Nezara viridula, commonly known as the southern green stink bug (USA), southern green shield bug (UK) or green vegetable bug (Australia and New Zealand), is a plant-feedingstink bug. Believed to have originated in Ethiopia, it can now be found across the world.[1] Because of its preference for certain species of legumes, such as beans and soybeans, it is an economically important pest on such crops.[2]
The adult males can reach a body length (from front to elytral apex) of about 12.1 millimetres (0.48 in), while females are bigger, reaching a size of about 13.1 millimetres (0.52 in). The body is usually bright green and shield-shaped and the eyes are usually reddish, but they may also be black. There is a row of three white spots on the scutellum. They differ from the similar green stink bug (Chinavia hilare) by the shape of their scent gland openings, which are short and wide in N. viridula, and narrow and long in the green stink bug.[1]
Color morphsedit
Several distinct morphs can be distinguished by the pattern of their exoskeleton coloration. The most common morph is predominantly green (Nezara viridula f. smaragdula), a less common morph is green with white or yellowish front margins on the head and the thorax (Nezara viridula f. torquata Fabricius, 1775)[3] and a very rare morph has a uniformly orange or yellow (occasionally pink) coloration (Nezara viridulaf. aurantiaca).[4]
Nezara viridula f. smaragdula
Nezara viridula f. torquata
Nezara viridula f. aurantiaca
Life historyedit
Nezara viridula reproduces throughout the year in tropics. In temperate zones this species presents a reproductive winter diapause, associated with a reversible change of body colouration from green to brown or russet.[5]
When ready to mate N.viridula sound 100 Hz vibration with a "tymbal" composed of a fused first and second terga (not to be confused with tymbal of cicadas) that allow bi-directional communication to any Nezara standing on the same plant so they could find each other. The female lays 30 to 130 eggs at a time, in the form of an egg mass glued firmly to the bottom of a leaf. The eggs are barrel-shaped, with an opening on the top.[1] The eggs take between 5 and 21 days to develop, depending on the temperature.[6] The newborn larvae gather near the empty eggs and do not feed until three days later, after the first moult. They moult five times before reaching maturity, increasing in size each time. Each instar stage lasts about a week, except for the last one before the metamorphosis, which is a day longer.[1] Up to four generations can develop in one year, with eggs developing into adults in as few as 35 days in mid-summer. Up until their third moult the larvae aggregate together on the host plant, the purpose of this aggregation is probably pooling of chemical defenses against predators, for example ants.[6]
Galleryedit
Eggs
First instar
Second instar
Third instar
Fourth instar
Fifth instar
Adult, winter color pattern
Ecologyedit
It is a highly polyphagous herbivore, able to feed on plants from over 30 families, both monocots and dicots.[6] It has a preference for legumes, preferring to feed on plants that are fruiting or forming pods.[6]
The most important factor limiting the population in temperate zones is winter cold. Mortality of overwintering individuals is between 30 and 80%, and the population cannot survive in areas where the average mid-winter temperature is below 5 °C.[7] Females are more likely to survive the winter than males, as are larger individuals and those that develop reddish-brown coloration.[6] In recent decades, the species seems to be expanding its range towards the north in the northern hemisphere, possibly because of global warming.[7][8] The animal's ability to survive the winter also depends on the timely onset of diapause.
Origin and rangeedit
Nezara viridula is a cosmopolitan species, living in tropical and subtropical regions of Americas, Africa, Asia, Australasia and Europe between 45 degrees north and 45 degrees south.[6] Its exact origin is unknown, but it is believed to have originated from the Ethiopia region of East Africa, from where it has spread around the world thanks to its strong flight and human trade routes.[6]
^ abcdSquitier J.M. (1997, updated 2007) «Southern green stink bug» Featured creatures, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural services.
^Panizzi A.R. et al. (2000). Stink bugs (Pentatomidae). In: Schaefer C.W. & Panizzi A.R. (eds.). Heteroptera of economic importance, str. 421-747. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
^Mary Golden and Peter A. Follett First report of Nezara viridula f. aurantiaca in Hawai
^Musolin, Dmitry (2012). Surviving winter: diapause syndrome in the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula Physiological Entomology - Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 309–322
^ abcdefgTodd J.W. (1989). «Ecology and behavior of Nezara viridula». Annu. Rev. Entomol.34: 273-292. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001421
^ abMusolin D.L. (2005). «The Southern Green Shield Bug Nezara viridula (L.) expands its distribution range, not only in the U.K.» Het News - Newsletter of the Heteroptera Recording Schemes. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
^Yukava J. et al. (2007). «Distribution range shift of two allied species, Nezara viridula and N. antennata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in Japan, possibly due to global warming[permanent dead link]». Applied Entomology and Zoology42(2): 205-215
External linksedit
Media related to Nezara viridula at Wikimedia Commons
Nezara viridula pheromones in Pherobase.
video of Nezara viridula
February 15, 2024
nezara, viridula, commonly, known, southern, green, stink, southern, green, shield, green, vegetable, australia, zealand, plant, feeding, stink, believed, have, originated, ethiopia, found, across, world, because, preference, certain, species, legumes, such, b. Nezara viridula commonly known as the southern green stink bug USA southern green shield bug UK or green vegetable bug Australia and New Zealand is a plant feeding stink bug Believed to have originated in Ethiopia it can now be found across the world 1 Because of its preference for certain species of legumes such as beans and soybeans it is an economically important pest on such crops 2 Nezara viridulaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder HemipteraSuborder HeteropteraFamily PentatomidaeGenus NezaraSpecies N viridulaBinomial nameNezara viridula Linnaeus 1758 SynonymsCimex smaragdulus Fabricius 1775 Cimex viridulus Linnaeus 1758 Nezara approximata Reiche amp Fairmaire 1848 Nezara aurantiaca Costa 1884 Contents 1 Description 1 1 Color morphs 2 Life history 3 Gallery 4 Ecology 5 Origin and range 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp Nezara viridula illustrated by Des HelmoreThe adult males can reach a body length from front to elytral apex of about 12 1 millimetres 0 48 in while females are bigger reaching a size of about 13 1 millimetres 0 52 in The body is usually bright green and shield shaped and the eyes are usually reddish but they may also be black There is a row of three white spots on the scutellum They differ from the similar green stink bug Chinavia hilare by the shape of their scent gland openings which are short and wide in N viridula and narrow and long in the green stink bug 1 Color morphs edit Several distinct morphs can be distinguished by the pattern of their exoskeleton coloration The most common morph is predominantly green Nezara viridula f smaragdula a less common morph is green with white or yellowish front margins on the head and the thorax Nezara viridula f torquata Fabricius 1775 3 and a very rare morph has a uniformly orange or yellow occasionally pink coloration Nezara viridula f aurantiaca 4 nbsp Nezara viridula f smaragdula nbsp Nezara viridula f torquata nbsp Nezara viridula f aurantiacaLife history editNezara viridula reproduces throughout the year in tropics In temperate zones this species presents a reproductive winter diapause associated with a reversible change of body colouration from green to brown or russet 5 When ready to mate N viridula sound 100 Hz vibration with a tymbal composed of a fused first and second terga not to be confused with tymbal of cicadas that allow bi directional communication to any Nezara standing on the same plant so they could find each other The female lays 30 to 130 eggs at a time in the form of an egg mass glued firmly to the bottom of a leaf The eggs are barrel shaped with an opening on the top 1 The eggs take between 5 and 21 days to develop depending on the temperature 6 The newborn larvae gather near the empty eggs and do not feed until three days later after the first moult They moult five times before reaching maturity increasing in size each time Each instar stage lasts about a week except for the last one before the metamorphosis which is a day longer 1 Up to four generations can develop in one year with eggs developing into adults in as few as 35 days in mid summer Up until their third moult the larvae aggregate together on the host plant the purpose of this aggregation is probably pooling of chemical defenses against predators for example ants 6 Gallery edit nbsp Eggs nbsp First instar nbsp Second instar nbsp Third instar nbsp Fourth instar nbsp Fifth instar nbsp Adult winter color patternEcology editIt is a highly polyphagous herbivore able to feed on plants from over 30 families both monocots and dicots 6 It has a preference for legumes preferring to feed on plants that are fruiting or forming pods 6 The most important factor limiting the population in temperate zones is winter cold Mortality of overwintering individuals is between 30 and 80 and the population cannot survive in areas where the average mid winter temperature is below 5 C 7 Females are more likely to survive the winter than males as are larger individuals and those that develop reddish brown coloration 6 In recent decades the species seems to be expanding its range towards the north in the northern hemisphere possibly because of global warming 7 8 The animal s ability to survive the winter also depends on the timely onset of diapause Origin and range editNezara viridula is a cosmopolitan species living in tropical and subtropical regions of Americas Africa Asia Australasia and Europe between 45 degrees north and 45 degrees south 6 Its exact origin is unknown but it is believed to have originated from the Ethiopia region of East Africa from where it has spread around the world thanks to its strong flight and human trade routes 6 See also editGreen stink bug Chinavia hilare References edit a b c d Squitier J M 1997 updated 2007 Southern green stink bug Featured creatures University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural services Panizzi A R et al 2000 Stink bugs Pentatomidae In Schaefer C W amp Panizzi A R eds Heteroptera of economic importance str 421 747 Boca Raton CRC Press Zicha Ondrej BioLib Biological library www biolib cz Retrieved 2022 09 21 Mary Golden and Peter A Follett First report of Nezara viridula f aurantiaca in Hawai Musolin Dmitry 2012 Surviving winter diapause syndrome in the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula Physiological Entomology Volume 37 Issue 4 pages 309 322 a b c d e f g Todd J W 1989 Ecology and behavior of Nezara viridula Annu Rev Entomol 34 273 292 doi 10 1146 annurev en 34 010189 001421 a b Musolin D L 2005 The Southern Green Shield Bug Nezara viridula L expands its distribution range not only in the U K Het News Newsletter of the Heteroptera Recording Schemes Retrieved on 2008 10 14 Yukava J et al 2007 Distribution range shift of two allied species Nezara viridula and N antennata Hemiptera Pentatomidae in Japan possibly due to global warming permanent dead link Applied Entomology and Zoology 42 2 205 215External links edit nbsp Media related to Nezara viridula at Wikimedia Commons Nezara viridula pheromones in Pherobase Fauna Europaea video of Nezara viridula Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nezara viridula amp oldid 1181947851, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
