In the ancient Attic number system (Herodianic or acrophonic numbers), the number 100 was represented by "Η", because it was the initial of ΗΕΚΑΤΟΝ, the ancient spelling of ἑκατόν = "one hundred". In the later system of (Classical) Greek numerals eta represents 8.
Eta was derived from the Phoenician letterheth . Letters that arose from eta include the Latin H and the Cyrillic letter И and Й.
Eta (heta) in the function of /h/ on the ostrakon of Megacles, son of Hippocrates, 487 BC. Inscription: ΜΕΓΑΚLES HIΠΠΟΚRATOS. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus.
Eta in the function of /h/ on an Attic red-figured calyx-krater, 515 BC. Amongst the depicted figures are Hermes and Hypnos. Inscriptions: ΗΕΡΜΕΣ – ΗΥΠΝΟΣ.
The letter shape 'H' was originally used in most Greek dialects to represent the voiceless glottal fricative IPA: [h]. In this function, it was borrowed in the 8th century BC by the Etruscan and other Old Italic alphabets, which were based on the Euboean form of the Greek alphabet. This also gave rise to the Latin alphabet with its letter H.
Other regional variants of the Greek alphabet (epichoric alphabets), in dialects that still preserved the sound IPA: [h], employed various glyph shapes for consonantal heta side by side with the new vocalic eta for some time. In the southern Italian colonies of Heracleia and Tarentum, the letter shape was reduced to a "half-heta" lacking the right vertical stem (Ͱ). From this sign later developed the sign for rough breathing or spiritus asper, which brought back the marking of the IPA: [h] sound into the standardized post-classical (polytonic) orthography.[2]Dionysius Thrax in the second century BC records that the letter name was still pronounced heta (ἥτα), correctly explaining this irregularity by stating "in the old days the letter Η served to stand for the rough breathing, as it still does with the Romans."[3]
Long e
In the East Ionic dialect, however, the sound IPA: [h] disappeared by the sixth century BC, and the letter was re-used initially to represent a development of a long open front unrounded vowel IPA: [aː], which later merged in East Ionic with the long open-mid front unrounded vowel IPA: [ɛː] instead.[4] In 403 BC, Athens took over the Ionian spelling system and with it the vocalic use of H (even though it still also had the IPA: [h] sound itself at that time). This later became the standard orthography in all of Greece.
Itacism
During the time of post-classical Koiné Greek, the IPA: [ɛː] sound represented by eta was raised and merged with several other formerly distinct vowels, a phenomenon called iotacism or itacism, after the new pronunciation of the letter name as ita instead of eta.
Itacism is continued into Modern Greek, where the letter name is pronounced [ˈita] and represents the close front unrounded vowel IPA: [i]. It shares this function with several other letters (ι, υ) and digraphs (ει, οι), which are all pronounced alike.
Cyrillic script
Eta was also borrowed with the sound value of [i] into the Cyrillic script, where it gave rise to the Cyrillic letter И.
In chemistry, the letter H as symbol of enthalpy sometimes is said to be a Greek eta, but since enthalpy comes from ἐνθάλπος, which begins in a smooth breathing and epsilon, it is more likely a Latin H for 'heat'.
In information theory the uppercase Greek letter Η is used to represent the concept of entropy of a discrete random variable.
Chemistry, the hapticity, or the number of atoms of a ligand attached to one coordination site of the metal in a coordination compound. For example, an allyl group can coordinate to palladium in the η¹ mode (only one atom of an allyl group attached to palladium) or the η³ mode (3 atoms attached to palladium).
Statistics, η2 is the "partial regression coefficient". η is the symbol for the linear predictor of a generalized linear model, and can also be used to denote the median of a population, or thresholding parameter in Sparse Partial Least Squares regression.
Electronics, η stands for the ideality factor of a bipolar transistor, and has a value close to 1.000. It appears in contexts where the transistor is used as a temperature sensing device, e.g. the thermal "diode" transistor that is embedded within a computer's microprocessor.
Power electronics, η stands for the efficiency of a power supply, defined as the output power divided by the input power.
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
^Nick Nicholas (2003), "Greek IPA: [h]" Archived 2013-09-01 at archive.today
^παρὰ τοῖς ἀρχαίοις ὁ τύπος τοῦ Η ἐν τύπῳ δασείας ἔκειτο, ὥσπερ καὶ νῦν <παρὰ> τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις Alfredus Hilgard (ed), "In artis Dionysianae §6" in Grammatici Graeci. Scholia in Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam (1901), p. 486.
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 10–20. ISBN0-19-508345-8.
January 13, 2023
latin, letter, symbol, that, represents, velar, nasal, this, article, about, greek, letter, other, uses, disambiguation, uppercase, lowercase, ancient, greek, ἦτα, ːta, greek, ήτα, ˈita, seventh, letter, greek, alphabet, representing, close, front, unrounded, . For the Latin letter and IPA symbol that represents velar nasal see ŋ This article is about the Greek letter For other uses see Eta disambiguation Eta ˈ iː t e ˈ eɪ t e 1 uppercase H lowercase h Ancient Greek ἦta e ta ɛ ːta or Greek hta ita ˈita is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet representing the close front unrounded vowel IPA i Originally denoting the voiceless glottal fricative IPA h in most dialects its sound value in the classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek was a long open mid front unrounded vowel IPA ɛː raised to IPA i in hellenistic Greek a process known as iotacism or itacism In the ancient Attic number system Herodianic or acrophonic numbers the number 100 was represented by H because it was the initial of HEKATON the ancient spelling of ἑkaton one hundred In the later system of Classical Greek numerals eta represents 8 Eta was derived from the Phoenician letter heth Letters that arose from eta include the Latin H and the Cyrillic letter I and J Contents 1 History 1 1 Consonant h 1 2 Long e 1 3 Itacism 1 4 Cyrillic script 2 Uses 2 1 Letter 2 2 Symbol 2 2 1 Upper case 2 2 2 Lower case 3 Character encodings 3 1 Greek Eta Coptic Ayta 3 2 Mathematical Eta 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory EditConsonant h Edit Eta heta in the function of h on the ostrakon of Megacles son of Hippocrates 487 BC Inscription MEGAKLES HIPPOKRATOS On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens housed in the Stoa of Attalus Eta in the function of h on an Attic red figured calyx krater 515 BC Amongst the depicted figures are Hermes and Hypnos Inscriptions HERMES HYPNOS Main article Heta letter The letter shape H was originally used in most Greek dialects to represent the voiceless glottal fricative IPA h In this function it was borrowed in the 8th century BC by the Etruscan and other Old Italic alphabets which were based on the Euboean form of the Greek alphabet This also gave rise to the Latin alphabet with its letter H Other regional variants of the Greek alphabet epichoric alphabets in dialects that still preserved the sound IPA h employed various glyph shapes for consonantal heta side by side with the new vocalic eta for some time In the southern Italian colonies of Heracleia and Tarentum the letter shape was reduced to a half heta lacking the right vertical stem Ͱ From this sign later developed the sign for rough breathing or spiritus asper which brought back the marking of the IPA h sound into the standardized post classical polytonic orthography 2 Dionysius Thrax in the second century BC records that the letter name was still pronounced heta ἥta correctly explaining this irregularity by stating in the old days the letter H served to stand for the rough breathing as it still does with the Romans 3 Long e Edit In the East Ionic dialect however the sound IPA h disappeared by the sixth century BC and the letter was re used initially to represent a development of a long open front unrounded vowel IPA aː which later merged in East Ionic with the long open mid front unrounded vowel IPA ɛː instead 4 In 403 BC Athens took over the Ionian spelling system and with it the vocalic use of H even though it still also had the IPA h sound itself at that time This later became the standard orthography in all of Greece Itacism Edit During the time of post classical Koine Greek the IPA ɛː sound represented by eta was raised and merged with several other formerly distinct vowels a phenomenon called iotacism or itacism after the new pronunciation of the letter name as ita instead of eta Itacism is continued into Modern Greek where the letter name is pronounced ˈita and represents the close front unrounded vowel IPA i It shares this function with several other letters i y and digraphs ei oi which are all pronounced alike Cyrillic script Edit Eta was also borrowed with the sound value of i into the Cyrillic script where it gave rise to the Cyrillic letter I Uses EditLetter Edit In Modern Greek due to iotacism the letter pronounced ˈita represents a close front unrounded vowel IPA i In Classical Greek it represented the long open mid front unrounded vowel IPA ɛː Symbol Edit Upper case Edit The uppercase letter H is used as a symbol in textual criticism for the Alexandrian text type from Hesychius its once supposed editor In chemistry the letter H as symbol of enthalpy sometimes is said to be a Greek eta but since enthalpy comes from ἐn8alpos which begins in a smooth breathing and epsilon it is more likely a Latin H for heat In information theory the uppercase Greek letter H is used to represent the concept of entropy of a discrete random variable Lower case Edit The lowercase letter h is used as a symbol in Thermodynamics the efficiency of a Carnot heat engine or packing fraction Aeronautics the propulsive efficiency or percentage of chemical energy converted to kinetic energy Chemistry the hapticity or the number of atoms of a ligand attached to one coordination site of the metal in a coordination compound For example an allyl group can coordinate to palladium in the h mode only one atom of an allyl group attached to palladium or the h mode 3 atoms attached to palladium Optics the electromagnetic impedance of a medium or the quantum efficiency of detectors Particle physics to represent the h mesons Experimental particle physics h stands for pseudorapidity Cosmology h represents conformal time dt adh Cosmology baryon photon ratio Relativity and Quantum field theory physics h with two subscripts represents the metric tensor of Minkowski space flat spacetime Statistics h2 is the partial regression coefficient h is the symbol for the linear predictor of a generalized linear model and can also be used to denote the median of a population or thresholding parameter in Sparse Partial Least Squares regression Economics h is the elasticity Astronomy the seventh brightest usually star in a constellation See Bayer designation Mathematics h reduction in lambda calculus Mathematics the Dirichlet eta function Dedekind eta function and Weierstrass eta function In category theory the unit of an adjunction or monad is usually denoted h Biology a DNA polymerase found in higher eukaryotes and implicated in Translesion Synthesis Neural network backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent more generally h stands for the learning rate Telecommunications h stands for efficiency Electronics h stands for the ideality factor of a bipolar transistor and has a value close to 1 000 It appears in contexts where the transistor is used as a temperature sensing device e g the thermal diode transistor that is embedded within a computer s microprocessor Power electronics h stands for the efficiency of a power supply defined as the output power divided by the input power Atmospheric science h represents absolute atmospheric vorticity Rheology h represents viscosity Oceanography h is the measurement usually in metres of sea level height above or below the mean sea level at that same location Character encodings EditGreek Eta Coptic Ayta Edit Character information Preview H h Ͱ ͱ Ⲏ ⲏUnicode name GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA GREEK CAPITAL LETTER HETA GREEK SMALL LETTER HETA COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER AYTA COPTIC SMALL LETTER AYTAEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 919 U 0397 951 U 03B7 880 U 0370 881 U 0371 11406 U 2C8E 11407 U 2C8FUTF 8 206 151 CE 97 206 183 CE B7 205 176 CD B0 205 177 CD B1 226 178 142 E2 B2 8E 226 178 143 E2 B2 8FNumeric character reference amp 919 wbr amp x397 wbr amp 951 wbr amp x3B7 wbr amp 880 wbr amp x370 wbr amp 881 wbr amp x371 wbr amp 11406 wbr amp x2C8E wbr amp 11407 wbr amp x2C8F wbr Named character reference amp Eta amp eta DOS Greek 134 86 158 9EDOS Greek 2 170 AA 225 E1Windows 1253 199 C7 231 E7TeX etaMathematical Eta Edit Character information Preview 𝚮 𝛈 𝛨 𝜂 𝜢 𝜼Unicode name MATHEMATICAL BOLDCAPITAL ETA MATHEMATICAL BOLDSMALL ETA MATHEMATICAL ITALICCAPITAL ETA MATHEMATICAL ITALICSMALL ETA MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALICCAPITAL ETA MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALICSMALL ETAEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 120494 U 1D6AE 120520 U 1D6C8 120552 U 1D6E8 120578 U 1D702 120610 U 1D722 120636 U 1D73CUTF 8 240 157 154 174 F0 9D 9A AE 240 157 155 136 F0 9D 9B 88 240 157 155 168 F0 9D 9B A8 240 157 156 130 F0 9D 9C 82 240 157 156 162 F0 9D 9C A2 240 157 156 188 F0 9D 9C BCUTF 16 55349 57006 D835 DEAE 55349 57032 D835 DEC8 55349 57064 D835 DEE8 55349 57090 D835 DF02 55349 57122 D835 DF22 55349 57148 D835 DF3CNumeric character reference amp 120494 wbr amp x1D6AE wbr amp 120520 wbr amp x1D6C8 wbr amp 120552 wbr amp x1D6E8 wbr amp 120578 wbr amp x1D702 wbr amp 120610 wbr amp x1D722 wbr amp 120636 wbr amp x1D73C wbr Character information Preview 𝝜 𝝶 𝞖 𝞰Unicode name MATHEMATICAL SANS SERIFBOLD CAPITAL ETA MATHEMATICAL SANS SERIFBOLD SMALL ETA MATHEMATICAL SANS SERIFBOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ETA MATHEMATICAL SANS SERIFBOLD ITALIC SMALL ETAEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 120668 U 1D75C 120694 U 1D776 120726 U 1D796 120752 U 1D7B0UTF 8 240 157 157 156 F0 9D 9D 9C 240 157 157 182 F0 9D 9D B6 240 157 158 150 F0 9D 9E 96 240 157 158 176 F0 9D 9E B0UTF 16 55349 57180 D835 DF5C 55349 57206 D835 DF76 55349 57238 D835 DF96 55349 57264 D835 DFB0Numeric character reference amp 120668 wbr amp x1D75C wbr amp 120694 wbr amp x1D776 wbr amp 120726 wbr amp x1D796 wbr amp 120752 wbr amp x1D7B0 wbr These characters are used only as mathematical symbols Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters with markup and formatting to indicate text style See also EditHurricane EtaReferences Edit Look up H or h in Wiktionary the free dictionary eta Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Nick Nicholas 2003 Greek IPA h Archived 2013 09 01 at archive today parὰ toῖs ἀrxaiois ὁ typos toῦ H ἐn typῳ daseias ἔkeito ὥsper kaὶ nῦn lt parὰ gt toῖs Ῥwmaiois Alfredus Hilgard ed In artis Dionysianae 6 in Grammatici Graeci Scholia in Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam 1901 p 486 Sihler Andrew L 1995 New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin illustrated ed New York Oxford University Press pp 10 20 ISBN 0 19 508345 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eta amp oldid 1127447739, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
