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Pentatomoidea

May 03, 2024

The Pentatomoidea are a superfamily of insects in the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera. As hemipterans, they possess a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.[1] The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 21 families (16 extant and 5 extinct).[2][3] Among these are the stink bugs and shield bugs, jewel bugs, giant shield bugs, and burrower bugs.[4]

Pentatomoidea
Temporal range: Early Jurassic – Recent
Male Acanthosoma labiduroides
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Leach 1815
Families

See text

Description edit

 
Anatomy of the dorsal aspect of a shield bug. A: head; B: thorax; C: abdomen. 1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites (connexivum); 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: hemelytral membrane.

The Pentatomoidea are characterised by a well-developed scutellum (the hardened extension of the thorax over the abdomen). It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape.[3] The antennae typically have five segments. The tarsi usually have two or three segments.[5]

Shield bugs have glands that produce a foul-smelling liquid, which is used defensively to deter potential predators. Nymphs have glands on the dorsal surface of the abdomen (dorsal abdominal scent glands). These are often present in adults as well, but adults also develop a pair of glands on the metathorax (third segment of the thorax), these being the metathoracic scent glands.[6][7]

The nymphs and adults have distinctive piercing mouthparts, with mandibles and maxillae modified to form a piercing "stylet" sheathed within a modified labium. The stylet is used to suck sap from plants, or in some cases to suck blood from other animals.[citation needed]

Pentatomoidea are mostly phytophagous,[8] although some (the Asopinae or predatory stink bugs) are zoophagous.[9] They can become significant pests (e.g. the brown marmorated stink bug), causing economic damage to certain crops.

Species that resemble pentatomoids are found in the superfamily Coreoidea.[citation needed]

Families edit

These families are classified under Pentatomoidea:[10]

Extant edit

  • Acanthosomatidae Signoret, 1863 – known as shield bugs, contains 46 genera and 184 species found worldwide[11]
  • Canopidae McAtee & Malloch, 1928 – found strictly in the Neotropical realm[12]
  • Cydnidae Billberg, 1820 – known as burrowing bugs, it contains 120 genera and about 765 species worldwide.
  • Dinidoridae Stål, 1867 – found in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America, composed of 16 genera and about 65 species[3]
  • Lestoniidae China, 1955 – small, round bugs that bear a resemblance to tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae), composed only of one genus and two species, endemic to Australia[13]
  • Megarididae McAtee & Malloch, 1928 – contains only one extant genus (Megaris) and 16 species, small, globular bugs occurring in Central America[14]
  • Parastrachiidae Oshanin, 1922 – bright red and black bugs exhibiting maternal care of eggs, it contains only two genera: Dismegistus (Africa) and Parastrachia (Eastern Asia).[15][16][17]
  • Pentatomidae Leach, 1815 – known as stink bugs, it is the largest family in Pentatomoidea. It contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.[15]
  • Phloeidae – large mottled brown and flattened bugs found strictly in the Neotropical realm. It is composed on only 2 genera and 3 species. They are known to exhibit strong maternal care.[12]
  • Plataspidae – found in Asia, particularly eastern Asia, although a few species of Coptosoma occur in the Palearctic. They are round plant-feeding bugs. It has about 59 genera and 560 species.[15]
  • Saileriolidae - only recently removed from inclusion within Urostylididae.
  • Scutelleridae – known as jewel bugs or shield-backed bugs. Composed of 81 genera and about 450 species.
  • Tessaratomidae – known as giant shield bugs because they are usually relatively large. Has about 55 genera and 240 species worldwide (mainly in the Old World tropics).[2][3][18]
  • Thaumastellidae – small bugs usually found under rocks in tropical Africa and the Middle East. It contains only one genus and three species. There is some debate to their inclusion within Pentatomoidea.[19]
  • Thyreocoridae Amyot & Serville, 1843 – includes the former family, subfamily Corimelaeninae Uhler, 1872[20] – known as ebony bugs, they are small, oval, shiny black bugs.[21]
  • Urostylididae – contains about 11 genera and 170 species. They are found in Southern and Eastern Asia.[15]

Extinct edit

  • †Mesopentacoridae Popov 1968 Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Asia
  • †Primipentatomidae – family with about four Early Cretaceous fossil species from China.[22]
  • †Probascanionidae Handlirsch 1921 Monotypic, Early Jurassic, Germany
  • †Protocoridae Handlirsch 1906 Early-Middle Jurassic, Eurasia
  • †Venicoridae Yao et al. 2012 Early Cretaceous, China

Phylogeny edit

The morphological unweighted tree of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).[23][24]

      ←      
             

Urostylididae

             
             

Saileriolidae

             
             

Acanthosomatidae

             
             
             

Tessaratomidae

             

Dinidoridae

  Cydnidae sensu lato  
             

Cydnidae

             

Thaumastellidae

             

Parastrachiidae

             
             

Thyreocoridae

             

Lestoniidae

             

Phloeidae

             
             

Scutelleridae

             

Plataspidae

             

Pentatomidae

             

Canopidae

             

Megarididae

Gallery edit

Example species of the families under Pentatomoidea

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas". CSIRO. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b Cedric Gillott (1995). Entomology. Springer. p. 604. ISBN 978-0-306-44967-3.
  3. ^ a b c d G. Cassis; Gordon F. Gross (2002). Zoological catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). Csiro Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-643-06875-9.
  4. ^ Capinera, John L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 608. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
  5. ^ T. N. Ananthakrishnan (2004). General and applied entomology. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-07-043435-6.
  6. ^ KMENT, PETR; VILÍMOVÁ, JITKA (2010). "Thoracic scent efferent system of Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a review of terminology". Zootaxa. 2706 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  7. ^ Bianchi, Filipe Michels; Bottega, Cristiane; Campos, Luiz Alexandre (2016). "Comparative morphology of the external scent efferent system of dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)". Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 263: 66–74. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2016.04.006.
  8. ^ "Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  9. ^ Clercq, Patrick De (2005), "Stink Bugs, Predatory (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae)", Encyclopedia of Entomology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 2122–2125, doi:10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4094, ISBN 978-0-306-48380-6, retrieved 2023-10-30
  10. ^ David A. Rider (October 20, 2009). "Classification". Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  11. ^ Faúndez E. I. (2009). "Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)". Zootaxa. 2137: 57–65. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2137.1.7.
  12. ^ a b P220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history, Cornell University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8014-2066-0
  13. ^ P136 Christopher G. Morris Academic Press dictionary of science and technology, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, ISBN 0-12-200400-0
  14. ^ "Map of Megarididae". Discover Life.
  15. ^ a b c d Foottit, Robert G.; Adler, Peter H. (2009-04-20). Insect Biodiversity. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5142-9.
  16. ^ Gengping Zhu; Guoqing Liu; Wenjun Bu & Jerzy A. Lis (2013). "Geographic distribution and niche divergence of two stinkbugs, Parastrachia japonensis and Parastrachia nagaensis". Journal of Insect Science. 13 (102): 1–16. doi:10.1673/031.013.10201. PMC 4012745. PMID 24738857.
  17. ^ Jerzy A. Lis (2010). "Pretarsal structures in the family Parastrachiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea)". Zootaxa. 2693: 60–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2693.1.5.
  18. ^ >Costa, James T. (2006-09-30). The Other Insect Societies. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 311. ISBN 0-674-02163-0. OCLC 67345686.
  19. ^ P353 Zoological Catalogue of Australia
  20. ^ Rider, David A.; Schwertner, Cristiano F.; Vilímová, Jitka; Rédei, Dávid; Kment, Petr; Thomas, Donald B. (2018-01-17). "Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea". Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea). Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press. pp. 25–202. doi:10.1201/9781315371221-2. ISBN 978-1-315-37122-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  21. ^ Mike Boone (September 11, 2004). "Family Thyreocoridae – Ebony Bugs". BugGuide, Iowa State University. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  22. ^ Yao, Yunzhi; Cai, Wanzhi; Rider, David A.; Ren, Dong (2013). "Primipentatomidae fam. Nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), an extinct insect family from the Cretaceous of north-eastern China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (1): 63–82. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11...63Y. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.639814. S2CID 86753502.
  23. ^ Dimitri Forero (March 13, 2009). "Pentatomoidea". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  24. ^ Jocelia Grazia; Randall T. Schuhb & Ward C. Wheeler (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)" (PDF). Cladistics. 24 (6). Wiley-Blackwell: 932–976. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x. PMID 34892882. S2CID 41951432. Retrieved April 27, 2011.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Pentatomoidea.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pentatomoidea.
  • Stink Bug Fact Sheet from the United States National Pest Management Association

May 03, 2024
pentatomoidea, superfamily, insects, suborder, heteroptera, order, hemiptera, hemipterans, they, possess, common, arrangement, sucking, mouthparts, roughly, 7000, species, under, divided, into, families, extant, extinct, among, these, stink, bugs, shield, bugs. The Pentatomoidea are a superfamily of insects in the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera As hemipterans they possess a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts 1 The roughly 7000 species under Pentatomoidea are divided into 21 families 16 extant and 5 extinct 2 3 Among these are the stink bugs and shield bugs jewel bugs giant shield bugs and burrower bugs 4 PentatomoideaTemporal range Early Jurassic Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Male Acanthosoma labiduroides Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Hemiptera Suborder Heteroptera Infraorder Pentatomomorpha Superfamily PentatomoideaLeach 1815 Families See text Contents 1 Description 2 Families 2 1 Extant 2 2 Extinct 3 Phylogeny 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDescription edit nbsp Anatomy of the dorsal aspect of a shield bug A head B thorax C abdomen 1 claws 2 tarsus 3 tibia 4 femur 8 compound eye 9 antenna 10 clypeus 23 laterotergites connexivum 25 pronotum 26 scutellum 27 clavus 28 corium 29 embolium 30 hemelytral membrane The Pentatomoidea are characterised by a well developed scutellum the hardened extension of the thorax over the abdomen It can be triangular to semielliptical in shape 3 The antennae typically have five segments The tarsi usually have two or three segments 5 Shield bugs have glands that produce a foul smelling liquid which is used defensively to deter potential predators Nymphs have glands on the dorsal surface of the abdomen dorsal abdominal scent glands These are often present in adults as well but adults also develop a pair of glands on the metathorax third segment of the thorax these being the metathoracic scent glands 6 7 The nymphs and adults have distinctive piercing mouthparts with mandibles and maxillae modified to form a piercing stylet sheathed within a modified labium The stylet is used to suck sap from plants or in some cases to suck blood from other animals citation needed Pentatomoidea are mostly phytophagous 8 although some the Asopinae or predatory stink bugs are zoophagous 9 They can become significant pests e g the brown marmorated stink bug causing economic damage to certain crops Species that resemble pentatomoids are found in the superfamily Coreoidea citation needed Families editThese families are classified under Pentatomoidea 10 Extant edit Acanthosomatidae Signoret 1863 known as shield bugs contains 46 genera and 184 species found worldwide 11 Canopidae McAtee amp Malloch 1928 found strictly in the Neotropical realm 12 Cydnidae Billberg 1820 known as burrowing bugs it contains 120 genera and about 765 species worldwide Dinidoridae Stal 1867 found in tropical Asia Africa Australia and South America composed of 16 genera and about 65 species 3 Lestoniidae China 1955 small round bugs that bear a resemblance to tortoise beetles Chrysomelidae composed only of one genus and two species endemic to Australia 13 Megarididae McAtee amp Malloch 1928 contains only one extant genus Megaris and 16 species small globular bugs occurring in Central America 14 Parastrachiidae Oshanin 1922 bright red and black bugs exhibiting maternal care of eggs it contains only two genera Dismegistus Africa and Parastrachia Eastern Asia 15 16 17 Pentatomidae Leach 1815 known as stink bugs it is the largest family in Pentatomoidea It contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species 15 Phloeidae large mottled brown and flattened bugs found strictly in the Neotropical realm It is composed on only 2 genera and 3 species They are known to exhibit strong maternal care 12 Plataspidae found in Asia particularly eastern Asia although a few species of Coptosoma occur in the Palearctic They are round plant feeding bugs It has about 59 genera and 560 species 15 Saileriolidae only recently removed from inclusion within Urostylididae Scutelleridae known as jewel bugs or shield backed bugs Composed of 81 genera and about 450 species Tessaratomidae known as giant shield bugs because they are usually relatively large Has about 55 genera and 240 species worldwide mainly in the Old World tropics 2 3 18 Thaumastellidae small bugs usually found under rocks in tropical Africa and the Middle East It contains only one genus and three species There is some debate to their inclusion within Pentatomoidea 19 Thyreocoridae Amyot amp Serville 1843 includes the former family subfamily Corimelaeninae Uhler 1872 20 known as ebony bugs they are small oval shiny black bugs 21 Urostylididae contains about 11 genera and 170 species They are found in Southern and Eastern Asia 15 Extinct edit Mesopentacoridae Popov 1968 Middle Jurassic Early Cretaceous Asia Primipentatomidae family with about four Early Cretaceous fossil species from China 22 Probascanionidae Handlirsch 1921 Monotypic Early Jurassic Germany Protocoridae Handlirsch 1906 Early Middle Jurassic Eurasia Venicoridae Yao et al 2012 Early Cretaceous ChinaPhylogeny editThe morphological unweighted tree of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al 2008 23 24 Urostylididae Saileriolidae Acanthosomatidae Tessaratomidae Dinidoridae Cydnidae sensu lato Cydnidae Thaumastellidae Parastrachiidae Thyreocoridae Lestoniidae Phloeidae Scutelleridae Plataspidae Pentatomidae Canopidae MegarididaeGallery editExample species of the families under Pentatomoidea nbsp Acanthosomatidae The parent bug Elasmucha grisea guarding eggs nbsp Cydnidae Tritomegas sexmaculatus nbsp Dinidoridae Megymenum affine nbsp Pentatomidae The southern green stink bug Nezara viridula nbsp Plataspidae Megacopta cribraria nbsp Scutelleridae The lychee shield bug Chrysocoris stolli a jewel bug nbsp Tessaratomidae Tessaratoma papillosa nymph nbsp Plataspidae Coptosoma xanthogramma black stink bugSee also editList of shield bug species of Korea Pentatomomorpha Sunn pestReferences edit Hemiptera bugs aphids and cicadas CSIRO Retrieved 14 January 2021 a b Cedric Gillott 1995 Entomology Springer p 604 ISBN 978 0 306 44967 3 a b c d G Cassis Gordon F Gross 2002 Zoological catalogue of Australia Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Csiro Publishing p 353 ISBN 978 0 643 06875 9 Capinera John L 2008 Encyclopedia of Entomology 2nd ed Heidelberg Springer Science amp Business Media p 608 ISBN 978 1 4020 6242 1 T N Ananthakrishnan 2004 General and applied entomology Tata McGraw Hill Education p 370 ISBN 978 0 07 043435 6 KMENT PETR VILIMOVA JITKA 2010 Thoracic scent efferent system of Pentatomoidea Hemiptera Heteroptera a review of terminology Zootaxa 2706 1 1 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 2706 1 1 ISSN 1175 5334 Bianchi Filipe Michels Bottega Cristiane Campos Luiz Alexandre 2016 Comparative morphology of the external scent efferent system of dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of Pentatomidae Hemiptera Heteroptera Zoologischer Anzeiger A Journal of Comparative Zoology 263 66 74 doi 10 1016 j jcz 2016 04 006 Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA biodiversity org au Retrieved 2023 10 30 Clercq Patrick De 2005 Stink Bugs Predatory Hemiptera Pentatomidae Asopinae Encyclopedia of Entomology Dordrecht Springer Netherlands pp 2122 2125 doi 10 1007 0 306 48380 7 4094 ISBN 978 0 306 48380 6 retrieved 2023 10 30 David A Rider October 20 2009 Classification Department of Entomology North Dakota State University Retrieved April 29 2011 Faundez E I 2009 Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth 1917 Hemiptera Heteroptera Acanthosomatidae Zootaxa 2137 57 65 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 2137 1 7 a b P220 Randall T Schuh James Alexander Slater True bugs of the world Hemiptera Heteroptera classification and natural history Cornell University Press 1995 ISBN 0 8014 2066 0 P136 Christopher G Morris Academic Press dictionary of science and technology Gulf Professional Publishing 1992 ISBN 0 12 200400 0 Map of Megarididae Discover Life a b c d Foottit Robert G Adler Peter H 2009 04 20 Insect Biodiversity Oxford Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 4051 5142 9 Gengping Zhu Guoqing Liu Wenjun Bu amp Jerzy A Lis 2013 Geographic distribution and niche divergence of two stinkbugs Parastrachia japonensis and Parastrachia nagaensis Journal of Insect Science 13 102 1 16 doi 10 1673 031 013 10201 PMC 4012745 PMID 24738857 Jerzy A Lis 2010 Pretarsal structures in the family Parastrachiidae Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomoidea Zootaxa 2693 60 62 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 2693 1 5 gt Costa James T 2006 09 30 The Other Insect Societies Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press p 311 ISBN 0 674 02163 0 OCLC 67345686 P353 Zoological Catalogue of Australia Rider David A Schwertner Cristiano F Vilimova Jitka Redei David Kment Petr Thomas Donald B 2018 01 17 Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species Pentatomoidea Boca Raton Taylor amp Francis 2017 CRC Press pp 25 202 doi 10 1201 9781315371221 2 ISBN 978 1 315 37122 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Mike Boone September 11 2004 Family Thyreocoridae Ebony Bugs BugGuide Iowa State University Retrieved April 29 2011 Yao Yunzhi Cai Wanzhi Rider David A Ren Dong 2013 Primipentatomidae fam Nov Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha an extinct insect family from the Cretaceous of north eastern China Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11 1 63 82 Bibcode 2013JSPal 11 63Y doi 10 1080 14772019 2011 639814 S2CID 86753502 Dimitri Forero March 13 2009 Pentatomoidea Tree of Life Web Project Retrieved April 28 2011 Jocelia Grazia Randall T Schuhb amp Ward C Wheeler 2008 Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences Insecta Heteroptera PDF Cladistics 24 6 Wiley Blackwell 932 976 doi 10 1111 j 1096 0031 2008 00224 x PMID 34892882 S2CID 41951432 Retrieved April 27 2011 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Pentatomoidea nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pentatomoidea Stink Bug Fact Sheet from the United States National Pest Management Association Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pentatomoidea amp oldid 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