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Ecdysozoa

November 01, 2023

Ecdysozoa (/ˌɛkdɪsoʊˈzoʊə/) is a group of protostome animals,[4] including Arthropoda (insects, chelicerata (including arachnids), crustaceans, and myriapods), Nematoda, and several smaller phyla. The grouping of these animal phyla into a single clade was first proposed by Eernisse et al. (1992) based on a phylogenetic analysis of 141 morphological characters of ultrastructural and embryological phenotypes.[5] This clade, that is, a group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants, was formally named by Aguinaldo et al. in 1997, based mainly on phylogenetic trees constructed using 18S ribosomal RNA genes.[6]

Ecdysozoa
Temporal range: Cambrian - Recent Molecular clock indicates a possible Ediacaran origin[1]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
(unranked): Protostomia
Superphylum: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo et al., 1997
Phyla

A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al. strongly supported the monophyly of Ecdysozoa.[7]

The group Ecdysozoa is supported by many morphological characters, including growth by ecdysis, with moulting of the cuticle – without mitosis in the epidermis – under control of the prohormone ecdysone, and internal fertilization.[8]

The group was initially contested by a significant minority of biologists. Some argued for groupings based on more traditional taxonomic techniques,[9] while others contested the interpretation of the molecular data.[10][11]

Etymology edit

The name Ecdysozoa is "scientific" Greek, derived from ἔκδυσις (ékdusis) "shedding" + ζῷον (zôion) "animal".

Characteristics edit

See also: List of bilaterial animal orders

The most notable characteristic shared by ecdysozoans is a three-layered cuticle (four in Tardigrada[12]) composed of organic material, which is periodically molted as the animal grows. This process of molting is called ecdysis, and gives the group its name. The ecdysozoans lack locomotory cilia and produce mostly amoeboid sperm, and their embryos do not undergo spiral cleavage as in most other protostomes. Ancestrally, the group exhibited sclerotized teeth within the foregut, and a ring of spines around the mouth opening, though these features have been secondarily lost in certain groups.[13] A respiratory and circulatory system is only present in onychophorans and arthropods (often absent in smaller arthropods like mites); in the rest of the groups, both systems are missing.

Phylogeny edit

The Ecdysozoa include the following phyla: Arthropoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, Loricifera, Nematoda, and Nematomorpha. A few other groups, such as the gastrotrichs, have been considered possible members but lack the main characters of the group, and are now placed elsewhere. The Arthropoda, Onychophora, and Tardigrada have been grouped together as the Panarthropoda because they are distinguished by segmented body plans.[14] Dunn et al. in 2008 suggested that the tardigrada could be grouped along with the nematodes, leaving Onychophora as the sister group to the arthropods.[7] The non-panarthropod members of Ecdysozoa have been grouped as Cycloneuralia but they are more usually considered paraphyletic in representing the primitive condition from which the Panarthropoda evolved.[15]

A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for the protostomes is shown below.[16][17][18][19][20][21] It is indicated when approximately clades radiated into newer clades in millions of years ago (Mya); dashed lines show especially uncertain placements.[22]

The phylogenetic tree is based on Nielsen et al.[23] and Howard et al.[24]

 Bilateria 

Xenacoelomorpha  

 Nephrozoa 
 Protostomia 
 Ecdysozoa 
 Scalidophora 
 Cryptovermes 

Spiralia    

Kimberella †

Deuterostomia    

610 mya

Older alternative groupings edit

Articulata hypothesis edit

The grouping proposed by Aguinaldo et al. is almost universally accepted, replacing an older hypothesis that Panarthropoda should be classified with Annelida in a group called the Articulata, and that Ecdysozoa are polyphyletic. Nielsen has suggested that a possible solution is to regard Ecdysozoa as a sister-group of Annelida,[25] though later considered them unrelated.[26] Inclusion of the roundworms within the Ecdysozoa was initially contested[10][27][28] but since 2003, a broad consensus has formed supporting the Ecdysozoa [29] and in 2011 the Darwin–Wallace Medal was awarded to James Lake for the discovery of the New Animal Phylogeny consisting of the Ecdysozoa, the Lophotrochozoa, and the Deuterostomia.[30]

Coelomata hypothesis edit

Before Aguinaldo's Ecdysozoa proposal, one of the prevailing theories for the evolution of the bilateral animals was based on the morphology of their body cavities. There were three types, or grades of organization: the Acoelomata (no coelom), the Pseudocoelomata (partial coelom), and the Eucoelomata (true coelom). Adoutte and coworkers were among the first to strongly support the Ecdysozoa.[31] With the introduction of molecular phylogenetics, the coelomate hypothesis was abandoned, although some molecular, phylogenetic support for the Coelomata continued until as late as 2005.[32]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Howard RJ, Giacomelli M, Lozano-Fernandez J, Edgecombe GD, Fleming JF, Kristensen RM, et al. (2022). "The Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. hdl:2445/186596. S2CID 246494357. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  2. ^ Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; et al. (17 August 2022). "Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan, and not the earliest deuterostome". Nature. 609 (7927): 541–546. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..541L. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35978194. S2CID 251646316.
  3. ^ Howard, Richard J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Shi, Xiaomei; Hou, Xianguang; Ma, Xiaoya (23 November 2020). "Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 20 (1): 156. doi:10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 7684930. PMID 33228518.
  4. ^ Telford, Maximilian J.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Economou, Andrew; Papillon, Daniel; Rota-Stabelli, Omar (2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1529–1537. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2614232. PMID 18192181.
  5. ^ Eernisse, D.J.; Albert, J.S.; Anderson, F.E. (1992). "Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: A phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology". Systematic Biology. 41 (3): 305–330. doi:10.1093/sysbio/41.3.305.
  6. ^ Aguinaldo, A.M.A.; Turbeville, J.M.; Linford, L.S.; Rivera, M.C.; Garey, J.R.; Raff, R.A.; Lake, J.A. (29 May 1997). "Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods, and other moulting animals". Nature. 387 (6632): 489–493. Bibcode:1997Natur.387R.489A. doi:10.1038/387489a0. PMID 9168109. S2CID 4334033.
  7. ^ a b Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; et al. (10 April 2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. S2CID 4397099.
  8. ^ Ax, P. (1985). "The position of the Gnathostomulida and Platyhelminthes in the phylogenetic system of the Bilateria". In Conway Morris, S.; George, J.D.; Gibson, R.; Platt, H.M. (eds.). The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. Systematics Association Special Volume. Vol. 28. New York, NY: Clarendon / Oxford University Press. pp. 168–180. ISBN 019857181X. OCLC 59186778 – via Internet Archive (archive.org). proceedings of an international symposium held in London, September 1983 ISBN 9780198571810
  9. ^ Nielsen, Claus (1995). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850682-9.
  10. ^ a b Blair, J.E.; Ikeo, Kazuho; Gojobori, Takashi; Hedges, S. Blair (8 April 2002). "The evolutionary position of nematodes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-7. PMC 102755. PMID 11985779.
  11. ^ Wägele, J.W.; Erikson, T.; Lockhart, P.; Misof, B. (December 1999). "The Ecdysozoa: Artifact or monophylum?". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 37 (4): 211–223. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1999.tb00985.x.
  12. ^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 877–880. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
  13. ^ Smith, Martin R.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2 July 2015). "Hallucigenia's head and the pharyngeal armature of early ecdysozoans" (PDF). Nature. 523 (7558): 75–78. Bibcode:2015Natur.523...75S. doi:10.1038/nature14573. PMID 26106857. S2CID 205244325.
  14. ^ . Paleos (palaeos.com). Invertebrates. Archived from the original on 2007-02-07. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
  15. ^ Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; et al. (November 2006). "Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan". Evolution & Development. 8 (6): 502–510. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x. PMID 17073934. S2CID 22823313.
  16. ^ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; et al. (June 2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: Recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4. S2CID 32169826.
  17. ^ Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (4 April 2017). "Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 9. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8....9F. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w. PMC 5431905. PMID 28377584.
  18. ^ Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014). "Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda" (PDF). Nature. 514 (7522): 363–366. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..363S. doi:10.1038/nature13576. PMID 25132546. S2CID 205239797.
  19. ^ "Palaeos Metazoa: Ecdysozoa". palaeos.com. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
  20. ^ Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (June 2015). "Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences". Zoological Letters. 1: 18. doi:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0. PMC 4657359. PMID 26605063.
  21. ^ Nielsen, C. (2002). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850682-1.
  22. ^ Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008). "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: Congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1435–1443. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233. PMC 2614224. PMID 18192191.
  23. ^ Nielsen, Claus; Brunet, Thibaut; Arendt, Detlev (2018-08-22). "Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (9): 1358–1376. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30135501. S2CID 52067372.
  24. ^ Howard, Richard J.; Giacomelli, Mattia; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Fleming, James F.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; et al. (10 March 2022). "The Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. hdl:2445/186596. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 246494357.
  25. ^ Nielsen, C. (September 2003). "Proposing a solution to the Articulata–Ecdysozoa controversy". Zoologica Scripta. 32 (5): 475–482. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00122.x. S2CID 1416582.
  26. ^ Nielsen, Claus (2012). Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960603-0.
  27. ^ Zrzavý, J. (12 January 2002). "Ecdysozoa versus Articulata: Clades, artifacts, prejudices". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 39 (3): 159–163. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00168.x. — in support of clade Ecdysozoa
  28. ^ Wägele, J.W.; Misof, B. (September 2001). "On quality of evidence in phylogeny reconstruction: A reply to Zrzavý's defence of the 'Ecdysozoa' hypothesis". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 39 (3): 165–176. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00177.x.
  29. ^ Telford, Maximilian J.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (27 April 2008). "The evolution of the animals: Introduction to a Linnean tercentenary celebration". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1421–1424. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2231. PMC 2394567. PMID 18192193.
  30. ^ "The Darwin-Wallace Medal" (Press release). The Linnean Society of London. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  31. ^ Adoutte, A.; Balavoine, G.; Lartillot, N.; Lespinet, O.; Prud'homme, B.; de Rosa, R. (25 April 2000). "The new animal phylogeny: Reliability and implications". Special feature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 97 (9): 4453–4456. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4453A. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4453. PMC 34321. PMID 10781043.
  32. ^ Philip, G.K.; Creevey, C.J.; McInerney, J.O. (9 February 2005). "The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa may not be clades: Stronger support for the grouping of plant and animal than for animal and fungi, and stronger support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (5): 1175–1184. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi102. PMID 15703245.

External links edit

  • "Ecdysozoa introduction". Phyla. University of California Museum of Paleontology (ucmp.berkeley.edu). Berkeley, CA.
  • . Kingdoms / Animalia. palaeos.com. Archived from the original on 2003-03-13.
  • . Tardigrades. nematodes.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-18.
  • Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Bartolomaeus, Thomas; Lemburg, Christian; Ehlers, Ulrich; Garey, James R. (December 1998) [6 January 1999 (online publication)]. "The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system". Journal of Morphology. 238 (3): 263–285. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199812)238:3<263::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 29852696. S2CID 46920478. . chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey. Archived from the original on 2010-05-10.
  • Garey, James R.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (December 1998) [3–7 January 1998]. . Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, 3–7 January 1998, Boston, Massachusetts. Symposium on Evolutionary Relationships of Metazoan Phyla: Advances, problems, and approaches. American Zoologist. Vol. 38, no. 6. pp. 907–917. doi:10.1093/icb/38.6.907. JSTOR 4620218. Archived from the original on 2003-03-13. Retrieved 2023-07-30 – via chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey.
  • "Nematomorpha". nematomorpha.net.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Ecdysozoa.

November 01, 2023
ecdysozoa, group, protostome, animals, including, arthropoda, insects, chelicerata, including, arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods, nematoda, several, smaller, phyla, grouping, these, animal, phyla, into, single, clade, first, proposed, eernisse, 1992, based, ph. Ecdysozoa ˌ ɛ k d ɪ s oʊ ˈ z oʊ e is a group of protostome animals 4 including Arthropoda insects chelicerata including arachnids crustaceans and myriapods Nematoda and several smaller phyla The grouping of these animal phyla into a single clade was first proposed by Eernisse et al 1992 based on a phylogenetic analysis of 141 morphological characters of ultrastructural and embryological phenotypes 5 This clade that is a group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants was formally named by Aguinaldo et al in 1997 based mainly on phylogenetic trees constructed using 18S ribosomal RNA genes 6 EcdysozoaTemporal range Cambrian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Molecular clock indicates a possible Ediacaran origin 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaSubkingdom EumetazoaClade ParaHoxozoaClade BilateriaClade Nephrozoa unranked ProtostomiaSuperphylum EcdysozoaAguinaldo et al 1997PhylaScalidophora Kinorhyncha Priapulida Loricifera Palaeoscolecida Cryptovermes 1 Nematoida Nematoda Nematomorpha Panarthropoda Lobopodia Onychophora Arthropoda Tardigrada Saccorhytus 2 Acosmia 3 A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al strongly supported the monophyly of Ecdysozoa 7 The group Ecdysozoa is supported by many morphological characters including growth by ecdysis with moulting of the cuticle without mitosis in the epidermis under control of the prohormone ecdysone and internal fertilization 8 The group was initially contested by a significant minority of biologists Some argued for groupings based on more traditional taxonomic techniques 9 while others contested the interpretation of the molecular data 10 11 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics 3 Phylogeny 4 Older alternative groupings 4 1 Articulata hypothesis 4 2 Coelomata hypothesis 5 References 6 External linksEtymology editThe name Ecdysozoa is scientific Greek derived from ἔkdysis ekdusis shedding zῷon zoion animal Characteristics editSee also List of bilaterial animal orders The most notable characteristic shared by ecdysozoans is a three layered cuticle four in Tardigrada 12 composed of organic material which is periodically molted as the animal grows This process of molting is called ecdysis and gives the group its name The ecdysozoans lack locomotory cilia and produce mostly amoeboid sperm and their embryos do not undergo spiral cleavage as in most other protostomes Ancestrally the group exhibited sclerotized teeth within the foregut and a ring of spines around the mouth opening though these features have been secondarily lost in certain groups 13 A respiratory and circulatory system is only present in onychophorans and arthropods often absent in smaller arthropods like mites in the rest of the groups both systems are missing Phylogeny editThe Ecdysozoa include the following phyla Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Kinorhyncha Priapulida Loricifera Nematoda and Nematomorpha A few other groups such as the gastrotrichs have been considered possible members but lack the main characters of the group and are now placed elsewhere The Arthropoda Onychophora and Tardigrada have been grouped together as the Panarthropoda because they are distinguished by segmented body plans 14 Dunn et al in 2008 suggested that the tardigrada could be grouped along with the nematodes leaving Onychophora as the sister group to the arthropods 7 The non panarthropod members of Ecdysozoa have been grouped as Cycloneuralia but they are more usually considered paraphyletic in representing the primitive condition from which the Panarthropoda evolved 15 A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for the protostomes is shown below 16 17 18 19 20 21 It is indicated when approximately clades radiated into newer clades in millions of years ago Mya dashed lines show especially uncertain placements 22 The phylogenetic tree is based on Nielsen et al 23 and Howard et al 24 Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha nbsp Nephrozoa Protostomia Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Loricifera nbsp Priapulida nbsp Kinorhyncha nbsp Cryptovermes Nematoida Nematoda nbsp Nematomorpha nbsp Panarthropoda Tardigrada nbsp Antennopoda Onychophora nbsp Arthropoda nbsp Spiralia nbsp nbsp Kimberella Deuterostomia nbsp nbsp 610 myaOlder alternative groupings editArticulata hypothesis edit The grouping proposed by Aguinaldo et al is almost universally accepted replacing an older hypothesis that Panarthropoda should be classified with Annelida in a group called the Articulata and that Ecdysozoa are polyphyletic Nielsen has suggested that a possible solution is to regard Ecdysozoa as a sister group of Annelida 25 though later considered them unrelated 26 Inclusion of the roundworms within the Ecdysozoa was initially contested 10 27 28 but since 2003 a broad consensus has formed supporting the Ecdysozoa 29 and in 2011 the Darwin Wallace Medal was awarded to James Lake for the discovery of the New Animal Phylogeny consisting of the Ecdysozoa the Lophotrochozoa and the Deuterostomia 30 Coelomata hypothesis edit Before Aguinaldo s Ecdysozoa proposal one of the prevailing theories for the evolution of the bilateral animals was based on the morphology of their body cavities There were three types or grades of organization the Acoelomata no coelom the Pseudocoelomata partial coelom and the Eucoelomata true coelom Adoutte and coworkers were among the first to strongly support the Ecdysozoa 31 With the introduction of molecular phylogenetics the coelomate hypothesis was abandoned although some molecular phylogenetic support for the Coelomata continued until as late as 2005 32 References edit a b Howard RJ Giacomelli M Lozano Fernandez J Edgecombe GD Fleming JF Kristensen RM et al 2022 The Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data Journal of the Geological Society 179 4 Bibcode 2022JGSoc 179 107H doi 10 1144 jgs2021 107 hdl 2445 186596 S2CID 246494357 Retrieved 2023 07 30 Liu Yunhuan Carlisle Emily Zhang Huaqiao Yang Ben Steiner Michael Shao Tiequan et al 17 August 2022 Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome Nature 609 7927 541 546 Bibcode 2022Natur 609 541L doi 10 1038 s41586 022 05107 z ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 35978194 S2CID 251646316 Howard Richard J Edgecombe Gregory D Shi Xiaomei Hou Xianguang Ma Xiaoya 23 November 2020 Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan BMC Evolutionary Biology 20 1 156 doi 10 1186 s12862 020 01720 6 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 7684930 PMID 33228518 Telford Maximilian J Bourlat Sarah J Economou Andrew Papillon Daniel Rota Stabelli Omar 2008 The evolution of the Ecdysozoa Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 363 1496 1529 1537 doi 10 1098 rstb 2007 2243 ISSN 0962 8436 PMC 2614232 PMID 18192181 Eernisse D J Albert J S Anderson F E 1992 Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa A phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology Systematic Biology 41 3 305 330 doi 10 1093 sysbio 41 3 305 Aguinaldo A M A Turbeville J M Linford L S Rivera M C Garey J R Raff R A Lake J A 29 May 1997 Evidence for a clade of nematodes arthropods and other moulting animals Nature 387 6632 489 493 Bibcode 1997Natur 387R 489A doi 10 1038 387489a0 PMID 9168109 S2CID 4334033 a b Dunn C W Hejnol A Matus D Q Pang K Browne W E Smith S A et al 10 April 2008 Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life Nature 452 7188 745 749 Bibcode 2008Natur 452 745D doi 10 1038 nature06614 PMID 18322464 S2CID 4397099 Ax P 1985 The position of the Gnathostomulida and Platyhelminthes in the phylogenetic system of the Bilateria In Conway Morris S George J D Gibson R Platt H M eds The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates Systematics Association Special Volume Vol 28 New York NY Clarendon Oxford University Press pp 168 180 ISBN 019857181X OCLC 59186778 via Internet Archive archive org proceedings of an international symposium held in London September 1983 ISBN 9780198571810 Nielsen Claus 1995 Animal Evolution Interrelationships of the living phyla Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 850682 9 a b Blair J E Ikeo Kazuho Gojobori Takashi Hedges S Blair 8 April 2002 The evolutionary position of nematodes BMC Evolutionary Biology 2 7 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 2 7 PMC 102755 PMID 11985779 Wagele J W Erikson T Lockhart P Misof B December 1999 The Ecdysozoa Artifact or monophylum Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 37 4 211 223 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0469 1999 tb00985 x Barnes Robert D 1982 Invertebrate Zoology Philadelphia PA Holt Saunders International pp 877 880 ISBN 0 03 056747 5 Smith Martin R Caron Jean Bernard 2 July 2015 Hallucigenia s head and the pharyngeal armature of early ecdysozoans PDF Nature 523 7558 75 78 Bibcode 2015Natur 523 75S doi 10 1038 nature14573 PMID 26106857 S2CID 205244325 Panarthropoda Paleos palaeos com Invertebrates Archived from the original on 2007 02 07 Retrieved 17 February 2007 Webster Bonnie L Copley Richard R Jenner Ronald A Mackenzie Dodds Jacqueline A Bourlat Sarah J Rota Stabelli Omar et al November 2006 Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral Ecdysozoan Evolution amp Development 8 6 502 510 doi 10 1111 j 1525 142X 2006 00123 x PMID 17073934 S2CID 22823313 Edgecombe Gregory D Giribet Gonzalo Dunn Casey W Hejnol Andreas Kristensen Reinhardt M Neves Ricardo C et al June 2011 Higher level metazoan relationships Recent progress and remaining questions Organisms Diversity amp Evolution 11 2 151 172 doi 10 1007 s13127 011 0044 4 S2CID 32169826 Frobius Andreas C Funch Peter 4 April 2017 Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans Nature Communications 8 1 9 Bibcode 2017NatCo 8 9F doi 10 1038 s41467 017 00020 w PMC 5431905 PMID 28377584 Smith Martin R Ortega Hernandez Javier 2014 Hallucigenia s onychophoran like claws and the case for Tactopoda PDF Nature 514 7522 363 366 Bibcode 2014Natur 514 363S doi 10 1038 nature13576 PMID 25132546 S2CID 205239797 Palaeos Metazoa Ecdysozoa palaeos com Retrieved 2017 09 02 Yamasaki Hiroshi Fujimoto Shinta Miyazaki Katsumi June 2015 Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences Zoological Letters 1 18 doi 10 1186 s40851 015 0017 0 PMC 4657359 PMID 26605063 Nielsen C 2002 Animal Evolution Interrelationships of the Living Phyla 2nd ed Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 850682 1 Peterson Kevin J Cotton James A Gehling James G Pisani Davide 27 April 2008 The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians Congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 363 1496 1435 1443 doi 10 1098 rstb 2007 2233 PMC 2614224 PMID 18192191 Nielsen Claus Brunet Thibaut Arendt Detlev 2018 08 22 Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus Nature Ecology amp Evolution 2 9 1358 1376 doi 10 1038 s41559 018 0641 0 ISSN 2397 334X PMID 30135501 S2CID 52067372 Howard Richard J 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Coelomata than Ecdysozoa Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 5 1175 1184 doi 10 1093 molbev msi102 PMID 15703245 External links edit Ecdysozoa introduction Phyla University of California Museum of Paleontology ucmp berkeley edu Berkeley CA Ecdysozoa Kingdoms Animalia palaeos com Archived from the original on 2003 03 13 Tardigrades and Ecdysozoa Tardigrades nematodes org Archived from the original on 2008 06 18 Schmidt Rhaesa Andreas Bartolomaeus Thomas Lemburg Christian Ehlers Ulrich Garey James R December 1998 6 January 1999 online publication The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system Journal of Morphology 238 3 263 285 doi 10 1002 SICI 1097 4687 199812 238 3 lt 263 AID JMOR1 gt 3 0 CO 2 L PMID 29852696 S2CID 46920478 Abstract amp images chuma cas usf edu garey Archived from the original on 2010 05 10 Garey James R Schmidt Rhaesa Andreas December 1998 3 7 January 1998 Essential role of minor phyla in understanding animal evolution Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology 3 7 January 1998 Boston Massachusetts Symposium on Evolutionary Relationships of Metazoan Phyla Advances problems and approaches American Zoologist Vol 38 no 6 pp 907 917 doi 10 1093 icb 38 6 907 JSTOR 4620218 Archived from the original on 2003 03 13 Retrieved 2023 07 30 via chuma cas usf edu garey Nematomorpha nematomorpha net nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Ecdysozoa Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ecdysozoa amp oldid 1180365750, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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