This article is about the general concept. For specific and related uses, see Cuticle (disambiguation).
A cuticle (/ˈkjuːtɪkəl/), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, and chemical composition.
In human anatomy, "cuticle" can refer to several structures, but it is used in general parlance, and even by medical professionals, to refer to the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails (the eponychium), and to refer to the superficial layer of overlapping cells covering the hair shaft (cuticula pili), consisting of dead cells, that locks the hair into its follicle.[1] It can also be used as a synonym for the epidermis,[2] the outer layer of skin.
The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as "cuticlins", together with glycoproteins and lipids.[3]
The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is chitin, a polysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids. The proteins and chitin are cross-linked. The rigidity is a function of the types of proteins and the quantity of chitin. It is believed that the epidermal cells produce protein and also monitors the timing and amount of protein to be incorporated into the cuticle.[4]
Epicuticular wax covering the cuticle of a leaf of Hosta sieboldiana makes it hydrophobic. Water, unable to wet the cuticle, beads up and runs off, carrying dust and soluble contamination with it. This self-cleaning property is variously called "ultrahydrophobicity" or "ultralyophobicity" in technical journals. More popularly it is known as the Lotus effect.
In botany, plant cuticles are protective, hydrophobic, waxy coverings produced by the epidermal cells of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs. Cuticles minimize water loss and effectively reduce pathogen entry due to their waxy secretion. The main structural components of plant cuticles are the unique polymerscutin or cutan, impregnated with wax. Plant cuticles function as permeability barriers for water and water-soluble materials. They prevent plant surfaces from becoming wet and also help to prevent plants from drying out. Xerophytic plants such as cacti have very thick cuticles to help them survive in their arid climates. Plants that live in range of sea's spray also may have thicker cuticles that protect them from the toxic effects of salt.
Some plants, particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments, have an extreme resistance to wetting. A well-known example is the sacred lotus.[6] This adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating but depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface. When a hydrophobic surface is sculpted into microscopic, regular, elevated areas, sometimes in fractal patterns, too high and too closely spaced for the surface tension of the liquid to permit any flow into the space between the plateaus, then the area of contact between liquid and solid surfaces may be reduced to a small fraction of what a smooth surface might permit.[7] The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially.[8]
"Cuticle" is one term used for the outer layer of tissue of a mushroom's basidiocarp, or "fruit body". The alternative term "pileipellis", Latin for "skin" of a "cap" (meaning "mushroom"[10]) might be technically preferable, but is perhaps too cumbersome for popular use. It is the part removed in "peeling" mushrooms. On the other hand, some morphological terminology in mycology makes finer distinctions, such as described in the article on the "pileipellis". Be that as it may, the pileipellis (or "peel") is distinct from the trama, the inner fleshy tissue of a mushroom or similar fruiting body, and also from the spore-bearing tissue layer, the hymenium.
ReferencesEdit
^"CUTICLE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
^. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
^Page, Anthony; Johnstone, I. L. (2007). "The cuticle" (PDF). WormBook: 1–15. doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.138.1. PMC4781593. PMID 18050497.
^"insect physiology" The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science of Technology, Vol. 9, p. 233, 2007
^Seago, Ainsley E.; Brady, Parrish; Vigneron, Jean-Pol; Schultz, Tom D. (28 October 2008). "Gold Bugs and Beyond: A Review of Iridescence and Structural Colour Mechanisms in Beetles (Coleoptera)". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 6 (Suppl 2): S165–S184. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0354.focus. PMC2586663. PMID 18957361.
^Von Baeyer, H. C., "The lotus effect", The Sciences, 2000, January/February, 12
^Vignolini, Silvia; Rudall, Paula J.; Rowland, Alice V.; Reed, Alison; Moyroud, Edwige; Faden, Robert B.; Baumberg, Jeremy J.; Glover, Beverley J.; Steiner, Ullrich (September 10, 2012). "Pointillist Structural Color in Pollia Fruit". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (39): 15712–5. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10915712V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210105109. PMC3465391. PMID 23019355.
^Jaeger, Edmund C. (1959). A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms. Illustrations: Merle Gish and the author (Third ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher. p. 294. ISBN0398061793. OCLC 16764689. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
External linksEdit
Media related to Кутикула at Wikimedia Commons
October 19, 2023
cuticle, this, article, about, general, concept, specific, related, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, re. This article is about the general concept For specific and related uses see Cuticle disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Cuticle news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message A cuticle ˈ k juː t ɪ k el or cuticula is any of a variety of tough but flexible non mineral outer coverings of an organism or parts of an organism that provide protection Various types of cuticle are non homologous differing in their origin structure function and chemical composition Contents 1 Human anatomy 2 Cuticle of invertebrates 3 Botany 4 Mycology 5 References 6 External linksHuman anatomy Edit nbsp Anatomy of the basic parts of a human nailIn human anatomy cuticle can refer to several structures but it is used in general parlance and even by medical professionals to refer to the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails the eponychium and to refer to the superficial layer of overlapping cells covering the hair shaft cuticula pili consisting of dead cells that locks the hair into its follicle 1 It can also be used as a synonym for the epidermis 2 the outer layer of skin Cuticle of invertebrates EditSee also Arthropod cuticle In zoology the invertebrate cuticle or cuticula is a multi layered structure outside the epidermis of many invertebrates notably arthropods and roundworms in which it forms an exoskeleton see arthropod exoskeleton The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins highly cross linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins together with glycoproteins and lipids 3 The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is chitin a polysaccharide composed of N acetylglucosamine units together with proteins and lipids The proteins and chitin are cross linked The rigidity is a function of the types of proteins and the quantity of chitin It is believed that the epidermal cells produce protein and also monitors the timing and amount of protein to be incorporated into the cuticle 4 Often in the cuticle of arthropods structural coloration is observed produced by nanostructures 5 Botany EditMain article Plant cuticle nbsp Epicuticular wax covering the cuticle of a leaf of Hosta sieboldiana makes it hydrophobic Water unable to wet the cuticle beads up and runs off carrying dust and soluble contamination with it This self cleaning property is variously called ultrahydrophobicity or ultralyophobicity in technical journals More popularly it is known as the Lotus effect In botany plant cuticles are protective hydrophobic waxy coverings produced by the epidermal cells of leaves young shoots and all other aerial plant organs Cuticles minimize water loss and effectively reduce pathogen entry due to their waxy secretion The main structural components of plant cuticles are the unique polymers cutin or cutan impregnated with wax Plant cuticles function as permeability barriers for water and water soluble materials They prevent plant surfaces from becoming wet and also help to prevent plants from drying out Xerophytic plants such as cacti have very thick cuticles to help them survive in their arid climates Plants that live in range of sea s spray also may have thicker cuticles that protect them from the toxic effects of salt Some plants particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments have an extreme resistance to wetting A well known example is the sacred lotus 6 This adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating but depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface When a hydrophobic surface is sculpted into microscopic regular elevated areas sometimes in fractal patterns too high and too closely spaced for the surface tension of the liquid to permit any flow into the space between the plateaus then the area of contact between liquid and solid surfaces may be reduced to a small fraction of what a smooth surface might permit 7 The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially 8 Structural coloration is also observed in the cuticles of plants see as an example the so called marble berry Pollia condensata 9 Mycology EditMain article Pileipellis Cuticle is one term used for the outer layer of tissue of a mushroom s basidiocarp or fruit body The alternative term pileipellis Latin for skin of a cap meaning mushroom 10 might be technically preferable but is perhaps too cumbersome for popular use It is the part removed in peeling mushrooms On the other hand some morphological terminology in mycology makes finer distinctions such as described in the article on the pileipellis Be that as it may the pileipellis or peel is distinct from the trama the inner fleshy tissue of a mushroom or similar fruiting body and also from the spore bearing tissue layer the hymenium References Edit CUTICLE meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary Dictionary cambridge org 2022 05 25 Retrieved 2022 05 31 Cuticle Archived from the original on 2019 04 01 Retrieved 2019 04 01 Page Anthony Johnstone I L 2007 The cuticle PDF WormBook 1 15 doi 10 1895 wormbook 1 138 1 PMC 4781593 PMID 18050497 insect physiology The McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science of Technology Vol 9 p 233 2007 Seago Ainsley E Brady Parrish Vigneron Jean Pol Schultz Tom D 28 October 2008 Gold Bugs and Beyond A Review of Iridescence and Structural Colour Mechanisms in Beetles Coleoptera Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6 Suppl 2 S165 S184 doi 10 1098 rsif 2008 0354 focus PMC 2586663 PMID 18957361 Quere D Surface chemistry Fakir droplets Nature Materials 2002 1 14 Onda T Shibuichi S Satoh N Tsujii K 1996 Super Water Repellent Fractal Surfaces Langmuir 12 9 2125 27 doi 10 1021 la950418o Von Baeyer H C The lotus effect The Sciences 2000 January February 12 Vignolini Silvia Rudall Paula J Rowland Alice V Reed Alison Moyroud Edwige Faden Robert B Baumberg Jeremy J Glover Beverley J Steiner Ullrich September 10 2012 Pointillist Structural Color in Pollia Fruit Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 39 15712 5 Bibcode 2012PNAS 10915712V doi 10 1073 pnas 1210105109 PMC 3465391 PMID 23019355 Jaeger Edmund C 1959 A Source Book of Biological Names and Terms Illustrations Merle Gish and the author Third ed Springfield IL Charles C Thomas Publisher p 294 ISBN 0398061793 OCLC 16764689 Retrieved 5 June 2023 External links Edit nbsp Media related to Kutikula at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cuticle amp oldid 1178498514, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
