Horae
In Greek mythology, the Horae (/ˈhɔːriː/), Horai (/ˈhɔːraɪ/) or Hours (Ancient Greek: Ὧραι, romanized: Hôrai, lit. 'Seasons', pronounced [hɔ̂ːrai̯]) were the goddesses of the seasons and the natural portions of time.
Etymology edit
The term hora comes from the Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ ("year").[1]
Function edit
The Horae were originally the personifications of nature in its different seasonal aspects, but in later times they were regarded as goddesses of order in general and natural justice. "They bring and bestow ripeness, they come and go in accordance with the firm law of the periodicities of nature and of life", Karl Kerenyi observed, adding "Hora means 'the correct moment'."[2] Traditionally, they guarded the gates of Olympus, promoted the fertility of the earth, and rallied the stars and constellations.
The course of the seasons was also symbolically described as the dance of the Horae, and they were accordingly given the attributes of spring flowers, fragrance and graceful freshness; for example, in Hesiod's Works and Days, the fair-haired Horai, together with the Charites and Peitho crown Pandora—she of "all gifts"—with garlands of flowers.[3] Similarly Aphrodite, emerging from the sea and coming ashore at Cyprus, is dressed and adorned by the Horai,[4] and, according to a surviving fragment of the epic Cypria,[5] Aphrodite wore clothing made for her by the Charites and Horai, dyed with spring flowers, such as the Horai themselves wear.
Names and numbers edit
The number of Horae varied according to different sources, but was most commonly three: either the trio of Thallo, Auxo, and Carpo (goddesses of the order of nature), or Eunomia (goddess of good order and lawful conduct) and her sisters Dike (goddess of Justice) and Eirene (goddess of Peace).
The earlier Argive Horae edit
In Argos, two Horae, rather than three, were recognised, presumably winter and summer: Auxesia (possibly another name for Auxo) and Damia (possibly another name for Carpo).[6]
In late euhemerist interpretations, they were seen as Cretan maidens who were worshipped as goddesses after they had been wrongfully stoned to death.
The classical Horae triads edit
The earliest written mention of Horai is in the Iliad where they appear as keepers of Zeus's cloud gates.[7] "Hardly any traces of that function are found in the subsequent tradition," Karl Galinsky remarked in passing.[8] They were daughters of Zeus and Themis, half-sisters to the Moirai.[9][10]
The Horai are mentioned in two aspects in Hesiod[11] and the Homeric Hymns:[12]
- in one variant emphasizing their fruitful aspect, Thallo, Auxo, and Carpo—the goddesses of the three seasons the Greeks recognized: spring, summer and autumn—were worshipped primarily amongst rural farmers throughout Greece;
- in the other variant, emphasizing the "right order" aspect of the Horai, Hesiod says that Zeus wedded "bright Themis" who bore Diké, Eunomia, and Eirene, who were law-and-order goddesses that maintained the stability of society; they were worshipped primarily in the cities of Athens, Argos, and Olympia.
First triad edit
Of the first, more familiar, triad associated with Aphrodite and Zeus is their origins as emblems of times of life, growth (and the classical three seasons of year):
- Thallo (Θαλλώ, literally "The one who brings blossoms"; or Flora for Romans) or Thalatte was the goddess of spring, buds and blooms, a protector of youth.
- Auxo (Αὐξώ. "Increaser" as in plant growth) or Auxesia was worshipped (alongside Hegemone) in Athens as one of their two Charites, Auxo was the Charis of spring and Hegemone was the Charis of autumn. One of the Horae, and the goddess and personification of the season of summer; she is the protector of vegetation and plants, and growth and fertility.
- Carpo (Καρπώ), Carpho or Xarpo (not to be mistaken with Karpos) was the one who brings food (though Robert Graves in The Greek Myths (1955) translates this name as "withering") and was in charge of autumn, ripening, and harvesting, as well as guarding the way to Mount Olympus and letting back the clouds surrounding the mountain if one of the gods left. She was an attendant to Persephone, Aphrodite, and Hera, and was also associated with Dionysus, Apollo, and Pan.
At Athens, two Horae: Thallo (the Hora of spring) and Carpo (the Hora of autumn), also appear in rites of Attica noted by Pausanias in the 2nd century AD.[13][14] Thallo, Auxo and Carpo are often accompanied by Chione, a daughter of Boreas (the god/ personification of the North Wind) and Orithyia/ Oreithyia (originally a mortal princess, who was later deified as a goddess of cold mountain winds), and the goddess/personification of snow and winter. Along with Chione, Thallo, Auxo, and Carpo were a part of the entourage of the goddess of the turn of the seasons, Persephone.
Second triad edit
Of the second triad associated to Themis and Zeus for law and order:
- Diké (Δίκη, "Justice"; Iustitia for Romans) was the goddess of moral justice: she ruled over human justice, as her mother Themis ruled over divine justice. The anthropomorphisation of Diké as an ever-young woman dwelling in the cities of men was so ancient and strong that in the 3rd century BCE Aratus in Phaenomena 96 asserted that she was born a mortal and that, though Zeus placed her on earth to keep mankind just, he quickly learned this was impossible and placed her next to him on Olympus, as the Greek astronomical/astrological constellation The Maiden.
- Eunomia (Εὐνομία, "Order", governance according to good laws) was the goddess of law and legislation. The same or a different goddess may have been a daughter of Hermes and Aphrodite.
- Eirene or Irene (Εἰρήνη. "Peace"; the Roman equivalent was Pax) was the personification of peace and wealth, and was depicted in art as a beautiful young woman carrying a cornucopia, scepter, and a torch or rhyton.
Third triad edit
The last triad of Horae was identified by Hyginus:[14]
- Pherusa (Substance, farm estates),
- Euporie or Euporia (Abundance), and
- Orthosie or Orthosia (Prosperity)
The Four Seasons edit
Nonnus in his Dionysiaca mentions a distinct set of four Horae, the daughters of Helios. Quintus Smyrnaeus also attributes the Horae as the daughters of Helios and Selene, and describes them as the four handmaidens of Hera.[15][16] The seasons were personified by the ancients, the Greeks represented them generally as women but on some antique monuments they are depicted as winged children with attributes peculiar to each season.[17] The Greek words for the four seasons of year:
| Name | Personified | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Eiar | Spring | Crowned with flowers, holding either a kid or a sheep, and having near to her a budding shrub: she is also characterised by Mercury, and by a ram. |
| Theros | Summer | Crowned with ears of corn, holding a bundle of them in one hand and a sickle in the other: she is also characterised by Apollo, and by a serpent. |
| Phthinoporon | Autumn | Either holds bunches of grapes, or has a basket of fruits upon her head: she is also characterised by Bacchus, and by a lizard or hare. |
| Cheimon | Winter | Well clothed, and the head covered, stands near a tree deprived of foliage, with dried and withered fruits in one hand and water-fowls in the other: she is also characterised by Hercules, and by a salamander. |
Here Spring appears with flowery chaplets bound.
Here Summer in her wheaten garland crown'd;
Here Autumn the rich trodden grapes besmear.
And hoary Winter shivers in the rear.— Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.34
Modern influence edit
Nicolas Poussin has represented the four seasons by subjects drawn from the Bible: Spring is portrayed by Adam and Eve in paradise: Summer, by Ruth gleaning: Autumn, by Joshua and Caleb bearing grapes from the promised land; and Winter, by the deluge.
In more modern representations the seasons are often surrounding Apollo: Spring, as Flora, crowned with flowers, and in a shaded green drapery over a white robe: Summer, standing under the lion in the zodiac, with a gold-coloured drapery over a white gauze vestment, the edges of which are tinged by the yellow rays of the sun, holding a sickle, having near her a wheat-sheaf; Autumn, as a Bacchante, in a violet-coloured garment, pressing grapes with one band into a golden cup, which she holds in the other; and Winter as an aged person, placed in the shade at a great distance from the god.[18][19]
The Hours edit
Finally, a quite separate suite of Horae personified the twelve hours (originally only ten), as tutelary goddesses of the times of day. The hours run from just before sunrise to just after sunset, thus winter hours are short, summer hours are long:
The nine Hours edit
According to Hyginus, the list is only of nine, borrowed from the three classical triads alternated:[20]
| Name | Personified | Triad |
|---|---|---|
| Auco or perhaps Auxo | Growth | 1st triad |
| Eunomia | Order | 2nd triad |
| Pherusa | Substance | 3rd triad |
| Carpo | Fruit | 1st triad |
| Diké | Justice | 2nd triad |
| Euporie or Euporia | Abundance | 3rd triad |
| Eirene or Irene | Peace | 2nd triad |
| Orthosie or Orthosia | Prosperity | 3rd triad |
| Thallo | Flora | 1st triad |
The ten or twelve Hours edit
A distinct set of ten[21] or twelve Hours is much less known[22] and they are described as daughters of Chronos (Time):[23]
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Auge | first light (initially not part of the set), |
| Anatolê or Anatolia | sunrise |
| Mousikê or Musica | the morning hour of music and study |
| Gymnastikê, Gymnastica or Gymnasia | the morning hour of education, training, gymnastics/exercise |
| Nymphê or Nympha | the morning hour of ablutions (bathing, washing) |
| Mesembria | noon |
| Sponde | libations poured after lunch |
| Elete | prayer, the first of the afternoon work hours |
| Aktê, Acte or Cypris | eating and pleasure, the second of the afternoon work hours |
| Hesperis | end of the afternoon work hours, start of evening |
| Dysis | sunset |
| Arktos or Arctus | night sky, constellation (initially not part of the set) |
The twenty-four Hours edit
The last set of hours of the day and night is allegorically represented in the following:[24]
| Hours | Description | Ruling Planet |
|---|---|---|
| Hours of Morning | The ancients supposed each of the hours to be governed by a separate planet. | |
| First hour | Represented as a young girl, her head adorned with light flowing hair; she is clad in a short dress of rose-colour, resembling the tints of the clouds before the rising of the sun; her wings are like those of a butterfly, and she holds the Sun and a bunch of full-blown roses. | Sun |
| Second hour | Appears to have wings like the preceding; her hair is of a darker hue, and her dress of a deep gold colour; she is surrounded by light clouds, indicating the vapours which the sun exhales from the earth; her attributes are the planet Venus and a sunflower. | Venus |
| Third hour | Her hair is brown, and her drapery is white, shaded with red; she holds the planet Mercury and a sun-dial. | Mercury |
| Fourth hour | Considered to be time best calculated for gathering herbs, as the heat of the sun had by then dissipated the clouds, and sufficiently dried the earth; its personification was therefore clothed entirely in white, and bore a hyacinth and the figure of the Moon. | Moon |
| Fifth hour | Her robe was tinged with lemon colour, denoting the golden brightness of the sun as it advances towards the meridian; in her hand was the planet Saturn | Saturn |
| Sixth hour | Turns her face to the beholder, and as the sun has now attained its greatest power, her dress is red and flaming; her accompaniments are the planet Jupiter and a lotus, which, like the sunflower, follows the course of the sun. | Jupiter |
| Seventh hour | Her dress is orange, tinged with red; she holds the planet Mars and a lupin, a plant that, according to Pliny, served to indicate the time to the country people on a cloudy day. | Mars |
| Eight hour | Wears a variegated robe of orange and white, showing the diminution of light, now beginning to be apparent; the Sun is in her hands. | Sun |
| Ninth hour | Her attitude and that of the two preceding hours, inclines towards the horizon; her dress is lemon-coloured; she bears the planet Venus and a branch of olive, a tree said by Pliny to shed its leaves during the solstice. | Venus |
| Tenth hour | She is dressed in yellow, tinged with brown; she holds the planet Mercury and a branch of poplar. | Mercury |
| Eleventh hour | As the day draws to its close, appeared to be precipitating her flight; her drapery is dark yellow, and her attributes are a moon and a clepsydra, or hour-glass, which marks the time without the sun's assistance. | Moon |
| Twelfth hour | Seems in the act of plunging beneath the horizon, thus denoting the setting of the sun; she is dressed in a robe of dark violet colour, and holds the planet Saturn and a branch of willow. | Saturn |
| Hours of Night | These, like the hours of the day, are depicted with wings, and in the attitude of flying; they differ from each other only in the colour of their drapery, and in their various attributes. | |
| First hour | Her robe is of the hue of the horizon during twilight; she bears in her hands the planet Jupiter and a bat. | Jupiter |
| Second hour | Habited in dark gray, and holds the planet Mars and a screech owl. | Mars |
| Third hour | Clad in black, carries an owl and the Sun. | Sun |
| Fourth hour | Her dress is not quite so dark as that of the preceding, because the light of the heavenly bodies now diminishes in some measure the obscurity of night; she holds the planet Venus and an hour-glass. | Venus |
| Fifth hour | Her attributes are the planet Mercury and a bunch of poppies. | Mercury |
| Sixth hour | She is enveloped in a thick black drapery, and holds the Moon and a cat, which has the faculty of seeing in the dark. | Moon |
| Seventh hour | Her robe is deep blue; she bears the planet Saturn and a badger, that animal being much disposed to sleep. | Saturn |
| Eight hour | Clad in a lighter blue, holds the planet Jupiter and a dormouse. | Jupiter |
| Ninth hour | Dressed in violet colour, to denote the approach of morning, and is characterised by the planet Mars and an owl. | Mars |
| Tenth hour | Her robe is of a paler shade of violet; she bears the Sun and a clock surmounted by a bell. | Sun |
| Eleventh hour | Habited in blue, and accompanied by a cock, holds the planet Venus. | Venus |
| Twelfth hour | Her attitude of flying precipitately behind the horizon; her drapery is of mixed colours, white, blue, and violet; she bears in her hand the planet Mercury, and leads a swan, which, by its white plumage, indicates the brightness of the coming day. | Mercury |
Notes edit
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill. p. 1681.
- ^ References to the Horai in classical sources are credited in Karl Kerenyi's synthesis of all the mythology, The Gods of the Greeks 1951, pp. 101f and passim (index, "Horai").
- ^ Hesiod, Works and Days 74-75
- ^ Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite 6.5-13
- ^ Epic Cycle Fragments, Cypria fr. 4 as cited in Athenaeus, 15.682 d, f
- ^ Pausanias, 9.35.1
- ^ Homer, Iliad 5.749-51
- ^ Galinsky, Karl (July 1992). "Venus, Polysemy, and the Ara Pacis Augustae". American Journal of Archaeology. 96 (3): 459. doi:10.2307/506068. JSTOR 506068. S2CID 191395407.
- ^ Hanfmann, G.M.A. (1951). The Seasons Sarcophagus at Dumbarton Oaks. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Machaira, V. (1990). Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. 5.1. pp. 502f. ISBN 3-7608-8751-1.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 901 ff.
- ^ Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 6.2 ff & to Pythian Apollo, 3.186 ff
- ^ Pausanias, 9.35.2
- ^ a b Hyginus, Fabulae 183
- ^ Hammond, "SELENE", pp. 970–971
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, 10.336 ff. pp. 442–443
- ^ Murray, John (1833). A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index. Albemarle Street, London. p. 256.
- ^ Virgil, Georgics 1.145
- ^ Horace, Ode 7. b. iv
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 183
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 183
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 41.263
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 12.15
- ^ Murray, John (1833). A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index. Albemarle Street, London. pp. 172–174.
References edit
- Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Hesiod, Works and Days from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1. "Horae" p. 217
- Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863-1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca. 3 Vols. W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940–1942. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
- Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy translated by Way. A. S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 19. London: William Heinemann, 1913. Online version at theio.com
- Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy. Arthur S. Way. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1913. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Horae"
External links edit
- The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of the Horae)
- The dictionary definition of Horae at Wiktionary
- Media related to Horae at Wikimedia Commons