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Governorate of Estonia

January 05, 2023

For the governorate from 1917–1918, see Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.

The Governorate of Estonia,[1] also known as the Governorate of Esthonia[2] (Pre-reformed Russian: Эстля́ндская губе́рнія, tr. Estlyandskaya guberniya)[a] was a governorate in the Baltic region, along with the Livonian and Courland Governorates. It is a part of the Imperial Russian administration (guberniya), which is located in modern-day northern Estonia and some islands in the West Estonian archipelago, including the islands of Hiiumaa (Dagö) and Vormsi (Worms). The Governorate was established in 1796 when Paul I's reform abolished the Viceroyalty (namestnik). Previously, the Reval Governorate existed under Peter I's reign from the Treaty of Nystad, which ceded territory from Sweden to the newly established Russian Empire, until its inexistence in 1783.

Governorate of Estonia
Est(h)ländisches Gouvernement
Эстля́ндская губе́рния
Eestimaa kubermang
Governorate of the Russian Empire
1796–1917

Location in the Russian Empire (as of 1914)
CapitalReval (Tallinn)
Area 
• 
20,246.7 km2 (7,817.3 sq mi)
Population 
• (1897)
412,716
History
History 
• Established (de facto)
9 June 1719
• Established (de jure)
10 September 1796
• Renamed
1796
• Autonomy granted
12 April 1917

Subdivisions or Kreise of Estonia Governorate
Political subdivisions5
Today part ofEstonia
German and Russian map of the Governorate of Estonia

From the 1850s until 1914, the Estonian national awakening was influenced and characterized the governorate by general modernization, the reorganization into a modern European society, and the success of the newly emerged nationalist awareness,[3] which realized themselves as Estonians. The accession of Alexander III in 1881 marked the beginning of a period of more rigid Russification. The previous Baltic civil and criminal codes were replaced with Russian ones, and the Russian language replaced the German and Estonian languages. When the Russian Revolution of 1905 spread into Estonia, Jaan Tõnisson founded the National Liberal Party and organized its first congress in Tallinn on 27 November, demanding political autonomy for Estonia. In response, the Russian government suppressed the revolution by declaring martial law. Following that, 328 Estonians were repressed by being shot or hanged, and Konstantin Päts and the radical leader Jaan Teemant fled abroad.[4]

In March 1917, following the February Revolution, the governorate was given northern territory from the Governorate of Livonia and granted autonomy on 12 April 1917, forming the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. Which lasted for years, until 24 February 1918. When the Committee declared the nation's independence in the city of Pärnu, the governorate was fully abolished.

Until the late 19th century the governorate was administered independently by the local Baltic German nobility through a feudal Regional Council (German: Landtag).[5]

History

Initially named the Reval Governorate after the city of Reval (today known as Tallinn), the Governorate originated in 1719 from territories which Russia conquered from Sweden in the course of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721. Sweden formally ceded its former dominion of Swedish Estonia to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. During subsequent administrative reordering, the governorate was renamed in 1796 as the Governorate of Estonia. While the rule of the Swedish kings had been fairly liberal with greater autonomy granted for the peasantry, the regime tightened under the Russian tsars and serfdom was not abolished until 1819.[citation needed]

The governorate consisted the northern part of the present-day Estonia, approximately corresponding to: Harju, Lääne-Viru, Ida-Viru, Rapla, Järva, Lääne and Hiiu counties and a small portion of Pärnu County.

After the Russian February Revolution, on 12 April [O.S. 30 March] 1917 the governorate expanded to include northern Livonia, thereby forming the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia which existed less than a year, until February 1918.

Subdivisions

The governorate was subdivided into uyezds (German: Kreis).[6]

County County Town Arms of County Town Area Population
(1897 census)[7]
Name in German Name in Russian
Wierland Везенбергский Wesenberg
 
 7,143.2 km2
(2,758.0 sq mi)		 120,230
Jerwen Вейсенштейнский Weissenstein
 
 2,871.2 km2
(1,108.6 sq mi)		 52,673
Wiek Гапсальский Hapsal
 
 4,697.9 km2
(1,813.9 sq mi)		 82,077
Harrien Ревельский Reval
 
 5,739.5 km2
(2,216.0 sq mi)		 157,736

Former Subdivisions

  • Kreis Baltischport – Baltischport (now Paldiski; 1783–1796)

Leaders of the governorate

Language

Language number percentage (%) males females
Estonian 365,959 88.67 176,972 188,987
Russian 20,439 4.95 12,441 7,998
German 16,037 3.88 6,991 9,046
Swedish 5,768 1.39 2,725 3,043
Yiddish 1,269 0.3 852 417
Polish 1,237 0.29 921 316
Did not name
their native language 		15 >0.01 8 7
Other[9] 1,992 0.48 1,499 493
Total 412,716 100 202,409 210,307
Livonian ConfederationTerra MarianaEstonian SSRDuchy of Livonia (1721–1917)Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)Duchy of Estonia (1721–1917)Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)Danish EstoniaDanish EstoniaEstoniaAncient EstoniaHistory of Estonia

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Modern spelling: Эстля́ндская губе́рния; German: Est(h)ländisches Gouvernement; Estonian: Eestimaa kubermang

References

  1. ^ The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 By LtCol Andrew Parrott. 19 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ William Henry Beable (1919), "Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Esthonia", Russian Gazetteer and Guide, London: Russian Outlook
  3. ^ "National awakening". Estonica.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Estonian national awakening". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  5. ^ Smith, David James (2005). The Baltic States and Their Region. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1666-8.
  6. ^ Эстляндская губерния (in Russian). Руниверс. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  7. ^ Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 года. Эстляндская губерния (in Russian)
  8. ^ Language Statistics of 1897 (in Russian)
  9. ^ Languages of which number of speakers in all Governorate were less than 1000

Further reading

  • Sergey Plescheef [ru] (1792). "Northern Region: Government of Revel". Survey of the Russian Empire. Translated by James Smirnove (3rd ed.). London: J. Debrett. hdl:2027/hvd.hw2q8w – via Hathi Trust.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Coordinates: 59°26′14″N 24°44′43″E / 59.43722°N 24.74528°E / 59.43722; 24.74528

January 05, 2023
governorate, estonia, governorate, from, 1917, 1918, autonomous, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, estonian, january, 2021, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, esto. For the governorate from 1917 1918 see Autonomous Governorate of Estonia This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Estonian January 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Estonian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Estonian Wikipedia article at et Eestimaa kubermang see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated et Eestimaa kubermang to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Governorate of Estonia 1 also known as the Governorate of Esthonia 2 Pre reformed Russian Estlya ndskaya gube rniya tr Estlyandskaya guberniya a was a governorate in the Baltic region along with the Livonian and Courland Governorates It is a part of the Imperial Russian administration guberniya which is located in modern day northern Estonia and some islands in the West Estonian archipelago including the islands of Hiiumaa Dago and Vormsi Worms The Governorate was established in 1796 when Paul I s reform abolished the Viceroyalty namestnik Previously the Reval Governorate existed under Peter I s reign from the Treaty of Nystad which ceded territory from Sweden to the newly established Russian Empire until its inexistence in 1783 Governorate of EstoniaEst h landisches GouvernementEstlya ndskaya gube rniyaEestimaa kubermangGovernorate of the Russian Empire1796 1917Flag Coat of armsLocation in the Russian Empire as of 1914 CapitalReval Tallinn Area 20 246 7 km2 7 817 3 sq mi Population 1897 412 716HistoryHistory Established de facto 9 June 1719 Established de jure 10 September 1796 Renamed1796 Autonomy granted12 April 1917Subdivisions or Kreise of Estonia GovernoratePolitical subdivisions5Preceded by Succeeded bySwedish Estonia 1917 Autonomous Governorate of EstoniaToday part ofEstoniaGerman and Russian map of the Governorate of Estonia From the 1850s until 1914 the Estonian national awakening was influenced and characterized the governorate by general modernization the reorganization into a modern European society and the success of the newly emerged nationalist awareness 3 which realized themselves as Estonians The accession of Alexander III in 1881 marked the beginning of a period of more rigid Russification The previous Baltic civil and criminal codes were replaced with Russian ones and the Russian language replaced the German and Estonian languages When the Russian Revolution of 1905 spread into Estonia Jaan Tonisson founded the National Liberal Party and organized its first congress in Tallinn on 27 November demanding political autonomy for Estonia In response the Russian government suppressed the revolution by declaring martial law Following that 328 Estonians were repressed by being shot or hanged and Konstantin Pats and the radical leader Jaan Teemant fled abroad 4 In March 1917 following the February Revolution the governorate was given northern territory from the Governorate of Livonia and granted autonomy on 12 April 1917 forming the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia Which lasted for years until 24 February 1918 When the Committee declared the nation s independence in the city of Parnu the governorate was fully abolished Until the late 19th century the governorate was administered independently by the local Baltic German nobility through a feudal Regional Council German Landtag 5 Contents 1 History 2 Subdivisions 2 1 Former Subdivisions 3 Leaders of the governorate 4 Language 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further readingHistory EditInitially named the Reval Governorate after the city of Reval today known as Tallinn the Governorate originated in 1719 from territories which Russia conquered from Sweden in the course of the Great Northern War of 1700 1721 Sweden formally ceded its former dominion of Swedish Estonia to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721 During subsequent administrative reordering the governorate was renamed in 1796 as the Governorate of Estonia While the rule of the Swedish kings had been fairly liberal with greater autonomy granted for the peasantry the regime tightened under the Russian tsars and serfdom was not abolished until 1819 citation needed The governorate consisted the northern part of the present day Estonia approximately corresponding to Harju Laane Viru Ida Viru Rapla Jarva Laane and Hiiu counties and a small portion of Parnu County After the Russian February Revolution on 12 April O S 30 March 1917 the governorate expanded to include northern Livonia thereby forming the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia which existed less than a year until February 1918 Subdivisions EditThe governorate was subdivided into uyezds German Kreis 6 County County Town Arms of County Town Area Population 1897 census 7 Name in German Name in RussianWierland Vezenbergskij Wesenberg 7 143 2 km2 2 758 0 sq mi 120 230Jerwen Vejsenshtejnskij Weissenstein 2 871 2 km2 1 108 6 sq mi 52 673Wiek Gapsalskij Hapsal 4 697 9 km2 1 813 9 sq mi 82 077Harrien Revelskij Reval 5 739 5 km2 2 216 0 sq mi 157 736Former Subdivisions Edit Kreis Baltischport Baltischport now Paldiski 1783 1796 Leaders of the governorate Edit1710 1711 Rudolph Felix Bauer General Governor 1711 1719 Prince Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov General Governor 1719 1728 Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin General Governor 1728 1736 Friedrich Freiherr von Lowen 1736 1738 Ernst Sebastian von Manstein 1738 1740 Gustaf Otto Douglas 1740 1743 Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar Graf von Lowendal 1743 1753 Peter August Friedrich Duke of Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Beck 1696 1775 1753 1758 Prince Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukiy 1758 1775 Peter August Friedrich Duke of Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Beck General Governor 1775 1792 Count George Browne General Governor 1783 1786 Georg Friedrich von Grotenhielm 1786 1797 Heinrich Johann Freiherr von Wrangell 1797 1808 Andreas von Langell 1808 1809 Duke Peter Friedrich Georg of Oldenburg 1809 1811 vacant 1811 1816 Duke Paul Friedrich August of Oldenburg 1816 1819 Berend Freiherr von Uexkull 1819 1832 Gotthard Wilhelm Freiherr von Budberg Bonninghausen 1832 1833 Otto Wilhelm von Essen 1833 1841 Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff 1842 1859 Johann Christoph Engelbrecht von Grunewaldt 1859 1868 Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander von Ulrich 1868 1870 Mikhail Nikolaiyevich Galkin Vraskoy 1870 1875 Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoy Glebov Strezhnev 1875 1885 Viktor Petrovich Polivanov 1885 1894 Prince Sergey Vladimirovich Shakhovskoy 1894 1902 Yefstafiy Nikolaiyevich Skalon 1902 1905 Aleksey Valerianovich Bellegarde 16 March 1905 October 1905 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Lopukhin 1905 1906 Nikolay Georgiyevich von Bunting 1906 1907 Pyotr Petrovich Bashilov 1907 1915 Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovets 1915 1917 Pyotr Vladimirovich VeryovkinLanguage EditAccording to the Imperial census of 1897 8 In bold are languages spoken by more people than the state language Language number percentage males femalesEstonian 365 959 88 67 176 972 188 987Russian 20 439 4 95 12 441 7 998German 16 037 3 88 6 991 9 046Swedish 5 768 1 39 2 725 3 043Yiddish 1 269 0 3 852 417Polish 1 237 0 29 921 316Did not name their native language 15 gt 0 01 8 7Other 9 1 992 0 48 1 499 493Total 412 716 100 202 409 210 307See also EditAdministrative divisions of Russia in 1719 1725 History of Estonia Part of Imperial Russia Baltic governoratesFootnotes Edit Modern spelling Estlya ndskaya gube rniya German Est h landisches Gouvernement Estonian Eestimaa kubermangReferences Edit The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 By LtCol Andrew Parrott Archived 19 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine William Henry Beable 1919 Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire Esthonia Russian Gazetteer and Guide London Russian Outlook National awakening Estonica org Retrieved 29 July 2022 Estonian national awakening Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 29 July 2022 Smith David James 2005 The Baltic States and Their Region Rodopi ISBN 978 90 420 1666 8 Estlyandskaya guberniya in Russian Runivers Retrieved 22 December 2013 Pervaya Vseobshaya perepis naseleniya Rossijskoj imperii 1897 goda Estlyandskaya guberniya in Russian Language Statistics of 1897 in Russian Languages of which number of speakers in all Governorate were less than 1000Further reading EditSergey Plescheef ru 1792 Northern Region Government of Revel Survey of the Russian Empire Translated by James Smirnove 3rd ed London J Debrett hdl 2027 hvd hw2q8w via Hathi Trust a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Coordinates 59 26 14 N 24 44 43 E 59 43722 N 24 74528 E 59 43722 24 74528 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Governorate of Estonia amp oldid 1123976291, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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