightings were reported of these bugs at shipping ports in the United States.[16] However, stink bugs are not listed as reportable, meaning that they do not need to be reported and no action is required to remove the insect. This allowed the insect to enter the United States relatively easily, as they are able to survive long periods of time in hot or cold conditions.

Other reports have the brown marmorated stink bug documented as early as 2000 in New Jersey from a blacklight trap run by the Rutgers Cooperative Extension Vegetable Integrated Pest Management program in Milford, New Jersey.[17]

In 2002, in New Jersey, it was found on plant material in Stewartsville, and was collected from blacklight traps in Phillipsburg and Little York. It was quickly documented and established in many counties in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, and New York on the eastern coast of the United States.

By 2009, this agricultural pest had reached Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, and Oregon.[18] In 2010 it was found in Indiana,[19] Michigan,[20] Minnesota,[21] and other states.[22]

As of November 2011, it had spread to 34 U.S. states[5] and by 2012 to 40, and showed an increase of 60% in total numbers over 2011.[23]

 
Stink bug in a washroom in Toronto in 2020.

Their populations have also spread to southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada.[24][25] They have recently been found in southern British Columbia and Southern Alberta.[citation needed]

Population increase

 
Stink bug feeding on an apple

As of 2010, 17 states had been categorized as having established populations, and several other states along the eastern half of the United States were reported as having more than normal numbers of stink bugs.[26][27] Stink bug populations rise because the climate in the United States is ideal for their reproduction. In optimal conditions, an adult stink bug can develop within 35 to 45 days after hatching.[16] Female stink bugs are capable of laying 400 eggs in their lifetimes.[28] The bug is also capable of producing at least one successful generation per year in all areas of the United States, no matter the climate. In warmer climates, multiple generations can occur annually, which can range from two generations in states such as Virginia to six generations in California, Arizona, Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, and Texas.[16][29][30]

The addition of two more generations allowed the population to explode, leading to the establishment of several other populations in neighboring states. Currently, no environmental limiting factors are apparently slowing their distribution across North America. They also are extremely mobile insects, capable of moving from host to host without causing disruption in their reproductive processes. Currently, populations are estimated to continue to grow and spread to other states and provinces, especially during unusual periods of warm weather.[citation needed]

Agricultural effects

 
Effects of the brown marmorated stink bug (May 2013)

The brown marmorated stink bug is a serious agricultural pest that has been readily causing damage to crops across the Eastern United States. They feed on a wide array of plants including apples, apricots, Asian pears, cherries, corn, grapes, lima beans, peaches, peppers, tomatoes, and soybeans.[31] This makes them extremely versatile, as they do not require a specific plant on which to feed. To obtain their food, stink bugs use their stylets to pierce the plant tissue to extract the plant fluids.[32] In doing so, the plant loses necessary fluids, which can lead to deformation of seeds, destruction of seeds, destruction of fruiting structures, delayed plant maturation, and increased vulnerability to harmful pathogens.[32] While harvesting the plant's juices, the stink bug injects saliva into the plant, creating a dimpling of the fruit's surface and rotting of the material underneath.

The most common signs of stink bug damage are pitting and scarring of the fruit, leaf destruction, and a mealy texture to the harvested fruits and vegetables. In most cases, the signs of stink bug damage makes the plant unsuitable for sale in the market, as the insides are usually rotten. In field crops such as corn and soybeans, the damage may not be as evident as the damage seen in fruit plants. When stink bugs feed on corn, they go through the husk before eating the kernels, hiding the damage until the husks are removed during harvesting. The same damage is seen in soybeans, as the stink bug goes through the seed pods to acquire the juices of the seeds. One visual cue of stink-bug damage to soybean crops is the "stay green" effect, where damaged soybean plants stay green late into season, while other plants in the field die off normally. One can usually tell that a field of crops is infected because stink bugs are known for the "edge effect", in which they tend to infest crops 30–40 ft from the edge of the field.

Control

Control of stink bugs is a priority of the United States Department of Agriculture, which has developed an artificial pheromone which can be used to bait traps.[33][34] Because the bugs insert their probosces below the surface of fruit and then feed, some insecticides are ineffective; in addition, the bugs are mobile, and a new population may fly in after the resident population has been killed, making permanent removal nearly impossible. In the case of soybean infestations, spraying only the perimeter of a field may be the most effective method of preventing stinkbugs from damaging the crops. However, even this method is limited, as new populations move back into the area, or the existing population simply moves to unaffected areas. Evidence also shows that stink bugs are developing a resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, a common chemical used to combat infestations.[16] Other insecticides currently in field trials that are showing promising results are oxamyl (96% mortality rate) and moribund (67% mortality rate).[16] Many other commonly used insecticides are merely used to keep the insects out of fields, rather than actually killing them. The most successful method of protecting apples found thus far is the use of kaolin clay.[16] As of 2012, native predators such as wasps and birds were showing increased signs of feeding on the bugs as they adapt to the new food source.[23] Managing this pest species is challenging, because few effective pesticides are labeled for use against them.

Another recently introduced species from Asia, the large but non-threatening spider; Trichonephila clavata, also known as the Jorō spider is a known predator of the stink bug while not posing a threat to native species. There is hope that it may be capable of reducing or controlling stink bug populations in North America as it continues to spread.[citation needed]

Similarity in appearance to native species

Easily confused with Brochymena and Euschistus, the best identification for adults is the white band on the antennae. It is similar in appearance to other native species of shield bug, including Acrosternum, Euschistus, and Podisus, except that several of the abdominal segments protrude from beneath the wings and are alternatively banded with black and white (visible along the edge of the bug even when wings are folded) and a white stripe or band on the next to last (fourth) antennal segment.[35] The adult rice stink bug (Oebalus pugnax) is distinguishable from the brown marmorated stink bug by noting the straw color, the smaller size, and the elongated shape of the rice stink bug.[36]

In Europe

The brown marmorated stink bug was likely first introduced to Europe during the repair work of the Chinese Garden in Zürich, Switzerland in the winter of 1998. The stink bug has been traced back to have traveled with roof tiles that were imported from Beijing, China.[37] The bug has since spread rapidly through Europe. The first sighting in southern Germany was made in Konstanz in 2011.[38] In Italy the first specimens were found in Modena in 2012[39] and afterwards in South Tirol in 2016.[40] The bug has also been sighted in Vienna, Austria, with increasing reports after 2016.[41] The Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia announced from 2017 to distribute 3.5 million euros to offset the costs of the lost crops of the fruit farmers until the year 2020.[42] H. halys was first found in Portugal in Pombal in late 2018 or early 2019[43] - a few live specimens were found in agricultural equipment being imported from Italy.[43] However the Portuguese National Authority for Animal Health regards this as a transitory interception.[43] In 2019 there may have been another sighting somewhere in Portugal.[44] Only in 2020 was H. halys confirmed to be reproducing and overwintering in the country.[43] In March 2021, it was confirmed to have arrived in the UK.[45][46][47]

Spread from Russia to Georgia

The stink bug was traced to have been introduced to the Greater Caucasus area during the construction works of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, where it was most likely imported with decorative building elements brought from Italy.[48] The stink bug has since spread to Georgia, where it continues to cause major damage to the local crops. From 2016 to 2018 the bug was estimated to have destroyed one-third of Georgia's hazelnut harvest, with yearly damages of up to €60 million[37] (~ 179,000,000 in 2018 lari). Georgia is the fifth-largest producer of hazelnut in the world, with yearly production valued at US$179.5 million in 2016. In 2018 the Georgian government allocated  4 million ($1.6 million) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)  8 million ($3.2 million) to help combat the spread of the brown marmorated stink bug in Georgia, but so far the efforts have been criticized as being insufficient.[49]

Spread to Turkey

The stink bug was first reported in Levent district of Istanbul in Turkey in September 2017.[50] In October of the same year it was observed in Artvin Province[51][52] and the species has rapidly spread to other areas in Eastern Black Sea Region. In 2018 it was reported in Sakarya's Hendek district,[53] and as of January 2020 it is present in 8 provinces and 46 districts all across Turkey, with Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Giresun, Samsun, and Yalova provinces being the most effected.[54] The bug is believed to have entered the country through Georgia, as it was initially reported in Kemalpaşa, Artvin just few kilometers away from the border between both countries.[51][52]

Since Turkey is the biggest hazelnut producer in the world, the bug has caused extensive damage to hazelnut agriculture. The damages on the hazelnut industry in Turkey has been estimated to be US$200 million in 2017, US$300 million in 2018 and is mainly attributed to the brown marmorated stink bug, green stink bug and the powdery mildew.[55] Celal Tuncer, a professor from the Ondokuz Mayıs University has stated that the bug has already caused a 20% drop in Artvin's hazelnut yield and is expected to cause a 50% drop in hazelnut production and quality in the future. According to Tuncer these drops would lead to US$1 billion in damages to hazelnut producers.[56]

Predators

In China, Trissolcus japonicus,[57] a parasitoid wasp species in the family Scelionidae, is a primary predator.[58]

In the United States, Europe, and New Zealand, Trissolcus japonicus is a focus of biological control programs against the brown marmorated stink bug.[59] This wasp was under study in the United States since 2007 for biosafety of possible introduction.[5][60] However, in 2014, two adventive populations were found in the United States during surveys to identify which North American parasitoids might be attacking brown marmorated stink bug.[61][62] Subsequent genetic testing showed these wild populations were self-introduced: they were not related to each other, or to a laboratory strain being studied in quarantine.[60] Since then, several agricultural authorities have begun programs to augment wild populations with releases of laboratory reared wasps.[63][64][65] An adventive European population was discovered during similar surveys in Switzerland in 2017.[66]

Several parasitoids and predators indigenous to North America and Europe have been reported to attack stink bug eggs, nymphs and adults.[67][68] Researchers have also experimented with other predators like the spotted lady beetle, the spined soldier bug and the common green lacewing, whereby the latter consumed most of the eggs of these tested species.[69] Other research investigated different spider species, as well as the wheel bug Arilus cristatus. Several spider species attacked both the eggs and adult stink bugs. The Joro spider, another invasive Asian species, was identified in Georgia in 2015, and is a natural predator of the stink bug.[70] Pill bugs eat stink bug eggs.[71] Arilus cristatus, however, was the most voracious predator and attacked the eggs and adults more consistently.[72]

Lifecycle

  •  

    Eggs on leaf

  •  

    Newly hatched eggs

  •  

    Newly hatched eggs

  •  

    Nymph

  •  

    Third or fourth instar nymph

  •  

    Fifth-instar nymph

  •  

    Adult

  •  

    Halyomorpha halys

  •  

    Laying eggs

In houses and structures

The brown marmorated stink bug is more likely to invade homes in the fall than others in the family.[14] The bug survives the winter as an adult by entering houses and structures when autumn evenings become colder, often in the thousands. In one home, more than 26,000 stinkbugs were found overwintering.[73] Adults can live from several months to a year.[74][75] They enter under siding, into soffits, around window and door frames, chimneys, or any space which has openings big enough to fit through. Once inside the house, they go into a state of hibernation. They wait for winter to pass, but often the warmth inside the house causes them to become active, and they may fly clumsily around light fixtures. Two important vectors of this pest are the landscape ornamentals tree of heaven and princess tree.[76]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Khrimian, Ashot; Shearer, Peter W.; Zhang, Aijun; Hamilton, George C.; Aldrich, Jeffrey R. (2008). "Field Trapping of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys, with Geometric Isomers of Methyl 2,4,6-Decatrienoate". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (1): 197–203. doi:10.1021/jf072087e. PMID 18069789.
  • Funayama, Ken (2004). "Importance of apple fruits as food for the brown-marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 39 (4): 617–623. doi:10.1303/aez.2004.617.
  • Nielsen, Anne L.; Hamilton, George C. (2009). "Life History of the Invasive Species Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Northeastern United States". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 102 (4): 608. doi:10.1603/008.102.0405.
  • Aldrich, J. R.; Khrimian, A.; Chen, X.; Camp, M. J. (2009). "Semiochemically Based Monitoring of the Invasion of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Unexpected Attraction of the Native Green Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Maryland". Florida Entomologist. 92 (3): 483. doi:10.1653/024.092.0310.
  • Toyama, Masatoshi; Ihara, Fumio; Yaginuma, Katsuhiko (2006). "Formation of aggregations in adults of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): The role of antennae in short-range locations". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 41 (2): 309. doi:10.1303/aez.2006.309.
  • Nielsen, Anne L.; Shearer, Peter W.; Hamilton, George C. (2008). "Toxicity of Insecticides to Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Using Glass-Vial Bioassays". Journal of Economic Entomology. 101 (4): 1439–42. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1439:TOITHH]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18767758. S2CID 574512.
  • Lee, Wonhoon; Kang, Joongnam; Jung, Chansik; Hoelmer, Kim; Lee, Si Hyeock; Lee, Seunghwan (2009). "Complete mitochondrial genome of brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and phylogenetic relationships of hemipteran suborders". Molecules and Cells. 28 (3): 155–65. doi:10.1007/s10059-009-0125-9. PMID 19756390. S2CID 1378484.
  • Yang, Zhong-Qi; Yao, Yan-Xia; Qiu, Lan-Fen; Li, Zhong-Xin (2009). "A New Species of Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Parasitizing Eggs of Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in China with Comments on Its Biology". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 102: 39–47. doi:10.1603/008.102.0104. S2CID 55288032.
  • "Plant Pest Factsheet - Brown Marmorated Stink Bug - Halyomorpha halys" (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), UK Gov. 2015.

External links

  • Wikibooks: Halyomorpha halys
  • Stink bug fact sheet (Penn State Fact Sheet on the brown marmorated stink bug)
  • Brown marmorated stink bug on the UF/IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
  • Brown marmorated stink bug in Oregon, Oregon State University
  • Brown marmorated stink bug at Invasive.org (a joint project of The Bugwood Network, USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ)
  • Species Profile- Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. (lists general information and resources for brown marmorated stink bug)
  • Brown marmorated stink bug: protection and response (information and fact sheet from the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries)
  • StopBMSB.org — information about the management of brown marmorated stink bug in U.S. specialty crops, supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Specialty Crop Research Initiative.

January 09, 2023
brown, marmorated, stink, brown, marmorated, stink, halyomorpha, halys, insect, family, pentatomidae, native, china, japan, korea, other, asian, regions, september, 1998, collected, allentown, pennsylvania, where, believed, have, been, accidentally, introduced. The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys is an insect in the family Pentatomidae native to China Japan Korea and other Asian regions 2 In September 1998 it was collected in Allentown Pennsylvania where it is believed to have been accidentally introduced 3 The nymphs and adults of the brown marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants including many agricultural crops 4 and by 2010 11 had become a season long pest in orchards in the Eastern United States 5 In 2010 in the Mid Atlantic United States 37 million in apple crops were lost and some stone fruit growers lost more than 90 of their crops 6 Since the 2010 s the bug has spread to Georgia and Turkey and caused extensive damage to hazelnut production It is now established in many parts of North America and has recently become established in Europe and South America 7 Brown marmorated stink bugAdultScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder HemipteraSuborder HeteropteraFamily PentatomidaeGenus HalyomorphaSpecies H halysBinomial nameHalyomorpha halysStal 1855 1 Contents 1 Description 2 Behavior 2 1 Mating 2 2 Diet 3 In North America 3 1 Population increase 3 2 Agricultural effects 3 3 Control 3 4 Similarity in appearance to native species 4 In Europe 4 1 Spread from Russia to Georgia 4 2 Spread to Turkey 5 Predators 6 Lifecycle 7 In houses and structures 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksDescription EditAdult brown marmorated stink bugs are approximately 1 7 cm 0 67 in long and about as wide forming the heraldic shield shape characteristic of bugs in the superfamily Pentatomoidea They are generally a dark brown when viewed from above with a creamy white brown underside Individual coloration may vary with some bugs being various shades of red grey light brown copper or black The term marmorated means variegated or veined like marble 8 which refers to the markings unique to this species including alternating light colored bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the abdomen The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding 6 The nymph stages are black or very dark brown with red integument between the sclerites First instar nymphs have no white markings but second through fifth instar nymphs have black antennae with a single white band The legs of nymphs are black with varying amounts of white banding 6 Freshly molted individuals of all stages are pale white with red markings Eggs are normally laid on the underside of leaves in masses of 28 eggs and are light green when laid gradually turning white 6 Like all stink bugs the glands that produce the defensive chemicals the smell are located on the underside of the thorax between the first and second pair of legs 9 Behavior Edit source source source source source source source source source source A brown marmorated stink bug on a tomato fruitThe odor from the stink bug is due to trans 2 decenal and trans 2 octenal 10 The smell has been characterized as a pungent odor that smells like coriander 5 The stink bug s ability to emit an odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism evolved to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards However simply handling the bug injuring it or attempting to move it can trigger it to release the odor Reports on human cases are rare but the stink bug s body fluids are toxic and irritating to the human skin and eyes One case of keratitis has been reported in Taiwan 11 Mating Edit During courtship the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female which replies with her own vibrational signals as in all stink bugs The insects use the signals to recognize and locate each other Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency and one male signal type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs although the significance of this is not yet clear 12 Diet Edit The brown marmorated stink bug is a sucking insect like all Hemiptera or true bugs that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant to feed This feeding results in part in the formation of dimpled or necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits leaf stippling seed loss and possible transmission of plant pathogens It is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops In Japan it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops In the U S the brown marmorated stink bug feeds beginning in late May or early June on a wide range of fruits vegetables and other host plants including peaches apples green beans soybeans cherries raspberries and pears citation needed In North America Edit Brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys US distribution from 2000 2019 The brown marmorated stink bug was accidentally introduced into the United States from China or Japan It is believed to have hitched a ride as a stowaway in packing crates or on various types of machinery The first documented specimen was collected in Allentown Pennsylvania in September 1998 4 13 Several Muhlenberg College students were reported to have seen these bugs as early as August of that same year 14 15 Between 2001 and 2010 54 sightings were reported of these bugs at shipping ports in the United States 16 However stink bugs are not listed as reportable meaning that they do not need to be reported and no action is required to remove the insect This allowed the insect to enter the United States relatively easily as they are able to survive long periods of time in hot or cold conditions Other reports have the brown marmorated stink bug documented as early as 2000 in New Jersey from a blacklight trap run by the Rutgers Cooperative Extension Vegetable Integrated Pest Management program in Milford New Jersey 17 In 2002 in New Jersey it was found on plant material in Stewartsville and was collected from blacklight traps in Phillipsburg and Little York It was quickly documented and established in many counties in Pennsylvania New Jersey Delaware Connecticut and New York on the eastern coast of the United States By 2009 this agricultural pest had reached Maryland West Virginia Virginia Tennessee North Carolina Kentucky Ohio Illinois and Oregon 18 In 2010 it was found in Indiana 19 Michigan 20 Minnesota 21 and other states 22 As of November 2011 it had spread to 34 U S states 5 and by 2012 to 40 and showed an increase of 60 in total numbers over 2011 23 Stink bug in a washroom in Toronto in 2020 Their populations have also spread to southern Ontario and Quebec Canada 24 25 They have recently been found in southern British Columbia and Southern Alberta citation needed Population increase Edit Stink bug feeding on an apple As of 2010 17 states had been categorized as having established populations and several other states along the eastern half of the United States were reported as having more than normal numbers of stink bugs 26 27 Stink bug populations rise because the climate in the United States is ideal for their reproduction In optimal conditions an adult stink bug can develop within 35 to 45 days after hatching 16 Female stink bugs are capable of laying 400 eggs in their lifetimes 28 The bug is also capable of producing at least one successful generation per year in all areas of the United States no matter the climate In warmer climates multiple generations can occur annually which can range from two generations in states such as Virginia to six generations in California Arizona Florida Louisiana Georgia and Texas 16 29 30 The addition of two more generations allowed the population to explode leading to the establishment of several other populations in neighboring states Currently no environmental limiting factors are apparently slowing their distribution across North America They also are extremely mobile insects capable of moving from host to host without causing disruption in their reproductive processes Currently populations are estimated to continue to grow and spread to other states and provinces especially during unusual periods of warm weather citation needed Agricultural effects Edit Effects of the brown marmorated stink bug May 2013 The brown marmorated stink bug is a serious agricultural pest that has been readily causing damage to crops across the Eastern United States They feed on a wide array of plants including apples apricots Asian pears cherries corn grapes lima beans peaches peppers tomatoes and soybeans 31 This makes them extremely versatile as they do not require a specific plant on which to feed To obtain their food stink bugs use their stylets to pierce the plant tissue to extract the plant fluids 32 In doing so the plant loses necessary fluids which can lead to deformation of seeds destruction of seeds destruction of fruiting structures delayed plant maturation and increased vulnerability to harmful pathogens 32 While harvesting the plant s juices the stink bug injects saliva into the plant creating a dimpling of the fruit s surface and rotting of the material underneath The most common signs of stink bug damage are pitting and scarring of the fruit leaf destruction and a mealy texture to the harvested fruits and vegetables In most cases the signs of stink bug damage makes the plant unsuitable for sale in the market as the insides are usually rotten In field crops such as corn and soybeans the damage may not be as evident as the damage seen in fruit plants When stink bugs feed on corn they go through the husk before eating the kernels hiding the damage until the husks are removed during harvesting The same damage is seen in soybeans as the stink bug goes through the seed pods to acquire the juices of the seeds One visual cue of stink bug damage to soybean crops is the stay green effect where damaged soybean plants stay green late into season while other plants in the field die off normally One can usually tell that a field of crops is infected because stink bugs are known for the edge effect in which they tend to infest crops 30 40 ft from the edge of the field Control Edit Control of stink bugs is a priority of the United States Department of Agriculture which has developed an artificial pheromone which can be used to bait traps 33 34 Because the bugs insert their probosces below the surface of fruit and then feed some insecticides are ineffective in addition the bugs are mobile and a new population may fly in after the resident population has been killed making permanent removal nearly impossible In the case of soybean infestations spraying only the perimeter of a field may be the most effective method of preventing stinkbugs from damaging the crops However even this method is limited as new populations move back into the area or the existing population simply moves to unaffected areas Evidence also shows that stink bugs are developing a resistance to pyrethroid insecticides a common chemical used to combat infestations 16 Other insecticides currently in field trials that are showing promising results are oxamyl 96 mortality rate and moribund 67 mortality rate 16 Many other commonly used insecticides are merely used to keep the insects out of fields rather than actually killing them The most successful method of protecting apples found thus far is the use of kaolin clay 16 As of 2012 update native predators such as wasps and birds were showing increased signs of feeding on the bugs as they adapt to the new food source 23 Managing this pest species is challenging because few effective pesticides are labeled for use against them Another recently introduced species from Asia the large but non threatening spider Trichonephila clavata also known as the Jorō spider is a known predator of the stink bug while not posing a threat to native species There is hope that it may be capable of reducing or controlling stink bug populations in North America as it continues to spread citation needed Similarity in appearance to native species Edit Easily confused with Brochymena and Euschistus the best identification for adults is the white band on the antennae It is similar in appearance to other native species of shield bug including Acrosternum Euschistus and Podisus except that several of the abdominal segments protrude from beneath the wings and are alternatively banded with black and white visible along the edge of the bug even when wings are folded and a white stripe or band on the next to last fourth antennal segment 35 The adult rice stink bug Oebalus pugnax is distinguishable from the brown marmorated stink bug by noting the straw color the smaller size and the elongated shape of the rice stink bug 36 In Europe EditThe brown marmorated stink bug was likely first introduced to Europe during the repair work of the Chinese Garden in Zurich Switzerland in the winter of 1998 The stink bug has been traced back to have traveled with roof tiles that were imported from Beijing China 37 The bug has since spread rapidly through Europe The first sighting in southern Germany was made in Konstanz in 2011 38 In Italy the first specimens were found in Modena in 2012 39 and afterwards in South Tirol in 2016 40 The bug has also been sighted in Vienna Austria with increasing reports after 2016 41 The Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia announced from 2017 to distribute 3 5 million euros to offset the costs of the lost crops of the fruit farmers until the year 2020 42 H halys was first found in Portugal in Pombal in late 2018 or early 2019 43 a few live specimens were found in agricultural equipment being imported from Italy 43 However the Portuguese National Authority for Animal Health regards this as a transitory interception 43 In 2019 there may have been another sighting somewhere in Portugal 44 Only in 2020 was H halys confirmed to be reproducing and overwintering in the country 43 In March 2021 it was confirmed to have arrived in the UK 45 46 47 Spread from Russia to Georgia Edit The stink bug was traced to have been introduced to the Greater Caucasus area during the construction works of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi Russia where it was most likely imported with decorative building elements brought from Italy 48 The stink bug has since spread to Georgia where it continues to cause major damage to the local crops From 2016 to 2018 the bug was estimated to have destroyed one third of Georgia s hazelnut harvest with yearly damages of up to 60 million 37 179 000 000 in 2018 lari Georgia is the fifth largest producer of hazelnut in the world with yearly production valued at US 179 5 million in 2016 In 2018 the Georgian government allocated 4 million 1 6 million and the United States Agency for International Development USAID 8 million 3 2 million to help combat the spread of the brown marmorated stink bug in Georgia but so far the efforts have been criticized as being insufficient 49 Spread to Turkey Edit The stink bug was first reported in Levent district of Istanbul in Turkey in September 2017 50 In October of the same year it was observed in Artvin Province 51 52 and the species has rapidly spread to other areas in Eastern Black Sea Region In 2018 it was reported in Sakarya s Hendek district 53 and as of January 2020 it is present in 8 provinces and 46 districts all across Turkey with Artvin Rize Trabzon Giresun Samsun and Yalova provinces being the most effected 54 The bug is believed to have entered the country through Georgia as it was initially reported in Kemalpasa Artvin just few kilometers away from the border between both countries 51 52 Since Turkey is the biggest hazelnut producer in the world the bug has caused extensive damage to hazelnut agriculture The damages on the hazelnut industry in Turkey has been estimated to be US 200 million in 2017 US 300 million in 2018 and is mainly attributed to the brown marmorated stink bug green stink bug and the powdery mildew 55 Celal Tuncer a professor from the Ondokuz Mayis University has stated that the bug has already caused a 20 drop in Artvin s hazelnut yield and is expected to cause a 50 drop in hazelnut production and quality in the future According to Tuncer these drops would lead to US 1 billion in damages to hazelnut producers 56 Predators EditIn China Trissolcus japonicus 57 a parasitoid wasp species in the family Scelionidae is a primary predator 58 In the United States Europe and New Zealand Trissolcus japonicus is a focus of biological control programs against the brown marmorated stink bug 59 This wasp was under study in the United States since 2007 for biosafety of possible introduction 5 60 However in 2014 two adventive populations were found in the United States during surveys to identify which North American parasitoids might be attacking brown marmorated stink bug 61 62 Subsequent genetic testing showed these wild populations were self introduced they were not related to each other or to a laboratory strain being studied in quarantine 60 Since then several agricultural authorities have begun programs to augment wild populations with releases of laboratory reared wasps 63 64 65 An adventive European population was discovered during similar surveys in Switzerland in 2017 66 Several parasitoids and predators indigenous to North America and Europe have been reported to attack stink bug eggs nymphs and adults 67 68 Researchers have also experimented with other predators like the spotted lady beetle the spined soldier bug and the common green lacewing whereby the latter consumed most of the eggs of these tested species 69 Other research investigated different spider species as well as the wheel bug Arilus cristatus Several spider species attacked both the eggs and adult stink bugs The Joro spider another invasive Asian species was identified in Georgia in 2015 and is a natural predator of the stink bug 70 Pill bugs eat stink bug eggs 71 Arilus cristatus however was the most voracious predator and attacked the eggs and adults more consistently 72 Lifecycle Edit Eggs on leaf Newly hatched eggs Newly hatched eggs Nymph Third or fourth instar nymph Fifth instar nymph Adult Halyomorpha halys Laying eggsIn houses and structures EditThe brown marmorated stink bug is more likely to invade homes in the fall than others in the family 14 The bug survives the winter as an adult by entering houses and structures when autumn evenings become colder often in the thousands In one home more than 26 000 stinkbugs were found overwintering 73 Adults can live from several months to a year 74 75 They enter under siding into soffits around window and door frames chimneys or any space which has openings big enough to fit through Once inside the house they go into a state of hibernation They wait for winter to pass but often the warmth inside the house causes them to become active and they may fly clumsily around light fixtures Two important vectors of this pest are the landscape ornamentals tree of heaven and princess tree 76 See also EditStink bug Acrosternum hilare the green stink bug Megacopta cribraria the kudzu bug Nezara viridula the southern green stink bug Oebalus pugnax the rice stink bugReferences Edit Wermelinger Beat Forster Beat Wyniger Denise 2008 Wermelinger Beat Denise Wyniger Beat Forster 2008 First records of an invasive bug in Europe Halyomorpha halys Stal Heteroptera Pentatomidae a new pest on woody ornamentals and fruit trees Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 81 1 8 doi 10 5169 SEALS 402954 S2CID 82165720 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Pennsylvania State University Retrieved May 25 2011 Jacobs Steve September 2010 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Entomology Penn State University State College PA Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences Retrieved October 21 2010 a b Move Over Bedbugs Stink Bugs Have Landed The New York Times September 26 2010 Retrieved September 28 2010 Government and university researchers say they need more time to study the bug which has been in the United States since about 1998 Native to Asia it was first found in Allentown Pa and has no natural enemies here a b c d Stink Bug Invasion Is a Wasp the Solution to Save Valued Crops PBS NewsHour May 24 2011 Retrieved May 25 2011 a b c d Rice Kevin B Bergh Chris J Bergmann Erik J Biddinger Dave J et al 2014 Biology ecology and management of brown marmorated stink bug Hemiptera Pentatomidae Journal of Integrated Pest Management 5 3 A1 A13 doi 10 1603 IPM14002 The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stal 1855 Heteroptera Pentatomidae in Chile Arquivos Entomoloxicos 17 305 307 April 2017 Retrieved March 17 2022 marmorate Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press 2000 Subscription or participating institution membership required Jacobs Steven B May 2009 Entomological Notes Brown Marmorated Stink Bug PDF Pennsylvania State University Department of Agriculture Archived from the original PDF on October 7 2011 Retrieved July 1 2011 Henderson Will Khalilian Ahmad Han Young July 9 12 2006 Detecting Stink Bugs Damage in Cotton Utilizing a Portable Electronic Nose PDF Oregon Convention Center Portland Oregon Clemson University Retrieved March 24 2010 Hu Chao Chien Shen Yi Syun 2017 Irritant contact keratitis caused by the bodily fluids of a brown marmorated stink bug Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology 7 4 221 223 doi 10 4103 tjo tjo 32 17 ISSN 2211 5056 PMC 5747233 PMID 29296555 Polajnar Jernej et al 2016 Vibrational communication of the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Physiological Entomology 41 3 249 259 doi 10 1111 phen 12150 S2CID 88934819 Penn State University extension site on the insect ento psu edu Retrieved September 23 2010 a b Gyeltshen J Bernon G Hodges A July 2010 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys Stal Insecta Hemiptera Pentatomidae University of Florida IFAS Retrieved October 25 2008 Invasive org Lance David R brown marmorated stink bug Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Forestry Archive Gary Bernon Invasive org is a joint project of The Bugwood Network USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ Retrieved October 25 2008 a b c d e f ARS 2010b Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Research Updates USDA ARS Kearneysville WV 6 pp Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Rutgers The State University of New Jersey LaBonte James November 2 2009 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ODA Plant Division Insect Pest Prevention and Management Report Oregon Department of Agriculture Retrieved March 26 2010 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Potentially Serious Pest Found in Indiana Purdue University Retrieved May 25 2011 State Ag Department Confirms Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan State of Michigan February 1 2011 Archived from the original on April 8 2011 Retrieved May 25 2011 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Minnesota Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on December 8 2015 Retrieved May 25 2011 Pest Tracker Purdue University Archived from the original on July 20 2011 Retrieved May 25 2011 a b Darryl Fears May 26 2013 Scientists wage war on pervasive stink bugs The Washington Post Retrieved May 27 2013 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug www omafra gov on ca Retrieved September 18 2018 Insecte nuisible ou ravageur punaise marbree Halyomorpha halys Banque d information 311 www1 ville montreal qc ca in French Retrieved September 18 2018 On the Trail of the Stink Bug Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences Archived from the original on October 9 2010 Qualitative analysis of the pest risk potential of the brown marmorated stink bug BMSB Halyomorpha halys Stal in the United States PDF Center for Plant Health Science and Technology brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys entnemdept ufl edu Retrieved December 8 2015 Day Eric February 24 2011 Brown marmorated stink bug PDF Virginia Tech Retrieved September 23 2011 Sutphin Michael July 25 2011 Virginia s tree fruit industry has new insecticide to fight stink bugs Virginia Tech News Virginia Tech University Retrieved September 22 2011 US EPA OCSPP OPP FEAD October 5 2015 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug www epa gov Retrieved December 8 2015 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link a b McPherson J E and R M McPherson 2000 Stink Bugs of Economic Importance in America North of Mexico Boca Raton FL 253 pp Durham Sharon November 7 2017 Shedding New Light on Stink Bug Invasion USDA www usda gov Agricultural Research Service Archived from the original on July 20 2018 Retrieved March 6 2019 O Brien Dennis July 16 2019 USDA Researchers Identify Stink Bug Attractant www ars usda gov Agricultural Research Service Archived from the original on February 6 2017 Retrieved March 6 2019 Bessin Ric Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Look A Likes in Kentucky PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 19 2011 Retrieved May 25 2011 Rice Stink Bug Oebalus pugnax Louisiana 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plant pests and aid to make good the damage caused by animal diseases and plant pests Article 26 State Aid SA 47750 European Commission March 30 2017 Retrieved April 25 2019 a b c d Grosso Silva J M Gaspar H Castro S Loureiro J Amorim F van der Heyden T June 25 2020 Confirmation of the presence of Halyomorpha halys Stal 1855 Hemiptera Pentatomidae in mainland Portugal Arquivos Entomoloxicos Galegos 22 373 376 Retrieved November 27 2020 Naves Pedro Miguel O sugador Halyomorpha halys Heteroptera Pentatomidae uma nova ameaca a agricultura portuguesa PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 27 2020 Patrick Barkham March 1 2021 UK scientists confirm arrival of brown marmorated stink bugs The Guardian Retrieved March 1 2021 A pest prophecy The Brown marmorated stink bug spotted in the UK Natural History Museum London March 1 2021 Retrieved March 2 2021 Begum Tammana March 1 2021 Brown marmorated stink bugs arrive in the UK and pose threat to crops Natural History Museum London 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Hoelmer Kim Marazzi Cristina Tavella Luciana Haye Tim 2018 First discovery of adventive populations of Trissolcus japonicus in Europe Journal of Pest Science 92 2 371 379 doi 10 1007 s10340 018 1061 2 ISSN 1612 4758 Abram Paul K Hoelmer Kim A Acebes Doria Angelita Andrews Heather Beers Elizabeth H Bergh J Christopher Bessin Ric Biddinger David Botch Paul 2017 Indigenous arthropod natural enemies of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug in North America and Europe Journal of Pest Science 90 4 1009 1020 doi 10 1007 s10340 017 0891 7 hdl 10919 97381 ISSN 1612 4758 S2CID 37869657 Roberson Roy November 20 2009 Natural predators tested for stink bug control News article southeast Farm Press Archived from the original on November 29 2009 Retrieved March 30 2009 Abram P K Doyon J Brodeur J Gariepy T D Boivin G July 14 2014 Susceptibility of Halyomorpha halys Hemiptera Pentatomidae eggs to different life stages of three generalist predators The Canadian Entomologist Cambridge University Press 147 2 222 226 doi 10 4039 tce 2014 41 S2CID 86513260 Archived from the original on July 5 2021 Retrieved July 5 2021 Hatcher Michele September 27 2021 Joro Spiders out in force across Northeast Georgia Athens Banner Herald Retrieved September 30 2021 Bailey Pat March 15 1999 Humble Roly Poly Bug Thwarts Stink Bugs in Farms Gardens UC Davis News Service Archived from the original on December 7 2011 Retrieved January 13 2016 2 2 6 Native Natural Enemies of BMSB PDF Stopbmsb org Retrieved March 17 2022 Inkley Douglas B 2012 Characteristics of Home Invasion by the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Hemiptera Pentatomidae Journal of Entomological Science 47 2 125 130 doi 10 18474 0749 8004 47 2 125 S2CID 81311478 AGRICOLA ID IND44785195 Meacham Jennifer October 5 2010 Asian stink bugs invade Oregon KATU News Archived from the original on October 8 2010 Retrieved April 27 2011 Marchiando Collin Monitoring for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Frequently Asked Questions Rutgers University New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Retrieved April 27 2011 Wallner Adam M Hamilton George C Nielsen Anne L Hahn Noel Green Edwin J Rodriguez Saona Cesar R May 1 2014 Landscape Factors Facilitating the Invasive Dynamics and Distribution of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys Hemiptera Pentatomidae after Arrival in the United States PLoS ONE 9 5 e95691 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 995691W doi 10 1371 journal pone 0095691 PMC 4006787 PMID 24787576 Further reading EditKhrimian Ashot Shearer Peter W Zhang Aijun Hamilton George C Aldrich Jeffrey R 2008 Field Trapping of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys with Geometric Isomers of Methyl 2 4 6 Decatrienoate Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 1 197 203 doi 10 1021 jf072087e PMID 18069789 Funayama Ken 2004 Importance of apple fruits as food for the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stal Heteroptera Pentatomidae Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 4 617 623 doi 10 1303 aez 2004 617 Nielsen Anne L Hamilton George C 2009 Life History of the Invasive Species Halyomorpha halys Hemiptera Pentatomidae in Northeastern United States Annals of the Entomological Society of America 102 4 608 doi 10 1603 008 102 0405 Aldrich J R Khrimian A Chen X Camp M J 2009 Semiochemically Based Monitoring of the Invasion of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Unexpected Attraction of the Native Green Stink Bug Heteroptera Pentatomidae in Maryland Florida Entomologist 92 3 483 doi 10 1653 024 092 0310 Toyama Masatoshi Ihara Fumio Yaginuma Katsuhiko 2006 Formation of aggregations in adults of the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stal Heteroptera Pentatomidae The role of antennae in short range locations Applied Entomology and Zoology 41 2 309 doi 10 1303 aez 2006 309 Nielsen Anne L Shearer Peter W Hamilton George C 2008 Toxicity of Insecticides to Halyomorpha halys Hemiptera Pentatomidae Using Glass Vial Bioassays Journal of Economic Entomology 101 4 1439 42 doi 10 1603 0022 0493 2008 101 1439 TOITHH 2 0 CO 2 PMID 18767758 S2CID 574512 Lee Wonhoon Kang Joongnam Jung Chansik Hoelmer Kim Lee Si Hyeock Lee Seunghwan 2009 Complete mitochondrial genome of brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Hemiptera Pentatomidae and phylogenetic relationships of hemipteran suborders Molecules and Cells 28 3 155 65 doi 10 1007 s10059 009 0125 9 PMID 19756390 S2CID 1378484 Yang Zhong Qi Yao Yan Xia Qiu Lan Fen Li Zhong Xin 2009 A New Species of Trissolcus Hymenoptera Scelionidae Parasitizing Eggs of Halyomorpha halys Heteroptera Pentatomidae in China with Comments on Its Biology Annals of the Entomological Society of America 102 39 47 doi 10 1603 008 102 0104 S2CID 55288032 Plant Pest Factsheet Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys PDF Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs DEFRA UK Gov 2015 External links EditWikibooks Halyomorpha halys Stink bug fact sheet Penn State Fact Sheet on the brown marmorated stink bug Brown marmorated stink bug on the UF IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Brown marmorated stink bug in Oregon Oregon State University Brown marmorated stink bug at Invasive org a joint project of The Bugwood Network USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS PPQ Species Profile Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys National Invasive Species Information Center United States National Agricultural Library lists general information and resources for brown marmorated stink bug Brown marmorated stink bug protection and response information and fact sheet from the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries StopBMSB org information about the management of brown marmorated stink bug in U S specialty crops supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture U S Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Research Initiative Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brown marmorated stink bug amp oldid 1132176656, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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