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Cornus mas

January 01, 1970

Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.

Cornelian cherry
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Cornales
Family: Cornaceae
Genus: Cornus
Subgenus: Cornus subg. Cornus
Species:
C. mas
Binomial name
Cornus mas
Distribution map
Synonyms
Synonymy
  • Cornus erythrocarpa St.-Lag.
  • Cornus flava Steud.
  • Cornus homerica Bubani
  • Cornus mascula L.
  • Cornus nudiflora Dumort.
  • Cornus praecox Stokes
  • Cornus vernalis Salisb.
  • Eukrania mascula (L.) Merr.
  • Macrocarpium mas (L.) Nakai

Description edit

It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK),[1] well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.

Uses edit

Fruit edit

 
 
Seeds and dried fruit – MHNT

The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK,[1] and British Columbia, Canada,[2] but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or to make beverages.[2] In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.[3] In Romania and Moldova, the berries are used to make an alcoholic beverage known as cornată.[4] In Bulgaria the berries are widely used to make Kompot.

The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú (山茱萸) and used to retain the jing.[5]

Flowers edit

 
Flowers

The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.

Wood edit

The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.[6]

Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood.[7] The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.[7]

In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.[8]

Leaves edit

The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.[9]

Name edit

Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:

This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.[10]

Garden history edit

The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548,[11] but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace.[12] Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".[10]

The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.[13]

Cultivars edit

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):[14]

  • 'Aurea'[15] (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
  • 'Golden Glory'[16] (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
  • 'Variegata'[17] (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)

References edit

  1. ^ a b Nicholson, B. E.; Wallis, Michael (1963). The Oxford Book of Garden Flowers. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-131-80240-3.
  2. ^ a b Steve Whysall (5 October 2009). "Cornus mas". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on 2022-10-06.
  4. ^ Săvulescu, Mirela (2022-03-24). "Coarne de pădure. Ce beneficii și proprietăți au. Rețete cu aceste fructe de pădure". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  5. ^ Schafer, Peg (2011). The Chinese Medicinal Herb Farm: A Cultivator's Guide to Small-scale Organic Herb Production. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 312 (page 150). ISBN 978-1-60358-330-5.
  6. ^ Demir, F.; Hakki Kalyoncu, I. (December 2003). "Some nutritional, pomological and physical properties of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)". Journal of Food Engineering. 60 (3): 335–341. doi:10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00056-6. The wood is heavier than water and does not float, therefore it is used for tools, machine parts, etc.
  7. ^ a b Markle, Minor M. III (Summer 1977). "The Macedonian Sarrissa, Spear and Related Armor". American Journal of Archaeology. 81 (3): 323–339 [324]. doi:10.2307/503007. JSTOR 503007. S2CID 192966553.
  8. ^ (in Italian). Associazione Butteri d'Alta Maremma. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007.
  9. ^ Dinda, Biswanath; Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M.; Dinda, Subhajit; Zoumpourlis, Vassilis; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Velegraki, Aristea; Markopoulos, Charlambos; Dinda, Manikarna (4 December 2016). "Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), an important European and Asian traditional food and medicine: Ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology for its commercial utilization in drug industry". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 193: 670–690. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.042. PMID 27705748.
  10. ^ a b John Gerard (1597), The herball, or, Generall historie of plantes, Iohn Norton, p. 1282, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.99400
  11. ^ Turner, The Names of Herbes, 1548; noted in Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, .s.v. "Cornus".
  12. ^ Turner, A New Herball, 1551, noted in Coats.
  13. ^ Coats (1964) 1992.
  14. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  15. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cornus mas 'Aurea'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  16. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Cornus mas 'Golden Glory'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  17. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Cornus mas 'Variegata'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
cornus, commonly, known, cornel, also, cornelian, cherry, european, cornel, cornelian, cherry, dogwood, species, shrub, small, tree, dogwood, family, cornaceae, native, western, europe, southern, europe, southwestern, asia, cornelian, cherry, scientific, class. Cornus mas commonly known as cornel also the Cornelian cherry European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe Southern Europe and Southwestern Asia Cornelian cherry Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Cornales Family Cornaceae Genus Cornus Subgenus Cornus subg Cornus Species C mas Binomial name Cornus masL Distribution map Synonyms Synonymy Cornus erythrocarpa St Lag Cornus flava Steud Cornus homerica BubaniCornus mascula L Cornus nudiflora Dumort Cornus praecox StokesCornus vernalis Salisb Eukrania mascula L Merr Macrocarpium mas L Nakai Contents 1 Description 2 Uses 2 1 Fruit 2 2 Flowers 2 3 Wood 2 4 Leaves 3 Name 4 Garden history 4 1 Cultivars 5 References 6 External linksDescription editIt is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5 12 m tall with dark brown branches and greenish twigs The leaves are opposite 4 10 cm long and 2 4 cm broad with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin The flowers are small 5 10 mm in diameter with four yellow petals produced in clusters of 10 25 together in the late winter between February and March in the UK 1 well before the leaves appear The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1 5 cm in diameter containing a single seed Uses editFruit edit nbsp nbsp Seeds and dried fruit MHNT The fruits are red berries When ripe on the plant they bear a resemblance to coffee berries and ripen in mid to late summer The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits It is also used in Eastern Europe the UK 1 and British Columbia Canada 2 but the unripe fruit is astringent When ripe the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry It is mainly used for making jam It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles added to rice or to make beverages 2 In Armenia Cornus berries are used to make vodka 3 In Romania and Moldova the berries are used to make an alcoholic beverage known as cornată 4 In Bulgaria the berries are widely used to make Kompot The fruit of Cornus mas together with the fruit of C officinalis has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shanzhuyu 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing 5 Flowers edit nbsp Flowers The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers which open earlier than those of Forsythia While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape Wood edit The wood of C mas is extremely dense and unlike the wood of most other woody plant species sinks in water This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles parts for machines etc 6 Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears javelins and bows the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood 7 The wood s association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for spear in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE 7 In Italy the mazzarella uncino or bastone the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region is traditionally made of cornel wood there called crognolo or grugnale dialect forms of Italian corniolo 8 Leaves edit The leaves and fruit are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia 9 Name editCornus mas male cornel was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry the female cornel Cornus sanguinea and so it appears in John Gerard s Herbal This is Cornus mas Theophrasti or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees the male and the female he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo haue made to be the male the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea or Dogs berrie tree and Cornus ſylveſtris or the wild Cornell tree of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap following 10 Garden history editThe shrub was not native to the British Isles William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548 11 but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace 12 Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens of such as love rare and dainty plants 10 The appreciation of the early acid yellow flowers is largely a 20th century development 13 Cultivars edit The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit confirmed 2017 14 Aurea 15 yellow leaves and flowers red fruit Golden Glory 16 profuse yellow flowers shiny red berries Variegata 17 variegated leaves glossy red fruit References edit a b Nicholson B E Wallis Michael 1963 The Oxford Book of Garden Flowers London Oxford University Press ISBN 1 131 80240 3 a b Steve Whysall 5 October 2009 Cornus mas Vancouver Sun Retrieved 18 December 2018 Liarev Armenian Dogwood Vodka 0 5 L Archived from the original on 2022 10 06 Săvulescu Mirela 2022 03 24 Coarne de pădure Ce beneficii și proprietăți au Rețete cu aceste fructe de pădure Libertatea in Romanian Retrieved 2023 07 19 Schafer Peg 2011 The Chinese Medicinal Herb Farm A Cultivator s Guide to Small scale Organic Herb Production Chelsea Green Publishing pp 312 page 150 ISBN 978 1 60358 330 5 Demir F Hakki Kalyoncu I December 2003 Some nutritional pomological and physical properties of cornelian cherry Cornus mas L Journal of Food Engineering 60 3 335 341 doi 10 1016 S0260 8774 03 00056 6 The wood is heavier than water and does not float therefore it is used for tools machine parts etc a b Markle Minor M III Summer 1977 The Macedonian Sarrissa Spear and Related Armor American Journal of Archaeology 81 3 323 339 324 doi 10 2307 503007 JSTOR 503007 S2CID 192966553 Il Buttero in Italian Associazione Butteri d Alta Maremma Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 Dinda Biswanath Kyriakopoulos Anthony M Dinda Subhajit Zoumpourlis Vassilis Thomaidis Nikolaos S Velegraki Aristea Markopoulos Charlambos Dinda Manikarna 4 December 2016 Cornus mas L cornelian cherry an important European and Asian traditional food and medicine Ethnomedicine phytochemistry and pharmacology for its commercial utilization in drug industry Journal of Ethnopharmacology 193 670 690 doi 10 1016 j jep 2016 09 042 PMID 27705748 a b John Gerard 1597 The herball or Generall historie of plantes Iohn Norton p 1282 doi 10 5962 bhl title 99400 Turner The Names of Herbes 1548 noted in Alice M Coats Garden Shrubs and Their Histories 1964 1992 s v Cornus Turner A New Herball 1551 noted in Coats Coats 1964 1992 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 16 Retrieved 24 January 2018 RHS Plantfinder Cornus mas Aurea Retrieved 2 February 2018 RHS Plantfinder Cornus mas Golden Glory Retrieved 2 February 2018 RHS Plantfinder Cornus mas Variegata Retrieved 2 February 2018 External links edit nbsp Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons Cornus mas Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cornus mas amp oldid 1200605393, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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