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Guided missiles of India

India has studied, produced and used various strategic and tactical missile systems since its independence. Decades long projects have realised development of all types of missile systems including ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, air-defence, air-to-air and anti-missile systems. India is one of seven countries in the world with intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and one of four countries with anti-ballistic missile systems. Since 2016, India has been a member of Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

The use of rockets for warfare in India has been recorded in as early as the 18th century. Mysorean rockets were the first iron-cased rockets in world that were successfully deployed for military use. Mysore's conflict with East India Company exposed British to the technology leading to development of Congreve rockets and introduction of rocketry in Europe.[1]

Research in missile technology resumed again after India's independence along with the weapons of mass destruction. Development of nuclear weapons was followed by various missile programs in 70s with development of various ballistic, cruise, surface to air, anti- ballistic missile and orbital launch systems. India conducted its first nuclear test and initiated with Project Devil as an attempt to reverse engineer Soviet surface to air missile SA-2 Guideline and Project Valiant to develop an intercontinental ballistic missile. However, it could not succeed and experience gained led to development of Prithvi series of short range ballistic-missiles.[2][3] In early 80s, India conducted its first successful orbital launch[4] and synchronized its research institutions under IGMDP and successfully developed a series of strategic missile systems.[5] The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008, after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007. Since then, India has developed, tested, operationalized, and is developing several missile systems that are limited to only a handful of countries including ICBMs, ASATs, SLBMs and hypersonic weapon systems. Threats posed by enemy missile systems led to the pursuit of Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Programme.

In 2017, India produced most of defined MTCR defined missile technologies required to be integrated to produce most missile systems.[6] As per G Satheesh Reddy, India achieved complete self reliance in missile technology.[7]

History edit

Kingdom of Mysore edit

 
Tipu Sultan's troops rout the British using rockets in 1780 at the Battle of Guntur. The closely massed, British troops broke and ran when the Mysore army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst.

Mysorean rockets were the first iron-cased rockets that were successfully deployed for military use. Kingdom of Mysore utilised them effectively in the conflicts against the British East India Company. In addition, wheeled rocket launchers capable of launching five to ten rockets almost simultaneously were used in war. These rockets were re-engineered as Congreve rockets by British opening the door of development of advanced rocketry further in Europe.[1]

Post-independence edit

Indian government constituted a teamd Special Weapons Development Team in 1958 to study guided missile systems.[8]

The phase-I of missile program was limited to development of a first generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) by DRDO. Liquid fuel rocket engines based on Soviet missile system SA-2 were developed. Despite the overall failure of DRDO to develop a reliable ATGM, Indian laboratories had established facilities useful for machining and fabricating various parts of missile systems including gyroscopes, actuators, silver oxide-zinc batteries, booster and sustainer motors, air frame hard- ware such as fiberglass wings, ground launcher mecha- nisms, and wire spool winding and reeling mechanisms. India later excepted the French offer to produce SS-11B anti-tank guided missiles in 1970s. In another phase initiated in 1970s, Project Devil to reverse engineer Soviet SA-2 Guideline and Project Valiant to develop an Inter-continental ballistic missile too ended up with limited success but imparting experience and facilities for further research on missiles and space rockets. DRDO simultaneously focused on building a guidance package – an essential part of a long-range missile that determines its path and accuracy to hit a target. A platform-based inertial navigation system (INS) was developed and tested, on board an Avro aircraft, in 1974–75. Subsequently, an INS was built for both missiles and an aircraft, and this was tested in 1979 on board a Canberra aircraft.[9][8] Decade of 1980s witnessed India gaining significant grounds in rocket technology and various technology demonstration programs began which became the basis of modern rocket systems in India. DRDL had developed competencies in the fields of propulsion, navigation and manufacture of materials. Indian Space Research Organisation had successfully tested India's first orbital rocket SLV-3 in 1980 whose first stage was used in Agni-TD ballistic missile for technological demonstration of Agni missile family. This subsequently led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program and Dr. Abdul Kalam, who had previously been the project director for the SLV-3 programme at ISRO, was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. He decided that DRDL would pursue multiple projects in this area simultaneously. Thus, four projects were born under the IGMDP; Short range surface-to-surface missile (code-named Prithvi), Short range low-level surface-to-air missile (code-named Trishul), Medium range surface-to-air missile (code-named Akash) and Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named Nag).[10]

The Agni missile was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.[11] As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Orissa was also developed for missile testing.[12]

The fourth phase of India's missile program stretched from mid-1990s to early 21st century. The phase has witnessed limited series production of DRDO's missiles and their deployment in battlefields. DRDO further embarked on programs in developing submarine launched ballistic missile Sagarika, cruise missiles BrahMos, naval variant of Prithvi Dhanush. Spanning from 1970s to 2000s, India's missile programs have transitioned into a self-sustaining character.[13] Over the period from then, India has made improvements in technology of its missile systems and has produced many missile systems including ICBMs, anti-ballistic missiles, air-to-air missiles, cruise missiles and other systems.

Diplomatic and technological hurdles edit

After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the Missile Technology Control Regime (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. Some of the major technology which was denied, included:

  • phase shifters for the phased array radars for Akash (denied by the USA).
  • magnesium alloy used in Prithvi's wings (denied by Germany).
  • servo-valves needed for the electro-hydraulic control systems of Agni and Prithvi.
  • gyroscopes and accelerometers (denied by France).
  • processors – Intel said it would not give India chips for the computers used in Prithvi and Agni.

To counter the MTCR, the IGMDP team formed a consortium of DRDO laboratories, industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials. Though this slowed down the progress of the program, India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the MTCR.[12]

In 2011, the DRDO Chief V K Saraswat had stated that "indigenous content" in India's strategic missiles had gone up to such a level, with ring-laser gyros, composite rocket motors, micro-navigation systems etc., that "no technology control regime" could derail them any longer.[14]

Missile Programs and Series edit

Abandoned programs edit

DRDO Anti Tank Missile edit

In 1959, Indian agencies conducted feasibility study to develop a first generation wire guided anti-tank missile.DRDO Anti Tank Missile.[15] Sino-Indian war in 1962 induced the government to fund the project.[16][17] Designing and wind tunnel tests went on to develop an ATGM of a range of 0.5 to 2 km with flight speed of about 90 m/s.[15] The missile was terminated eventually in 1969 once Indian army upgraded its requirements of an ATGM of range from 1.6 km to 2 km.[15][18]

Project Devil: Surface to Air Missile edit

The aim of Project Devil was to reverse engineer Soviet SA-2 Guideline missile to produce an indigenous short range surface to air missile. The program initially waned in favour of Project Valiant but was revived later after 1974. Although DRDL had developed and tested various systems for the missile, it later was completely cancelled in 1980 due to disputes between officials and technologies were utilised in other missile programs.[19][20]

Project Valiant: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile edit

Project Valiant was one of two early liquid-fuelled missile projects developed by India, along with Project Devil in the 1970s. The goal of Project Valiant was to produce an ICBM with 30 tonne engines and a range of 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Valiant missile was envisaged as an 85 tonnes liquid fueled three-staged ICBM. The missile although could reach near the stages of grounding testing, DRDO's interest in program waned due to internal disputes. ISRO was later approached with an offer to use missile for civilian uses which they declined leading to overall closure of the project.[21][20][3] Although discontinued in 1974 without achieving full success, Project Valiant, like Project Devil, helped in the development of the Prithvi missile in the 1980s.[22] Though never reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the Prithvi missile developed in the 1980s.[23]

Trishul edit

Trishul was a short range surface to air missile to be used against low flying and sea-skimming targets. The range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The overall weight of the missile is 130 kg. Due to delay in development time and various deficiencies, Trishul could never enter production and service beyond testing and was substituted by Israeli Barak 1 missile. The project was officially closed in 2008 and DRDO embarked on more surface to air missile programs later.[24]

Successful and ongoing programs edit

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program edit

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was a Ministry of Defence (India) programme for the research and development of a comprehensive range of missiles. The program was managed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Ordnance Factories Board in partnership with other Indian government research organisations. The program envisaged development of five strategic systems. Prithvi series of short ranged ballistic missiles, Trishul low altitude, short range surface to air missile, Akash medium range surface to air missile and Nag third generation anti-tank guided missile followed by Agni series of medium and long range ballistic missiles.[5][25] The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007.[26]

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP.[5] It added that the strategic integrated guided missile program was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the program had been developed and inducted by the Indian armed forces.[27]

Further variants of Prithvi missile, Akash-NG, Agni-IV, Agni-V, Agni-VI and Agni based K missile family went ahead later as independent projects.

Akash edit

Akash is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ordnance Factories Board and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in India.[28][29] The missile system can target aircraft, cruise missiles, air to surface missiles and ballistic missiles up to 30 km to 60  km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.[30][31][32][33] Variants like Akash-1S and Akash-NG have longer ranges, higher accuracy, higher mobility and lower reaction time.[34][35]

Anti-tank missiles edit

Nag, also referred as Prospina, is the currently serving third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank guided missile developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). Nag has been developed at a cost of 3 billion (US$37.6 million).[36] Nag has an operational range from 500 m to 20 km (12 mi) and first shot hit probability exceeding 90%.[37] Nag also has its man-portable, helicopter mounted, Stand-off and IFV mounted versions.[38]

Besides Nag, BDL's Amogha series is currently undergoing trials and will have land-attack, man-portable and air launched variants.[39][40] Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) is testing a laser guided, tank gun launched SAMHO missile able to destroy tanks and low flying helicopters.[41] Besides state-run programmes, Indian private firms have been emerging with ATGM systems.

Tactical ballistic missiles edit

Prithvi missiles were tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM) and were first ballistic missiles to be developed and enter service in India. It goes from Prithvi-I (SS-150) with 150 km (93 mi) range to Prithvi-II (SS-250) and Prithvi-III (SS-350) with ranges of up to 350 km (220 mi).[42] Dhanush or navalised Prithvi is a system consisting of a stabilisation platform (Bow) and the Missile (Arrow). It is intended for the Indian Navy, to be fired from ships against other ships or land targets. Dhanush can fire modified versions of Prithvi-II or Prithvi-III with ranges high as 750 km (470 mi).[43]

Solid fueled Prahar and Pranash are being tested to replace existing Prithvi missiles.[44] Export variant "Pragati" was exhibited in South Korea in 2013 but didn't receive any orders.[45][46] Pralay is another battlefield range ballistic missile with better range being developed from PDV anti-ballistic missile.[47]

Agni series and Surya edit

 
Agni-V ICBM

The Agni missile series began as a "Re-Entry Vehicle" project (later rechristened as Agni Technology Demonstrator) in the IGMDP. It subsequently gave rise to the series of India's medium range, intermediate range and intercontinental ballistic missiles. Agni-I, Agni-II and Agni-III missiles were developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.[5]

Longer range Agni-IV and Agni-V with intercontinental ranges and MIRV emerged in early 2010s as separate projects.[48]

Agni-P, an upgraded successor of Agni-I and Agni-II, was tested in 2021 with ability to carry maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV). Agni-P has improved propellant, navigation and guided systems and reportedly can be used as an ASBM against aircraft carriers.[49]

Agni-VI is another Intercontinental ballistic missile reported to be in rudimentary stages of development by India, and until May 2012 was not officially confirmed by either the Government of India or the DRDO.[50] Reportedly, it will be able to be launched from submarines or from land and to strike a target of over 10,000 km (6,200 mi)[50] with MIRV-ed warheads.[51] Top DRDO scientists have previously asserted that India has almost all the equipment and technology needed to develop ICBMs, "but where the warhead should go or what the range should be will have to be a political call".[52] In 1995 in a report published by magazine Nonproliferation review, DRDO was working on an ICBM called Surya with a range of 12,000–16,000 km (7,500–9,900 mi). Although, the actual status of missile always remained unknown in public domain.[53] Sources have speculated that Agni-VI might be Surya under new codename.[54]

Later, Agni-V would go on to acquire MIRV capabilities [55][56]

K series edit

K (named after Abdul Kalam) are submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) of India. SLBM variants of Agni missiles meant to arm India's nuclear submarines, their ranges vary from medium-range K-15 to intercontinental range K-6 (missile).[57]

The Shaurya missile is a land attack variant of K-15 missile. The missile has a hypersonic speed and a hybrid ballistic-cruise trajectory.[58]

BrahMos edit

BrahMos (also known as PJ-10) are supersonic to hypersonic cruise missiles developed in collaboration between India and Russia. BrahMos have land attack, ship and submarine launched and air launched versions and are the fastest cruise missiles in world in operation. The existing versions of missiles include supersonic land-attack, anti-ship ship launched versions meanwhile longer range, hypersonic and air launched versions are under development.[59][60]

Other cruise missile programs edit

Nirbhay is the Indian long range sub-sonic Cruise Missile under development and testing, expecting its air and submarine launched version after trials. It was successfully test fired for second time from Balasore Orissa. Able to travel at speed of 0.6-0.9 mach. However, its test on 12 October 2020 failed due to a technical snag. It has succeeded in other tests before and has been approved for limited production in 2020. An upgraded version of the missile is reportedly under development. It is currently deployed on LAC in limited numbers since 2020 due to 2020 China-India standoff.[61][62]

Nirbhay project is now technically closed after completing six developmental trials. The next phase of tests will happen from April 2020 under a new name called Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM). It will include Short Turbo Fan Engine (STFE) developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) and a Radio-frequency (RF) seeker from Research Centre Imarat (RCI). A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development. Several cruise missile systems are expected to be introduced from experience gained with Nirbhay.[63]

Astra edit

Astra are India's fifth-generation beyond-visual-range active radar homing air-to-air missile series.[64] The current version in service has a range from 10 km (6.2 mi) to 110 km (68 mi) similar to AIM-120 AMRAAM while versions up to 350 km (220 mi) and intermediate ranges are being developed.[65]

A surface to air missile variant VL-SRSAM has also been developed from Astra to replace Indian navy's Barak 1 missiTN1 With supplementary Akash missile systems along, it forms a surface to air missile system similar to American NASAM 2.[65]

Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme edit

 
AAD anti-ballistic missile

In wake of missile threats from China and Pakistan, the development of anti-ballistic missiles began in the late 1990s. The program consists of multiple phases and components. Phase-I of program is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5,000 kilometres away.[66] The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts.[67] Phase-I is awaiting government's approval for installation over national capital.[68] Phase-II would include more potent AD-1 and AD-2 anti-ballistic missiles capable of engaging without IRBMs, ICBMs and hypersonic cruise missiles. Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mk. 1 and II are also under trials to intercept missiles at higher altitude and longer ranges and replace existing PAD.[69] PDV Mk. 2 has also demonstrated anti-satellite capability.[70]

Other systems edit

Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) is a technology demonstrator aimed to demonstrate autonomous flight of a Scramjet Integrated Vehicle using ethylene. The technology is expected to become the basis of India's hypersonic missiles and aircraft in future.[71] India has developed an Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM) that will help to destroy enemy advance warning systems. This was named as Rudram-1, with a range of 100–250 km.[72] Production of the ARM is being done on a priority basis by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), which specialises in missile development. Such missiles can be mounted on the Sukhoi Su-30 MKI fighter planes.[73]

List of guided missiles edit

Air to air edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Astra (missile) Astra Mk1 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 110 km (68 mi) Mach 4.5 High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead 2018 In Service [74][75]
Astra Mk2 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 160 km (99 mi) High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead TBD In trials [76][77][78]
Astra Mk3 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 350 km (220 mi) High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead TBD In trials [76]
Novator KS-172 beyond visual range air-to-air missile 200 to 300 km (120 to 190 mi) Mach 3.3 High-explosive fragmentated directional warhead 2007 In Service [79]
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology demonstration testbed for future beyond visual range missile air-to-air missile 350 km (220 mi) Mach 4.5[80] TBD In trials [81][82]
MICA (missile) beyond visual range air-to-air missile 500 m to 60 km Mach 4 2012 In service [83]

Anti-radiation edit

Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Rudram-1 Anti-radiation missile 150 km (93 mi)[84] Conventional TBD Under development [85]
Rudram-2 Air to surface anti-radiation missile 300 km (190 mi) Conventional TBD Under development [86]
Rudram-3 Air to surface missile 550 km (340 mi) Conventional TBD Under development [87]

Anti-satellite edit

 
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2
Family Name Type Interception altitude Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark II Exo-atmospheric Hit-to-kill anti-ballistic missile 1,200 km (750 mi) Kinetic kill vehicle Unknown Being tested [88]

Anti-ship edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
NASM-SR Short range anti-ship missile 55+ km Conventional or nuclear 100 kg TBD In user trials [89][90]
Naval anti ship missile -MR Medium range anti-ship missile 150–250 km Conventional 150 kg TBD In development [89][90]
BrahMos Brahmos-A Anti-ship cruise missile 400 km Conventional or nuclear In Service

Anti-submarine edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
SMART Long-range anti-submarine missile 643+ km Conventional 50 kg TBD In development [91]

Anti-tank edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
DRDO Anti Tank Missile Wire guided first generation anti-tank missile 1.6 km (0.99 mi) HEAT - Cancelled [15]
Nag (missile) Prospina Third generation land-attack ATGM 4 km (2.5 mi) Tandem-charge high-explosive anti-tank 2016 In service [92]
HeliNa/Dhruvastra Air-launched ATGM 10 km (6.2 mi) TBD Being Inducted [93]
Stand off Anti-Tank missile Standoff Air-launched ATGM 20 km (12 mi) TBD Development trials [94]
MPATGM Man-portable anti-tank missile 2.5 km (1.6 mi) TBD Developmental trials [95]
Amogha missile Amogha-1 Second generation anti-tank guided missile 2.8 km (1.7 mi) HEAT TBD Developmental trials [96]
Air-launched Amogha Air-launched anti-tank missile HEAT TBD Proposed [97]
Man portable Amogha Man-portable anti-tank missile HEAT TBD Proposed [97]
SAMHO Cannon launched ATGM 5 km (3.1 mi) Tandem HEAT TBD Developmental trials [98][99][100]

Ballistic edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Prithvi (missile) Prithvi-I (SS-150) surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) Conventional or nuclear 1994 Being withdrawn by 2030 [101]
Prithvi-II (SS-250) surface-to-surface short range ballistic missile 250 to 350 km (160 to 220 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2003 Being withdrawn by 2030 [102]
Prithvi-III (SS-350) surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile 350 to 600 km (220 to 370 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2004 In Service [103]
Dhanush surface-to-surface Anti-ship ballistic missile 350 to 750 km (220 to 470 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [104]
Agni (missile) Agni-I surface-to-surface medium range ballistic missile 900 to 1,200 km (560 to 750 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2002 In Service [105]
Agni-P surface-to-surface medium range ballistic missile 1,000 to 2,000 km (620 to 1,240 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2021 In development [106]
Agni-II surface-to-surface medium range ballistic missile 2,000 to 3,500 km (1,200 to 2,200 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2010 In Service [107]
Agni-III surface-to-surface intermediate range ballistic missile 3,500 to 5,000 km (2,200 to 3,100 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2011 In Service [108]
Agni-IV surface-to-surface intermediate range ballistic missile 4,000 km (2,500 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2014 In Service [109]
Agni-V surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 5,500 to 8,000 km (3,400 to 5,000 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [110]
Agni-VI surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 10,000 to 12,000 km (6,200 to 7,500 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [111]
Surya missile surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 16,000 km (9,900 mi) Conventional or nuclear Unknown Unconfirmed [112]
K missile family K-15 (Sagarika) short range submarine launched ballistic missile 750 km (470 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [113]
K-4 medium range submarine launched ballistic missile 3,500 km (2,200 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In Service [114]
K-5 intermediate range submarine launched ballistic missile (IR-SLBM) 5,000 km (3,100 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [115]
K-6 intercontinental submarine launched ballistic missile (IC-SLBM) 6,000 to 8,000 km (3,700 to 5,000 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [115]
Prahaar Prahaar surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In trials [116]
Pragati surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 170 km (110 mi) Conventional
(For export)
In development [117][118]
Pranash surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 200 km (120 mi) Conventional TBD In development [119]
Pralay surface-to-surface short range ballistic missile (SRBM) 500 km (310 mi) Conventional TBD In service [120]

Cruise edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
BrahMos BrahMos Block I Supersonic Ship launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) Mach 3 Conventional or nuclear 2007 In service [121]
Supersonic Land launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2008/2010 In service
BrahMos Block II Supersonic Land launched land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2012 In service
BrahMos Block III Supersonic Land launched land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2013 In service
BrahMos-A Supersonic Air launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile 400 km (250 mi) 2020 In service
Submarine launched BrahMos Supersonic Submarine launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2013 In service
BrahMos ER Multi-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile 600 km (370 mi) 2022 In service
BrahMos NG Multi-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) TBD In development
BrahMos-II Hypersonic cruise missile 600–1,000 km (370–620 mi) Mach 8 Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [60]
Nirbhay (missile) Subsonic land-attack cruise missile 1,000–1,500 km (620–930 mi) Mach 0.9 Conventional or nuclear 2019 In service [122][61]

Surface to air edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Interception altitude Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
VSHORAD (India) Very Short range surface to air missile 6 km (3.7 mi) 3.5 km (2.2 mi) Mach 1.5 High explosive In development trials [123]
Trishul (missile) Short range surface to air missile 9 km (5.6 mi) Mach 1+ High explosive 1983 Retired [24]
Akash (missile) Akash Mk I Medium range surface to air missile 30 km (19 mi) 18 km (11 mi) Mach 2.8-3.5 High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead 2009 In service [124]
Akash Mk II 40 km (25 mi) 20 km (12 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead TBA Developmental trials [125]
Akash-NG 70 km (43 mi) 20 km (12 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead TBA Developmental trials [126][127][128]
Maitri (missile) Quick reaction surface to air missile 30 km (19 mi) The proposal has been shelved and superseded by the QRSAM and VL-SRSAM missiles for the use of the Indian Army and Indian Navy respectively.
QRSAM Quick reaction surface to air missile 30 km (19 mi) 10 km (6.2 mi) 2022 Being inducted [129]
VL-SRSAM Short range surface to air missile 50 km (31 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead Being tested [130]
SAMAR Air Defence System Short range surface to air missile 12–40 km (7.5–24.9 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead In use [131][132]
Barak 8 MRSAM Medium range surface to air missile 70 km

(43 mi)

16 km (9.9 mi) Mach 2+ Proximity censor based 2020 In service [133]
LRSAM Long range surface to air missile 100 km

(62 mi)

16 km (9.9 mi) Proximity censor based 2019 In service [134]
S-400 400 km
ER-SAM Extended range surface to air missile 250 km (160 mi) High explosive TBD In development
XR-SAM Long range surface to air missile 400 km (250 mi) High explosive TBD In development [135][136]

Ballistic Missile Defence edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Interception altitude Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Phase I of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Air Defence Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 300 km (190 mi)-2,000 km (1,200 mi) 50 km (31 mi)-180 km (110 mi)[137] Mach 5+ Proximity fuze 2006 Being inducted [138]
Advanced Air Defence Endo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) 15 km (9.3 mi)-40 km (25 mi)[137] Mach 4.5 Hit-to-kill 2007 Being inducted [139]
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 2,000 km (1,200 mi) 150 km (93 mi) Hit-to-kill 2019 In trials [140]
Phase II of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark-II Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 1,200 km (750 mi) Hit-to-kill TBD Developmental trials [141]
AD-1 Anti-ballistic missile 5,000 km (3,100 mi)[142] TBA Hit-to-kill TBD In development [143][144]
AD-2 Anti-ballistic missile TBA TBA Hit-to-kill TBD In development

Other systems edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
K missile family Shaurya (missile) Hypersonic surface to surface tactical missile 700 km (430 mi) Mach 7.5 Conventional or nuclear 2011 In service [145]
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle Testbed for development of hypersonic systems Mach 12 2019 Being tested [146]

Guided and unguided rocket systems edit

Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher Pinaka Mk I Multiple rocket launcher 40 km (25 mi) Various 1998 In service [147]
Pinaka Mk II/Guided Pinaka 90 km (56 mi) Various TBA In trials [148]
Indian long range MRL Multiple rocket launcher 120 km (75 mi) Various TBD In development [149]

Research and development organisations edit

Current missile research and development in India happens under the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), and a group of laboratories collectively called the Missile Complex Laboratories.[150]

See also edit

Notes and references edit

Citations edit

  • Kampani, Gaurav (2003). "Stakeholders in the Indian Strategic Missile Program" (PDF). Non-proliferation Review. 10 (3). James Martin Center for Non-Proliferation Studies: 48–70 – via Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey.

References edit

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Notes edit

External links edit

  • Desi defence showpieces powered by videshi parts
  • DRDO India's lumbering dinosaur

guided, missiles, india, india, studied, produced, used, various, strategic, tactical, missile, systems, since, independence, decades, long, projects, have, realised, development, types, missile, systems, including, ballistic, cruise, anti, ship, defence, anti. India has studied produced and used various strategic and tactical missile systems since its independence Decades long projects have realised development of all types of missile systems including ballistic cruise anti ship air defence air to air and anti missile systems India is one of seven countries in the world with intercontinental ballistic missiles ICBMs and one of four countries with anti ballistic missile systems Since 2016 India has been a member of Missile Technology Control Regime MTCR The use of rockets for warfare in India has been recorded in as early as the 18th century Mysorean rockets were the first iron cased rockets in world that were successfully deployed for military use Mysore s conflict with East India Company exposed British to the technology leading to development of Congreve rockets and introduction of rocketry in Europe 1 Research in missile technology resumed again after India s independence along with the weapons of mass destruction Development of nuclear weapons was followed by various missile programs in 70s with development of various ballistic cruise surface to air anti ballistic missile and orbital launch systems India conducted its first nuclear test and initiated with Project Devil as an attempt to reverse engineer Soviet surface to air missile SA 2 Guideline and Project Valiant to develop an intercontinental ballistic missile However it could not succeed and experience gained led to development of Prithvi series of short range ballistic missiles 2 3 In early 80s India conducted its first successful orbital launch 4 and synchronized its research institutions under IGMDP and successfully developed a series of strategic missile systems 5 The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007 Since then India has developed tested operationalized and is developing several missile systems that are limited to only a handful of countries including ICBMs ASATs SLBMs and hypersonic weapon systems Threats posed by enemy missile systems led to the pursuit of Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Programme In 2017 India produced most of defined MTCR defined missile technologies required to be integrated to produce most missile systems 6 As per G Satheesh Reddy India achieved complete self reliance in missile technology 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Kingdom of Mysore 1 2 Post independence 1 3 Diplomatic and technological hurdles 2 Missile Programs and Series 2 1 Abandoned programs 2 1 1 DRDO Anti Tank Missile 2 1 2 Project Devil Surface to Air Missile 2 1 3 Project Valiant Intercontinental Ballistic Missile 2 1 4 Trishul 2 2 Successful and ongoing programs 2 2 1 Integrated Guided Missile Development Program 2 2 2 Akash 2 2 3 Anti tank missiles 2 2 4 Tactical ballistic missiles 2 2 5 Agni series and Surya 2 2 6 K series 2 2 7 BrahMos 2 2 8 Other cruise missile programs 2 2 9 Astra 2 2 10 Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme 2 2 11 Other systems 3 List of guided missiles 3 1 Air to air 3 2 Anti radiation 3 3 Anti satellite 3 4 Anti ship 3 5 Anti submarine 3 6 Anti tank 3 7 Ballistic 3 8 Cruise 3 9 Surface to air 3 10 Ballistic Missile Defence 3 11 Other systems 4 Guided and unguided rocket systems 5 Research and development organisations 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7 1 Citations 7 2 References 7 3 Notes 8 External linksHistory editKingdom of Mysore edit Main article Mysorean rockets nbsp Tipu Sultan s troops rout the British using rockets in 1780 at the Battle of Guntur The closely massed British troops broke and ran when the Mysore army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst Mysorean rockets were the first iron cased rockets that were successfully deployed for military use Kingdom of Mysore utilised them effectively in the conflicts against the British East India Company In addition wheeled rocket launchers capable of launching five to ten rockets almost simultaneously were used in war These rockets were re engineered as Congreve rockets by British opening the door of development of advanced rocketry further in Europe 1 Post independence edit Indian government constituted a teamd Special Weapons Development Team in 1958 to study guided missile systems 8 The phase I of missile program was limited to development of a first generation anti tank guided missile ATGM by DRDO Liquid fuel rocket engines based on Soviet missile system SA 2 were developed Despite the overall failure of DRDO to develop a reliable ATGM Indian laboratories had established facilities useful for machining and fabricating various parts of missile systems including gyroscopes actuators silver oxide zinc batteries booster and sustainer motors air frame hard ware such as fiberglass wings ground launcher mecha nisms and wire spool winding and reeling mechanisms India later excepted the French offer to produce SS 11B anti tank guided missiles in 1970s In another phase initiated in 1970s Project Devil to reverse engineer Soviet SA 2 Guideline and Project Valiant to develop an Inter continental ballistic missile too ended up with limited success but imparting experience and facilities for further research on missiles and space rockets DRDO simultaneously focused on building a guidance package an essential part of a long range missile that determines its path and accuracy to hit a target A platform based inertial navigation system INS was developed and tested on board an Avro aircraft in 1974 75 Subsequently an INS was built for both missiles and an aircraft and this was tested in 1979 on board a Canberra aircraft 9 8 Decade of 1980s witnessed India gaining significant grounds in rocket technology and various technology demonstration programs began which became the basis of modern rocket systems in India DRDL had developed competencies in the fields of propulsion navigation and manufacture of materials Indian Space Research Organisation had successfully tested India s first orbital rocket SLV 3 in 1980 whose first stage was used in Agni TD ballistic missile for technological demonstration of Agni missile family This subsequently led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program and Dr Abdul Kalam who had previously been the project director for the SLV 3 programme at ISRO was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it He decided that DRDL would pursue multiple projects in this area simultaneously Thus four projects were born under the IGMDP Short range surface to surface missile code named Prithvi Short range low level surface to air missile code named Trishul Medium range surface to air missile code named Akash and Third generation anti tank missile code named Nag 10 The Agni missile was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re entry vehicle and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges 11 As part of this program the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Orissa was also developed for missile testing 12 The fourth phase of India s missile program stretched from mid 1990s to early 21st century The phase has witnessed limited series production of DRDO s missiles and their deployment in battlefields DRDO further embarked on programs in developing submarine launched ballistic missile Sagarika cruise missiles BrahMos naval variant of Prithvi Dhanush Spanning from 1970s to 2000s India s missile programs have transitioned into a self sustaining character 13 Over the period from then India has made improvements in technology of its missile systems and has produced many missile systems including ICBMs anti ballistic missiles air to air missiles cruise missiles and other systems Diplomatic and technological hurdles edit After India test fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988 and the Agni missile in 1989 the Missile Technology Control Regime then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada France Germany Italy Japan the United Kingdom and the United States decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program Some of the major technology which was denied included phase shifters for the phased array radars for Akash denied by the USA magnesium alloy used in Prithvi s wings denied by Germany servo valves needed for the electro hydraulic control systems of Agni and Prithvi gyroscopes and accelerometers denied by France processors Intel said it would not give India chips for the computers used in Prithvi and Agni To counter the MTCR the IGMDP team formed a consortium of DRDO laboratories industries and academic institutions to build these sub systems components and materials Though this slowed down the progress of the program India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the MTCR 12 In 2011 the DRDO Chief V K Saraswat had stated that indigenous content in India s strategic missiles had gone up to such a level with ring laser gyros composite rocket motors micro navigation systems etc that no technology control regime could derail them any longer 14 Missile Programs and Series editAbandoned programs edit DRDO Anti Tank Missile edit Main article DRDO Anti Tank Missile In 1959 Indian agencies conducted feasibility study to develop a first generation wire guided anti tank missile DRDO Anti Tank Missile 15 Sino Indian war in 1962 induced the government to fund the project 16 17 Designing and wind tunnel tests went on to develop an ATGM of a range of 0 5 to 2 km with flight speed of about 90 m s 15 The missile was terminated eventually in 1969 once Indian army upgraded its requirements of an ATGM of range from 1 6 km to 2 km 15 18 Project Devil Surface to Air Missile edit Main article Project Devil The aim of Project Devil was to reverse engineer Soviet SA 2 Guideline missile to produce an indigenous short range surface to air missile The program initially waned in favour of Project Valiant but was revived later after 1974 Although DRDL had developed and tested various systems for the missile it later was completely cancelled in 1980 due to disputes between officials and technologies were utilised in other missile programs 19 20 Project Valiant Intercontinental Ballistic Missile edit Main article Project Valiant Project Valiant was one of two early liquid fuelled missile projects developed by India along with Project Devil in the 1970s The goal of Project Valiant was to produce an ICBM with 30 tonne engines and a range of 8 000 km 5 000 mi Valiant missile was envisaged as an 85 tonnes liquid fueled three staged ICBM The missile although could reach near the stages of grounding testing DRDO s interest in program waned due to internal disputes ISRO was later approached with an offer to use missile for civilian uses which they declined leading to overall closure of the project 21 20 3 Although discontinued in 1974 without achieving full success Project Valiant like Project Devil helped in the development of the Prithvi missile in the 1980s 22 Though never reached fruition the projects were important precursors to the Prithvi missile developed in the 1980s 23 Trishul edit Main article Trishul missile Trishul was a short range surface to air missile to be used against low flying and sea skimming targets The range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead The overall weight of the missile is 130 kg Due to delay in development time and various deficiencies Trishul could never enter production and service beyond testing and was substituted by Israeli Barak 1 missile The project was officially closed in 2008 and DRDO embarked on more surface to air missile programs later 24 Successful and ongoing programs edit Integrated Guided Missile Development Program edit Main article Integrated Guided Missile Development Program The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program IGMDP was a Ministry of Defence India programme for the research and development of a comprehensive range of missiles The program was managed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO and Ordnance Factories Board in partnership with other Indian government research organisations The program envisaged development of five strategic systems Prithvi series of short ranged ballistic missiles Trishul low altitude short range surface to air missile Akash medium range surface to air missile and Nag third generation anti tank guided missile followed by Agni series of medium and long range ballistic missiles 5 25 The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007 26 On 8 January 2008 the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP 5 It added that the strategic integrated guided missile program was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the program had been developed and inducted by the Indian armed forces 27 Further variants of Prithvi missile Akash NG Agni IV Agni V Agni VI and Agni based K missile family went ahead later as independent projects Akash edit Main articles Akash missile and Akash NG Akash is a medium range mobile surface to air missile system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO Ordnance Factories Board and Bharat Electronics Limited BEL in India 28 29 The missile system can target aircraft cruise missiles air to surface missiles and ballistic missiles up to 30 km to 60 km away at altitudes up to 18 000 m 30 31 32 33 Variants like Akash 1S and Akash NG have longer ranges higher accuracy higher mobility and lower reaction time 34 35 Anti tank missiles edit Main article Nag missile Nag also referred as Prospina is the currently serving third generation Fire and forget anti tank guided missile developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program IGMDP Nag has been developed at a cost of 3 billion US 37 6 million 36 Nag has an operational range from 500 m to 20 km 12 mi and first shot hit probability exceeding 90 37 Nag also has its man portable helicopter mounted Stand off and IFV mounted versions 38 Besides Nag BDL s Amogha series is currently undergoing trials and will have land attack man portable and air launched variants 39 40 Armament Research and Development Establishment ARDE is testing a laser guided tank gun launched SAMHO missile able to destroy tanks and low flying helicopters 41 Besides state run programmes Indian private firms have been emerging with ATGM systems Tactical ballistic missiles edit Main articles Prithvi missile Prahaar missile and Pralay missile Prithvi missiles were tactical surface to surface short range ballistic missiles SRBM and were first ballistic missiles to be developed and enter service in India It goes from Prithvi I SS 150 with 150 km 93 mi range to Prithvi II SS 250 and Prithvi III SS 350 with ranges of up to 350 km 220 mi 42 Dhanush or navalised Prithvi is a system consisting of a stabilisation platform Bow and the Missile Arrow It is intended for the Indian Navy to be fired from ships against other ships or land targets Dhanush can fire modified versions of Prithvi II or Prithvi III with ranges high as 750 km 470 mi 43 Solid fueled Prahar and Pranash are being tested to replace existing Prithvi missiles 44 Export variant Pragati was exhibited in South Korea in 2013 but didn t receive any orders 45 46 Pralay is another battlefield range ballistic missile with better range being developed from PDV anti ballistic missile 47 Agni series and Surya edit Main article Agni missile nbsp Agni V ICBM The Agni missile series began as a Re Entry Vehicle project later rechristened as Agni Technology Demonstrator in the IGMDP It subsequently gave rise to the series of India s medium range intermediate range and intercontinental ballistic missiles Agni I Agni II and Agni III missiles were developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program 5 Longer range Agni IV and Agni V with intercontinental ranges and MIRV emerged in early 2010s as separate projects 48 Agni P an upgraded successor of Agni I and Agni II was tested in 2021 with ability to carry maneuverable reentry vehicle MaRV Agni P has improved propellant navigation and guided systems and reportedly can be used as an ASBM against aircraft carriers 49 Agni VI is another Intercontinental ballistic missile reported to be in rudimentary stages of development by India and until May 2012 was not officially confirmed by either the Government of India or the DRDO 50 Reportedly it will be able to be launched from submarines or from land and to strike a target of over 10 000 km 6 200 mi 50 with MIRV ed warheads 51 Top DRDO scientists have previously asserted that India has almost all the equipment and technology needed to develop ICBMs but where the warhead should go or what the range should be will have to be a political call 52 In 1995 in a report published by magazine Nonproliferation review DRDO was working on an ICBM called Surya with a range of 12 000 16 000 km 7 500 9 900 mi Although the actual status of missile always remained unknown in public domain 53 Sources have speculated that Agni VI might be Surya under new codename 54 Later Agni V would go on to acquire MIRV capabilities 55 56 K series edit Main article K Missile family K named after Abdul Kalam are submarine launched ballistic missiles SLBM of India SLBM variants of Agni missiles meant to arm India s nuclear submarines their ranges vary from medium range K 15 to intercontinental range K 6 missile 57 The Shaurya missile is a land attack variant of K 15 missile The missile has a hypersonic speed and a hybrid ballistic cruise trajectory 58 BrahMos edit Main articles BrahMos and BrahMos II BrahMos also known as PJ 10 are supersonic to hypersonic cruise missiles developed in collaboration between India and Russia BrahMos have land attack ship and submarine launched and air launched versions and are the fastest cruise missiles in world in operation The existing versions of missiles include supersonic land attack anti ship ship launched versions meanwhile longer range hypersonic and air launched versions are under development 59 60 Other cruise missile programs edit Main article Nirbhay Nirbhay is the Indian long range sub sonic Cruise Missile under development and testing expecting its air and submarine launched version after trials It was successfully test fired for second time from Balasore Orissa Able to travel at speed of 0 6 0 9 mach However its test on 12 October 2020 failed due to a technical snag It has succeeded in other tests before and has been approved for limited production in 2020 An upgraded version of the missile is reportedly under development It is currently deployed on LAC in limited numbers since 2020 due to 2020 China India standoff 61 62 Nirbhay project is now technically closed after completing six developmental trials The next phase of tests will happen from April 2020 under a new name called Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile ITCM It will include Short Turbo Fan Engine STFE developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment GTRE and a Radio frequency RF seeker from Research Centre Imarat RCI A separate air launched variant and submarine launched variant is under active development Several cruise missile systems are expected to be introduced from experience gained with Nirbhay 63 Astra edit Main article Astra missile Astra are India s fifth generation beyond visual range active radar homing air to air missile series 64 The current version in service has a range from 10 km 6 2 mi to 110 km 68 mi similar to AIM 120 AMRAAM while versions up to 350 km 220 mi and intermediate ranges are being developed 65 A surface to air missile variant VL SRSAM has also been developed from Astra to replace Indian navy s Barak 1 missiTN1 With supplementary Akash missile systems along it forms a surface to air missile system similar to American NASAM 2 65 Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme edit Main article Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme nbsp AAD anti ballistic missile In wake of missile threats from China and Pakistan the development of anti ballistic missiles began in the late 1990s The program consists of multiple phases and components Phase I of program is a double tiered system consisting of two land and sea based interceptor missiles namely the Prithvi Air Defence PAD missile for high altitude interception and the Advanced Air Defence AAD Missile for lower altitude interception The two tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5 000 kilometres away 66 The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars as well as command and control posts 67 Phase I is awaiting government s approval for installation over national capital 68 Phase II would include more potent AD 1 and AD 2 anti ballistic missiles capable of engaging without IRBMs ICBMs and hypersonic cruise missiles Prithvi Defence Vehicle PDV Mk 1 and II are also under trials to intercept missiles at higher altitude and longer ranges and replace existing PAD 69 PDV Mk 2 has also demonstrated anti satellite capability 70 Other systems edit Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle HSTDV is a technology demonstrator aimed to demonstrate autonomous flight of a Scramjet Integrated Vehicle using ethylene The technology is expected to become the basis of India s hypersonic missiles and aircraft in future 71 India has developed an Anti Radiation Missile ARM that will help to destroy enemy advance warning systems This was named as Rudram 1 with a range of 100 250 km 72 Production of the ARM is being done on a priority basis by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory DRDL which specialises in missile development Such missiles can be mounted on the Sukhoi Su 30 MKI fighter planes 73 List of guided missiles editMain article List of Indian military missiles This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Air to air edit Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref Astra missile Astra Mk1 active radar homing beyond visual range air to air missile 110 km 68 mi Mach 4 5 High explosive pre fragmented warhead 2018 In Service 74 75 Astra Mk2 active radar homing beyond visual range air to air missile 160 km 99 mi High explosive pre fragmented warhead TBD In trials 76 77 78 Astra Mk3 active radar homing beyond visual range air to air missile 350 km 220 mi High explosive pre fragmented warhead TBD In trials 76 Novator KS 172 beyond visual range air to air missile 200 to 300 km 120 to 190 mi Mach 3 3 High explosive fragmentated directional warhead 2007 In Service 79 Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology demonstration testbed for future beyond visual range missile air to air missile 350 km 220 mi Mach 4 5 80 TBD In trials 81 82 MICA missile beyond visual range air to air missile 500 m to 60 km Mach 4 2012 In service 83 Anti radiation edit Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref Rudram 1 Anti radiation missile 150 km 93 mi 84 Conventional TBD Under development 85 Rudram 2 Air to surface anti radiation missile 300 km 190 mi Conventional TBD Under development 86 Rudram 3 Air to surface missile 550 km 340 mi Conventional TBD Under development 87 Anti satellite edit See also Mission Shakti nbsp Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2 Family Name Type Interception altitude Warhead Introduction Status Ref Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark II Exo atmospheric Hit to kill anti ballistic missile 1 200 km 750 mi Kinetic kill vehicle Unknown Being tested 88 Anti ship edit Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref NASM SR Short range anti ship missile 55 km Conventional or nuclear 100 kg TBD In user trials 89 90 Naval anti ship missile MR Medium range anti ship missile 150 250 km Conventional 150 kg TBD In development 89 90 BrahMos Brahmos A Anti ship cruise missile 400 km Conventional or nuclear In Service Anti submarine edit Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref SMART Long range anti submarine missile 643 km Conventional 50 kg TBD In development 91 Anti tank edit Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref DRDO Anti Tank Missile Wire guided first generation anti tank missile 1 6 km 0 99 mi HEAT Cancelled 15 Nag missile Prospina Third generation land attack ATGM 4 km 2 5 mi Tandem charge high explosive anti tank 2016 In service 92 HeliNa Dhruvastra Air launched ATGM 10 km 6 2 mi TBD Being Inducted 93 Stand off Anti Tank missile Standoff Air launched ATGM 20 km 12 mi TBD Development trials 94 MPATGM Man portable anti tank missile 2 5 km 1 6 mi TBD Developmental trials 95 Amogha missile Amogha 1 Second generation anti tank guided missile 2 8 km 1 7 mi HEAT TBD Developmental trials 96 Air launched Amogha Air launched anti tank missile HEAT TBD Proposed 97 Man portable Amogha Man portable anti tank missile HEAT TBD Proposed 97 SAMHO Cannon launched ATGM 5 km 3 1 mi Tandem HEAT TBD Developmental trials 98 99 100 Ballistic edit Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref Prithvi missile Prithvi I SS 150 surface to surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km 93 mi Conventional or nuclear 1994 Being withdrawn by 2030 101 Prithvi II SS 250 surface to surface short range ballistic missile 250 to 350 km 160 to 220 mi Conventional or nuclear 2003 Being withdrawn by 2030 102 Prithvi III SS 350 surface to surface short range ballistic missile 350 to 600 km 220 to 370 mi Conventional or nuclear 2004 In Service 103 Dhanush surface to surface Anti ship ballistic missile 350 to 750 km 220 to 470 mi Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service 104 Agni missile Agni I surface to surface medium range ballistic missile 900 to 1 200 km 560 to 750 mi Conventional or nuclear 2002 In Service 105 Agni P surface to surface medium range ballistic missile 1 000 to 2 000 km 620 to 1 240 mi Conventional or nuclear 2021 In development 106 Agni II surface to surface medium range ballistic missile 2 000 to 3 500 km 1 200 to 2 200 mi Conventional or nuclear 2010 In Service 107 Agni III surface to surface intermediate range ballistic missile 3 500 to 5 000 km 2 200 to 3 100 mi Conventional or nuclear 2011 In Service 108 Agni IV surface to surface intermediate range ballistic missile 4 000 km 2 500 mi Conventional or nuclear 2014 In Service 109 Agni V surface to surface intercontinental ballistic missile 5 500 to 8 000 km 3 400 to 5 000 mi Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service 110 Agni VI surface to surface intercontinental ballistic missile 10 000 to 12 000 km 6 200 to 7 500 mi Conventional or nuclear TBD In development 111 Surya missile surface to surface intercontinental ballistic missile 16 000 km 9 900 mi Conventional or nuclear Unknown Unconfirmed 112 K missile family K 15 Sagarika short range submarine launched ballistic missile 750 km 470 mi Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service 113 K 4 medium range submarine launched ballistic missile 3 500 km 2 200 mi Conventional or nuclear TBD In Service 114 K 5 intermediate range submarine launched ballistic missile IR SLBM 5 000 km 3 100 mi Conventional or nuclear TBD In development 115 K 6 intercontinental submarine launched ballistic missile IC SLBM 6 000 to 8 000 km 3 700 to 5 000 mi Conventional or nuclear TBD In development 115 Prahaar Prahaar surface to surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km 93 mi Conventional or nuclear TBD In trials 116 Pragati surface to surface tactical ballistic missile 170 km 110 mi Conventional For export In development 117 118 Pranash surface to surface tactical ballistic missile 200 km 120 mi Conventional TBD In development 119 Pralay surface to surface short range ballistic missile SRBM 500 km 310 mi Conventional TBD In service 120 Cruise edit Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref BrahMos BrahMos Block I Supersonic Ship launched anti ship land attack cruise missile 290 km 180 mi Mach 3 Conventional or nuclear 2007 In service 121 Supersonic Land launched land attack anti ship cruise missile 290 km 180 mi 2008 2010 In service BrahMos Block II Supersonic Land launched land attack cruise missile 290 km 180 mi 2012 In service BrahMos Block III Supersonic Land launched land attack cruise missile 290 km 180 mi 2013 In service BrahMos A Supersonic Air launched land attack anti ship cruise missile 400 km 250 mi 2020 In service Submarine launched BrahMos Supersonic Submarine launched anti ship land attack cruise missile 290 km 180 mi 2013 In service BrahMos ER Multi platform multirole supersonic cruise missile 600 km 370 mi 2022 In service BrahMos NG Multi platform multirole supersonic cruise missile 290 km 180 mi TBD In development BrahMos II Hypersonic cruise missile 600 1 000 km 370 620 mi Mach 8 Conventional or nuclear TBD In development 60 Nirbhay missile Subsonic land attack cruise missile 1 000 1 500 km 620 930 mi Mach 0 9 Conventional or nuclear 2019 In service 122 61 Surface to air edit Family Name Type Maximum range Interception altitude Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref VSHORAD India Very Short range surface to air missile 6 km 3 7 mi 3 5 km 2 2 mi Mach 1 5 High explosive In development trials 123 Trishul missile Short range surface to air missile 9 km 5 6 mi Mach 1 High explosive 1983 Retired 24 Akash missile Akash Mk I Medium range surface to air missile 30 km 19 mi 18 km 11 mi Mach 2 8 3 5 High explosive pre fragmented warhead 2009 In service 124 Akash Mk II 40 km 25 mi 20 km 12 mi High explosive pre fragmented warhead TBA Developmental trials 125 Akash NG 70 km 43 mi 20 km 12 mi High explosive pre fragmented warhead TBA Developmental trials 126 127 128 Maitri missile Quick reaction surface to air missile 30 km 19 mi The proposal has been shelved and superseded by the QRSAM and VL SRSAM missiles for the use of the Indian Army and Indian Navy respectively QRSAM Quick reaction surface to air missile 30 km 19 mi 10 km 6 2 mi 2022 Being inducted 129 VL SRSAM Short range surface to air missile 50 km 31 mi High explosive pre fragmented warhead Being tested 130 SAMAR Air Defence System Short range surface to air missile 12 40 km 7 5 24 9 mi High explosive pre fragmented warhead In use 131 132 Barak 8 MRSAM Medium range surface to air missile 70 km 43 mi 16 km 9 9 mi Mach 2 Proximity censor based 2020 In service 133 LRSAM Long range surface to air missile 100 km 62 mi 16 km 9 9 mi Proximity censor based 2019 In service 134 S 400 400 km ER SAM Extended range surface to air missile 250 km 160 mi High explosive TBD In development XR SAM Long range surface to air missile 400 km 250 mi High explosive TBD In development 135 136 Ballistic Missile Defence edit Family Name Type Maximum range Interception altitude Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref Phase I of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Air Defence Exo atmospheric anti ballistic missile 300 km 190 mi 2 000 km 1 200 mi 50 km 31 mi 180 km 110 mi 137 Mach 5 Proximity fuze 2006 Being inducted 138 Advanced Air Defence Endo atmospheric anti ballistic missile 150 km 93 mi 15 km 9 3 mi 40 km 25 mi 137 Mach 4 5 Hit to kill 2007 Being inducted 139 Prithvi Defence Vehicle Exo atmospheric anti ballistic missile 2 000 km 1 200 mi 150 km 93 mi Hit to kill 2019 In trials 140 Phase II of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark II Exo atmospheric anti ballistic missile 1 200 km 750 mi Hit to kill TBD Developmental trials 141 AD 1 Anti ballistic missile 5 000 km 3 100 mi 142 TBA Hit to kill TBD In development 143 144 AD 2 Anti ballistic missile TBA TBA Hit to kill TBD In development Other systems edit Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref K missile family Shaurya missile Hypersonic surface to surface tactical missile 700 km 430 mi Mach 7 5 Conventional or nuclear 2011 In service 145 Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle Testbed for development of hypersonic systems Mach 12 2019 Being tested 146 Guided and unguided rocket systems editFamily Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref Pinaka multi barrel rocket launcher Pinaka Mk I Multiple rocket launcher 40 km 25 mi Various 1998 In service 147 Pinaka Mk II Guided Pinaka 90 km 56 mi Various TBA In trials 148 Indian long range MRL Multiple rocket launcher 120 km 75 mi Various TBD In development 149 Research and development organisations editCurrent missile research and development in India happens under the Defence Research and Development Laboratory DRDL and a group of laboratories collectively called the Missile Complex Laboratories 150 Interim Test Range Bharat Dynamics Limited Manufactures the missile and also has an associated R amp D lab Composite Products Development Centre Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory Develops materials for defence and space usage Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex Houses following 3 laboratories Advanced Systems Laboratory Research and development on motors jet vanes and structures for launch vehicles and missiles Research Centre Imarat Develops navigation and electromechanical actuation systems Defence Research and Development Laboratory DRDL famous for its contributions to Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme IGMDP Develops mission control software and among other missile related technologies High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Develops propellant and explosives Missile Complex Laboratories These laboratories were earlier part of the DRDL or set up under them but all are now independent entities Missile Systems Quality Assurance Agency Vehicle Research and Development Establishment Develops missile launchers HTNP Industries Develops Hypersonic missile warheads Nuclear capable and non nuclear capable 151 See also edit nbsp India portal Indian Armed Forces India China Border Roads Indian Human Spaceflight Programme Indian weapons of mass destruction Indian military satellitesNotes and references editCitations edit Kampani Gaurav 2003 Stakeholders in the Indian Strategic Missile Program PDF Non proliferation Review 10 3 James Martin Center for Non Proliferation Studies 48 70 via Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey References edit a b A Bowdoin Van Riper 29 October 2007 Rockets and Missiles The Life Story of a Technology JHU Press pp 14 ISBN 978 0 8018 8792 5 Defence Forces of India Part III PDF time4education com August 2005 Retrieved 17 July 2009 a b Vishwakarma Arun S Strategic Missiles Indian Defence Review 22 1 Retrieved 17 July 2009 Subramanian T S Silver jubilee of the first successful SLV 3 Frontiline Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 Retrieved 8 February 2018 a b c d 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Test in June Archived 11 July 2009 at the Wayback MachineThe interceptor rocket has a liquid fuelled first stage that uses two propellants and oxidisers and a solid fuel second stage with a gas thruster that can turn the rocket at more than five Gs The missile carries sensors to guide it to its target Interceptor missile scores direct hit The Hindu 7 December 2007 Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 Retrieved 24 November 2019 India test fires high speed interceptor missile off Odisha coast Archived from the original on 12 February 2019 Retrieved 24 November 2019 India s DRDO reveals additional details of recent ASAT missile test Jane s 360 Retrieved 24 November 2019 Negi Manjeet 4 November 2022 India can destroy enemy missiles fired at it from 5000 km away says DRDO India Today Retrieved 4 November 2022 India Developing Defence System For More Capable Missiles Senior Officer NDTV com Interview Secretary department of defence R amp D and chairman Defence Research and 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