Several other extinct or obscure life forms, such as Iotuba and Thectardis, appear to have emerged in the group.[11] Characteristics of eumetazoans include true tissues organized into germ layers, the presence of neurons and muscles, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage.
Some phylogenists once speculated the sponges and eumetazoans evolved separately from different single-celled organisms, which would have meant that the animal kingdom does not form a clade (a complete grouping of all organisms descended from a common ancestor). However, genetic studies and some morphological characteristics, like the common presence of choanocytes, now unanimously support a common origin.[12]
Traditionally, eumetazoans are a major group of animals in the Five Kingdoms classification of Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz, comprising the Radiata and Bilateria – all animals except the sponges.[13] When treated as a formal taxon Eumetazoa is typically ranked as a subkingdom. The name Metazoa has also been used to refer to this group, but more often refers to the Animalia as a whole. Many classification schemes do not include a subkingdom Eumetazoa.
A widely accepted hypothesis, based on molecular data (mostly 18S rRNA sequences), divides Bilateria into four superphyla: Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Platyzoa (sometimes included in Lophotrochozoa). The last three groups are also collectively known as Protostomia.[citation needed]
However, some skeptics[who?] emphasize inconsistencies in the new data. The zoologist Claus Nielsen argues in his 2001 book Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla for the traditional divisions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia.[citation needed]
Evolutionary originsedit
It has been suggested that one type of molecular clock and one approach to interpretation of the fossil record both place the evolutionary origins of eumetazoa in the Ediacaran.[14] However, the earliest eumetazoans may not have left a clear impact on the fossil record and other interpretations of molecular clocks suggest the possibility of an earlier origin.[15] The discoverers of Vernanimalcula describe it as the fossil of a bilateraltriploblastic animal that appeared at the end of the Marinoan glaciation prior to the Ediacaran period, implying an even earlier origin for eumetazoans.[16]
Referencesedit
^Lankester, Ray (1877). "Notes on the Embryology and classification of the Animal kingdom: comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of the germ-layers". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (N.S.), No. 68: 399–454.
^Beklemishev, V. L. The basis of the comparative anatomy of the invertebrates [Основы сравнительной анатомии беспозвоночных]. 1st ed., 1944; 2nd ed., 1950; 3rd ed. (2 vols.), 1964. English translation, 1969, [1]. Akademia Nauk, Moscow, Leningrad.
^Ax, Peter (2012-12-06). Multicellular Animals: A new Approach to the Phylogenetic Order in Nature. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9783642801143.
^Ulrich, W. (1950). "Begriff und Einteilung der Protozoen". In Grüneberg, H. (ed.). Moderne Biologie. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Hans Nachtsheim (in German). Berlin: Peters. pp. 241–250.
^Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology. 27 (24): 3864–3870.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. hdl:10449/43929. PMID 29199080.
^Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (15 December 2015). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. PMC4687580. PMID 26621703.
^Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology. 27 (7): 958–967. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. PMID 28318975. S2CID 4560353.
^Giribet, Gonzalo (1 October 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 14–21. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215.
^Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo (2018-10-30). "Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias". eLife. 7. doi:10.7554/elife.36278. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC6277202. PMID 30373720.
^Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2023-05-17). "Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals". Nature. 618 (7963): 110–117. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC10232365. PMID 37198475.
^Martindale, Mark Q.; Kourakis, Matthew J. (1999). "Hox clusters: Size doesn't matter". Nature. 399 (6738): 730–731. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..730M. doi:10.1038/21530. PMID 10391234. S2CID 43414178.
^H., Philippe; Derelle, R.; Lopez, P.; et al. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships". Current Biology. 19 (8): 706–712. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102. S2CID 15282843.
^"Systema Naturae 2000 Taxon: Subkingdom Eumetazoa". 2009-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 2, 2006
^Peterson KJ, Butterfield NJ (July 2005). "Origin of the Eumetazoa: testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (27): 9547–52. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.9547P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503660102. PMC1172262. PMID 15983372.
^Blair, J. E.; Hedges, S. B. (March 2005). "Molecular clocks do not support the Cambrian explosion". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (3): 387–390. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi039. PMID 15537810.
^Chen, J.-Y.; Bottjer, D.J.; Oliveri, P.; Dornbos, S.Q.; Gao, F.; Ruffins, S.; Chi, H.; Li, C.-W.; Davidson, E.H.; et al. (9 July 2004). "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian". Science. 305 (5681): 218–222. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..218C. doi:10.1126/science.1099213. PMID 15178752. S2CID 115443209.
Bilateria. Tree of Life web project, US National Science Foundation. 2002. 6 January 2006.
Evers, Christine A., Lisa Starr. Biology:Concepts and Applications. 6th ed. United States:Thomson, 2006. ISBN0-534-46224-3.
St. Petersburg. 2005
Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla, 2nd edition, 563 pp. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. ISBN0-19-850681-3
Borchiellini, C. Manuel; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le-Parco, Y. (2001). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x. PMID 29280585. S2CID 25119754.
Peterson, Kevin J.; McPeek, Mark A.; Evans, David A.D. (2005). "Tempo & mode of early animal evolution: inferences from rocks, Hox, & molecular clocks". Paleobiology. 31 (Supp 2): 36–55. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0036:TAMOEA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 30787918.
February 15, 2024
eumetazoa, from, ancient, greek, εὖ, well, μετά, metá, after, ζῷον, zôion, animal, also, known, diploblasts, epitheliozoa, histozoa, proposed, basal, animal, clade, sister, group, porifera, sponges, basal, eumetazoan, clades, ctenophora, parahoxozoa, placozoa,. Eumetazoa from Ancient Greek eὖ eu well meta meta after and zῷon zoion animal also known as diploblasts Epitheliozoa or Histozoa are a proposed basal animal clade as a sister group of Porifera sponges 5 6 7 8 9 The basal eumetazoan clades are the Ctenophora and the ParaHoxozoa Placozoa is now also seen as a eumetazoan in the ParaHoxozoa The competing hypothesis is the Myriazoa clade 10 EumetazoaTemporal range Ediacaran Present 635 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaSubkingdom EumetazoaBuetschli 1910PhylaCtenophora Trilobozoa Chancelloriida Proarticulata Petalonamae ParaHoxozoa unranked Placozoa Cnidaria Bilateria unranked Xenacoelomorpha Nephrozoa unranked Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata Ambulacraria Hemichordata Echinodermata Xenacoelomorpha Protostomia unranked Superphylum Ecdysozoa Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Spiralia unranked Orthonectida Rhombozoa Chaetognatha Superphylum Platyzoa Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Hyolitha Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca AnnelidaSynonymsEnterozoa Lankester 1877 em Beklemishev 1 2 Epitheliozoa Ax 1996 Diploblast Lankester 1873 Histozoa Ulrich 1950 3 4 Several other extinct or obscure life forms such as Iotuba and Thectardis appear to have emerged in the group 11 Characteristics of eumetazoans include true tissues organized into germ layers the presence of neurons and muscles and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage Some phylogenists once speculated the sponges and eumetazoans evolved separately from different single celled organisms which would have meant that the animal kingdom does not form a clade a complete grouping of all organisms descended from a common ancestor However genetic studies and some morphological characteristics like the common presence of choanocytes now unanimously support a common origin 12 Traditionally eumetazoans are a major group of animals in the Five Kingdoms classification of Lynn Margulis and K V Schwartz comprising the Radiata and Bilateria all animals except the sponges 13 When treated as a formal taxon Eumetazoa is typically ranked as a subkingdom The name Metazoa has also been used to refer to this group but more often refers to the Animalia as a whole Many classification schemes do not include a subkingdom Eumetazoa Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Evolutionary origins 3 References 4 External linksTaxonomy editA widely accepted hypothesis based on molecular data mostly 18S rRNA sequences divides Bilateria into four superphyla Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa and Platyzoa sometimes included in Lophotrochozoa The last three groups are also collectively known as Protostomia citation needed However some skeptics who emphasize inconsistencies in the new data The zoologist Claus Nielsen argues in his 2001 book Animal Evolution Interrelationships of the Living Phyla for the traditional divisions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia citation needed Evolutionary origins editIt has been suggested that one type of molecular clock and one approach to interpretation of the fossil record both place the evolutionary origins of eumetazoa in the Ediacaran 14 However the earliest eumetazoans may not have left a clear impact on the fossil record and other interpretations of molecular clocks suggest the possibility of an earlier origin 15 The discoverers of Vernanimalcula describe it as the fossil of a bilateral triploblastic animal that appeared at the end of the Marinoan glaciation prior to the Ediacaran period implying an even earlier origin for eumetazoans 16 References edit Lankester Ray 1877 Notes on the Embryology and classification of the Animal kingdom comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of the germ layers Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science N S No 68 399 454 Beklemishev V L The basis of the comparative anatomy of the invertebrates Osnovy sravnitelnoj anatomii bespozvonochnyh 1st ed 1944 2nd ed 1950 3rd ed 2 vols 1964 English translation 1969 1 Akademia Nauk Moscow Leningrad Ax Peter 2012 12 06 Multicellular Animals A new Approach to the Phylogenetic Order in Nature Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9783642801143 Ulrich W 1950 Begriff und Einteilung der Protozoen In Gruneberg H ed Moderne Biologie Festschrift zum 60 Geburtstag von Hans Nachtsheim in German Berlin Peters pp 241 250 Feuda Roberto Dohrmann Martin Pett Walker Philippe Herve Rota Stabelli Omar Lartillot Nicolas Worheide Gert Pisani Davide 2017 Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals Current Biology 27 24 3864 3870 e4 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 11 008 hdl 10449 43929 PMID 29199080 Pisani Davide Pett Walker Dohrmann Martin Feuda Roberto Rota Stabelli Omar Philippe Herve Lartillot Nicolas Worheide Gert 15 December 2015 Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 50 15402 15407 Bibcode 2015PNAS 11215402P doi 10 1073 pnas 1518127112 PMC 4687580 PMID 26621703 Simion Paul Philippe Herve Baurain Denis Jager Muriel Richter Daniel J Franco Arnaud Di Roure Beatrice Satoh Nori Queinnec Eric 3 April 2017 A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals PDF Current Biology 27 7 958 967 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 02 031 PMID 28318975 S2CID 4560353 Giribet Gonzalo 1 October 2016 Genomics and the animal tree of life conflicts and future prospects Zoologica Scripta 45 14 21 doi 10 1111 zsc 12215 Laumer Christopher E Gruber Vodicka Harald Hadfield Michael G Pearse Vicki B Riesgo Ana Marioni John C Giribet Gonzalo 2018 10 30 Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias eLife 7 doi 10 7554 elife 36278 ISSN 2050 084X PMC 6277202 PMID 30373720 Schultz Darrin T Haddock Steven H D Bredeson Jessen V Green Richard E Simakov Oleg Rokhsar Daniel S 2023 05 17 Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals Nature 618 7963 110 117 doi 10 1038 s41586 023 05936 6 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 10232365 PMID 37198475 Martindale Mark Q Kourakis Matthew J 1999 Hox clusters Size doesn t matter Nature 399 6738 730 731 Bibcode 1999Natur 399 730M doi 10 1038 21530 PMID 10391234 S2CID 43414178 H Philippe Derelle R Lopez P et al April 2009 Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships Current Biology 19 8 706 712 doi 10 1016 j cub 2009 02 052 PMID 19345102 S2CID 15282843 Systema Naturae 2000 Taxon Subkingdom Eumetazoa Archived 2009 03 22 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 2 2006 Peterson KJ Butterfield NJ July 2005 Origin of the Eumetazoa testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 27 9547 52 Bibcode 2005PNAS 102 9547P doi 10 1073 pnas 0503660102 PMC 1172262 PMID 15983372 Blair J E Hedges S B March 2005 Molecular clocks do not support the Cambrian explosion Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 3 387 390 doi 10 1093 molbev msi039 PMID 15537810 Chen J Y Bottjer D J Oliveri P Dornbos S Q Gao F Ruffins S Chi H Li C W Davidson E H et al 9 July 2004 Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian Science 305 5681 218 222 Bibcode 2004Sci 305 218C doi 10 1126 science 1099213 PMID 15178752 S2CID 115443209 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eumetazoa nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Eumetazoa Bilateria Tree of Life web project US National Science Foundation 2002 6 January 2006 Invertebrates and the Origin of Animal Diversity Evers Christine A Lisa Starr Biology Concepts and Applications 6th ed United States Thomson 2006 ISBN 0 534 46224 3 TRICHOPLAX ADHAERENS PLACOZOA TYPE St Petersburg 2005 Metazoa the Animals Nielsen C 2001 Animal Evolution Interrelationships of the Living Phyla 2nd edition 563 pp Oxford Univ Press Oxford ISBN 0 19 850681 3 Borchiellini C Manuel Alivon E Boury Esnault N Vacelet J Le Parco Y 2001 Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14 1 171 179 doi 10 1046 j 1420 9101 2001 00244 x PMID 29280585 S2CID 25119754 Peterson Kevin J McPeek Mark A Evans David A D 2005 Tempo amp mode of early animal evolution inferences from rocks Hox amp molecular clocks Paleobiology 31 Supp 2 36 55 doi 10 1666 0094 8373 2005 031 0036 TAMOEA 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 30787918 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eumetazoa amp oldid 1193253581, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
