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Gaylussacia frondosa

January 01, 1970

Gaylussacia frondosa is a species of flowering plant in the heath family known by the common names dangleberry and blue huckleberry. It is native to the eastern United States, where it occurs from New Hampshire to South Carolina.[2][3]

Gaylussacia frondosa

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Gaylussacia
Species:
G. frondosa
Binomial name
Gaylussacia frondosa
(L.) Torr. & A.Gray ex Torr. 1843
Synonyms[1]
List
  • Vaccinium frondosum L. 1753
  • Adnaria frondosa (Torr. & A.Gray) Kuntze
  • Decachaena frondosa (L.) Small
  • Decamerium frondosum (L.) Nutt.
  • Vaccinium decamerocarpon Dunal
  • Vaccinium glaucum Lam.
  • Vaccinium tomentosum Pursh ex A.Gray
  • Vaccinium venustum Aiton

This shrub grows up to two meters (80 inches) tall. The plant spreads via rhizome, sprouting up new stems to form colonies. The leaves are up to 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) long by 3 cm (1.2 inches) wide. They are hairy and glandular. The inflorescence contains 1 to 4 flowers that hang on pedicels up to 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) long. The flower is bell-shaped and greenish white. The fruit is a juicy, sweet-tasting drupe which is usually blue but may be black or white.[2]

This plant grows on the Atlantic coastal plain. It grows in wooded areas and next to bogs and swamps. It is common in the pine barrens of New Jersey. It grows on acidic soils low in nutrients. It grows with other related plants such as highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), hillside blueberry (V. pallidum), Lyonia spp., sheep-laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), dwarf huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa), and black huckleberry (G. baccata).[4]

Many animals eat the berries and disperse the seeds.[4]

Description edit

The stems are round and may be brown, green or red and can have some hairs present.[5]  

The bell-shaped and greenish white flowers blooms in late springtime, usually in May and June.[6]

The fruiting period for Gaylussacia frondosa begins in the summer, usually July through August. During this time the loose hanging fruits turn from green to dark blue and black as they mature.[5]

The plant spreads via rhizome within small patches, sprouting up new stems to form colonies. Two or more stems may branch up above the surface from the larger rhizome system below, usually around 2–6 feet apart.[7] These rhizomes are often confined to the humus layer along with the roots of the plants. These branches of rhizomes create larger colonies of the plant over time. New colonies can be created when animals eats the berries and disperse the seeds.

Although the plant grows in similar habitats and looks very similar to the plant Gaylussacia baccata, the leaves of Dangleberry can be distinguished by their often pale green leaves that are typically more pale below than on G. baccata. When squeezed, the leaf of G. baccata produces a glandular, sticky yellow resin from both sides, but only the bottom of G. frondosa produces this resin.[8]

Taxonomy edit

Gaylussacia frondosa was once more widely circumscribed, encompassing three varieties; however, G. frondosa var. nana and G. frondosa var. tomentosa are now widely recognized at species level, as Gaylussacia nana and Gaylussacia tomentosa.[2]

Synonyms for this plant include both Vaccinium frondosum (L.) and Decachaena frondosa (L.).[9][10][11]

Distribution and habitat edit

This plant is native to the East coast of the United States from New Hampshire and as far west and south as Mississippi.[12] It grows in wooded areas and next to bogs and swamps. It is found in the wetland regions of Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, Eastern Mountains and Piedmont, and Northcentral & Northeast. The wetland indicator status of this shrub is facultative in all three wetland regions it is present in.[13]

It is very common in the pine barrens of New Jersey and the eastern piedmont and coastal plain of North and South Carolina.[14][8] It most often grows in areas with acidic soils low in nutrients and a shallow organic layer. Blue huckleberry colonies are often found in habitats such as the maritime forest, cedar swamp, hardwood swamp, pine lowland communities.[7][15] They are also commonly found in disturbed areas such as roadsides and annually burned pinelands.[16]

Gaylussacia frondosa is often found near other similar ericaceous shrubs such as the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), hillside blueberry (V. pallidum), Lyonia spp., sheep-laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), dwarf huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa), and black huckleberry (G. baccata).[4].[17][18]

Ecology edit

Dangleberry is known to provide both food and shelter to wildlife.[19] The low shrub can provide cover for small mammals and birds. Many birds, including sharp-tailed grouse, greater prairie chicken, wild turkey, and mourning dove as well as mammals like black bears and racoon eat the berries. These animals and many more eat the berries and disperse the seeds.[20] The stems can also be eaten by white-tailed deer and cottontail rabbit.[21]

This plant is also known to be valuable for pollinators, especially insect pollinators.[22] These pollinators often feed on the nectar of the pink or white flowers when they bloom from the plant in the spring. Butterflies especially are attracted to Gaylussacia frondosa for its flower nectar. Blue huckleberry is a host plant for the larvae of Callophrys henrici, also known as Henry's Elfin butterfly, which appear from February to May.[5]

Fire ecology edit

Gaylussacia frondosa is considered to be a highly fire tolerant shrub. Low-intensity fires have been found to encourage vegetative growth in this plant and stimulate sprouting.[23] Although the parts of the plant exposed above the ground are often destroyed by the fires, rhizomes beneath the surface often survive and sprout from dormant buds following fire events.[24][25] This shrub can be found in many habitats have relatively high fire frequency.

Despite being highly fire tolerant plants, high intensity fires that damage the humus layer may reduce or eliminate Blue Huckleberry from a site by destroying the underlying rhizomes.[21] When the rhizomes below the surface are destroyed, the plant can only be reintroduced to an area through dispersal by animals. In addition, fires that are too frequent could also badly damage these root systems and reduce populations of this shrub.

Uses edit

When ripe, the fruits found on this plant are edible. The small berries can be picked fresh and eaten raw or cooked.[26] The fruits can be used in pudding.[27][28]

References edit

  1. ^ The Plant List, Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & A.Gray
  2. ^ a b c Gaylussacia frondosa. Flora of North America.
  3. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  4. ^ a b Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Gaylussacia frondosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  5. ^ a b c "Gaylussacia frondosa (Blue Huckleberry, Dangleberry) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  6. ^ "Gaylussacia frondosa in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  7. ^ a b Laycock, William A. (1967). Distribution of Roots and Rhizomes in Different Soil Types in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  8. ^ a b "Vascular Plants of North Carolina". auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  9. ^ "ITIS - Report: Gaylussacia frondosa". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  10. ^ "Gaylussacia frondosa | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  11. ^ "Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & A.Gray | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  12. ^ "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  13. ^ "NWPL Species v3.4-f9b". wetland-plants.usace.army.mil. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  14. ^ "Common Plants of the New Jersey Pinelands". nj.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  15. ^ "Plants - Cape Hatteras National Seashore (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  16. ^ Komarek, R.; McDaniel, Sidney; Norris, R. A.; Pittman, Bert; Boyle, Kathy; Brown, Herrick. "Florida State University Herbarium Database". herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  17. ^ Laderman, Aimlee D.; Brody, Michael; Pendleton, Edward (1989). "The ecology of Atlantic white cedar wetlands: a community profile". U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Research Center.
  18. ^ "Gaylussacia frondosa - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas". newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  19. ^ "Native Shrubs for Plantings as Wildlife Food | Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  20. ^ "Gaylussacia frondosa". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  21. ^ a b "Gaylussacia frondosa". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  22. ^ Rathcke, Beverly (1988). "Interactions for Pollination among Coflowering Shrubs". Ecology. 69 (2): 446–457. doi:10.2307/1940443. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 1940443.
  23. ^ "Gaylussacia frondosa". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  24. ^ Buell, Murray F.; Cantlon, John E. (1 July 1953). "Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ground Cover in the New Jersey Pine Region". Ecology. 34 (3): 520–528. doi:10.2307/1929724. JSTOR 1929724. S2CID 84481807.
  25. ^ Cohen, Susan; Braham, Richard; Sanchez, Felipe (30 November 2004). "Seed Bank Viability in Disturbed Longleaf Pine Sites". Restoration Ecology. 12 (4): 503–515. doi:10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00382.x. ISSN 1061-2971.
  26. ^ Hammer, Roger L. (2023-09-08). Foraging Florida: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible and Medicinal Wild Foods in Florida. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4930-6980-4.
  27. ^ "New York Metropolitan Flora". nymf.bbg.org. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
  28. ^ Sturtevant, E. Lewis; Hedrick, U. P. (1919). Sturtevant's notes on edible plants. Albany: J.B. Lyon. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.24577. ISBN 0-486-20459-6.

External links edit

  • The Nature Conservancy
  • Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of North Carolina

January 01, 1970
gaylussacia, frondosa, species, flowering, plant, heath, family, known, common, names, dangleberry, blue, huckleberry, native, eastern, united, states, where, occurs, from, hampshire, south, carolina, conservation, status, secure, natureserve, scientific, clas. Gaylussacia frondosa is a species of flowering plant in the heath family known by the common names dangleberry and blue huckleberry It is native to the eastern United States where it occurs from New Hampshire to South Carolina 2 3 Gaylussacia frondosa Conservation status Secure NatureServe Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Ericales Family Ericaceae Genus Gaylussacia Species G frondosa Binomial name Gaylussacia frondosa L Torr amp A Gray ex Torr 1843 Synonyms 1 List Vaccinium frondosum L 1753Adnaria frondosa Torr amp A Gray KuntzeDecachaena frondosa L SmallDecamerium frondosum L Nutt Vaccinium decamerocarpon DunalVaccinium glaucum Lam Vaccinium tomentosum Pursh ex A GrayVaccinium venustum Aiton This shrub grows up to two meters 80 inches tall The plant spreads via rhizome sprouting up new stems to form colonies The leaves are up to 6 centimeters 2 4 inches long by 3 cm 1 2 inches wide They are hairy and glandular The inflorescence contains 1 to 4 flowers that hang on pedicels up to 2 centimeters 0 8 inch long The flower is bell shaped and greenish white The fruit is a juicy sweet tasting drupe which is usually blue but may be black or white 2 This plant grows on the Atlantic coastal plain It grows in wooded areas and next to bogs and swamps It is common in the pine barrens of New Jersey It grows on acidic soils low in nutrients It grows with other related plants such as highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum hillside blueberry V pallidum Lyonia spp sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens dwarf huckleberry Gaylussacia dumosa and black huckleberry G baccata 4 Many animals eat the berries and disperse the seeds 4 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Fire ecology 6 Uses 7 References 8 External linksDescription editThe stems are round and may be brown green or red and can have some hairs present 5 The bell shaped and greenish white flowers blooms in late springtime usually in May and June 6 The fruiting period for Gaylussacia frondosa begins in the summer usually July through August During this time the loose hanging fruits turn from green to dark blue and black as they mature 5 The plant spreads via rhizome within small patches sprouting up new stems to form colonies Two or more stems may branch up above the surface from the larger rhizome system below usually around 2 6 feet apart 7 These rhizomes are often confined to the humus layer along with the roots of the plants These branches of rhizomes create larger colonies of the plant over time New colonies can be created when animals eats the berries and disperse the seeds Although the plant grows in similar habitats and looks very similar to the plant Gaylussacia baccata the leaves of Dangleberry can be distinguished by their often pale green leaves that are typically more pale below than on G baccata When squeezed the leaf of G baccata produces a glandular sticky yellow resin from both sides but only the bottom of G frondosa produces this resin 8 Taxonomy editGaylussacia frondosa was once more widely circumscribed encompassing three varieties however G frondosa var nana and G frondosa var tomentosa are now widely recognized at species level as Gaylussacia nana and Gaylussacia tomentosa 2 Synonyms for this plant include both Vaccinium frondosum L and Decachaena frondosa L 9 10 11 Distribution and habitat editThis plant is native to the East coast of the United States from New Hampshire and as far west and south as Mississippi 12 It grows in wooded areas and next to bogs and swamps It is found in the wetland regions of Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Eastern Mountains and Piedmont and Northcentral amp Northeast The wetland indicator status of this shrub is facultative in all three wetland regions it is present in 13 It is very common in the pine barrens of New Jersey and the eastern piedmont and coastal plain of North and South Carolina 14 8 It most often grows in areas with acidic soils low in nutrients and a shallow organic layer Blue huckleberry colonies are often found in habitats such as the maritime forest cedar swamp hardwood swamp pine lowland communities 7 15 They are also commonly found in disturbed areas such as roadsides and annually burned pinelands 16 Gaylussacia frondosa is often found near other similar ericaceous shrubs such as the highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum hillside blueberry V pallidum Lyonia spp sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens dwarf huckleberry Gaylussacia dumosa and black huckleberry G baccata 4 17 18 Ecology editDangleberry is known to provide both food and shelter to wildlife 19 The low shrub can provide cover for small mammals and birds Many birds including sharp tailed grouse greater prairie chicken wild turkey and mourning dove as well as mammals like black bears and racoon eat the berries These animals and many more eat the berries and disperse the seeds 20 The stems can also be eaten by white tailed deer and cottontail rabbit 21 This plant is also known to be valuable for pollinators especially insect pollinators 22 These pollinators often feed on the nectar of the pink or white flowers when they bloom from the plant in the spring Butterflies especially are attracted to Gaylussacia frondosa for its flower nectar Blue huckleberry is a host plant for the larvae of Callophrys henrici also known as Henry s Elfin butterfly which appear from February to May 5 Fire ecology editGaylussacia frondosa is considered to be a highly fire tolerant shrub Low intensity fires have been found to encourage vegetative growth in this plant and stimulate sprouting 23 Although the parts of the plant exposed above the ground are often destroyed by the fires rhizomes beneath the surface often survive and sprout from dormant buds following fire events 24 25 This shrub can be found in many habitats have relatively high fire frequency Despite being highly fire tolerant plants high intensity fires that damage the humus layer may reduce or eliminate Blue Huckleberry from a site by destroying the underlying rhizomes 21 When the rhizomes below the surface are destroyed the plant can only be reintroduced to an area through dispersal by animals In addition fires that are too frequent could also badly damage these root systems and reduce populations of this shrub Uses editWhen ripe the fruits found on this plant are edible The small berries can be picked fresh and eaten raw or cooked 26 The fruits can be used in pudding 27 28 References edit The Plant List Gaylussacia frondosa L Torr amp A Gray a b c Gaylussacia frondosa Flora of North America Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map a b Carey Jennifer H 1994 Gaylussacia frondosa In Fire Effects Information System Online U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory a b c Gaylussacia frondosa Blue Huckleberry Dangleberry North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox plants ces ncsu edu Retrieved 2023 11 14 Gaylussacia frondosa in Flora of North America efloras org www efloras org Retrieved 2023 11 14 a b Laycock William A 1967 Distribution of Roots and Rhizomes in Different Soil Types in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey U S Government Printing Office a b Vascular Plants of North Carolina auth1 dpr ncparks gov Retrieved 2023 11 10 ITIS Report Gaylussacia frondosa www itis gov Retrieved 2023 11 14 Gaylussacia frondosa International Plant Names Index www ipni org Retrieved 2023 11 14 Gaylussacia frondosa L Torr amp A Gray Plants of the World Online Kew Science Plants of the World Online Retrieved 2023 11 14 USDA Plants Database plants usda gov Retrieved 2023 11 14 NWPL Species v3 4 f9b wetland plants usace army mil Retrieved 2023 11 14 Common Plants of the New Jersey Pinelands nj gov Retrieved 2023 11 10 Plants Cape Hatteras National Seashore U S National Park Service www nps gov Retrieved 2023 11 10 Komarek R McDaniel Sidney Norris R A Pittman Bert Boyle Kathy Brown Herrick Florida State University Herbarium Database herbarium bio fsu edu Retrieved 6 November 2023 Laderman Aimlee D Brody Michael Pendleton Edward 1989 The ecology of Atlantic white cedar wetlands a community profile U S Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Research Center Gaylussacia frondosa Species Page NYFA New York Flora Atlas newyork plantatlas usf edu Retrieved 2023 11 10 Native Shrubs for Plantings as Wildlife Food Mass gov www mass gov Retrieved 2023 11 14 Gaylussacia frondosa www fs usda gov Retrieved 2023 11 12 a b Gaylussacia frondosa www fs usda gov Retrieved 2023 10 21 Rathcke Beverly 1988 Interactions for Pollination among Coflowering Shrubs Ecology 69 2 446 457 doi 10 2307 1940443 ISSN 0012 9658 JSTOR 1940443 Gaylussacia frondosa www fs usda gov Retrieved 2023 10 21 Buell Murray F Cantlon John E 1 July 1953 Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ground Cover in the New Jersey Pine Region Ecology 34 3 520 528 doi 10 2307 1929724 JSTOR 1929724 S2CID 84481807 Cohen Susan Braham Richard Sanchez Felipe 30 November 2004 Seed Bank Viability in Disturbed Longleaf Pine Sites Restoration Ecology 12 4 503 515 doi 10 1111 j 1061 2971 2004 00382 x ISSN 1061 2971 Hammer Roger L 2023 09 08 Foraging Florida Finding Identifying and Preparing Edible and Medicinal Wild Foods in Florida Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 4930 6980 4 New York Metropolitan Flora nymf bbg org Retrieved 2023 11 14 Sturtevant E Lewis Hedrick U P 1919 Sturtevant s notes on edible plants Albany J B Lyon doi 10 5962 bhl title 24577 ISBN 0 486 20459 6 External links editThe Nature Conservancy Trees Shrubs and Woody Vines of North Carolina Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gaylussacia frondosa amp oldid 1200385745, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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