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Loricifera

January 31, 2023

Loricifera (from Latin, lorica, corselet (armour) + ferre, to bear) is a phylum of very small to microscopic marine cycloneuralian sediment-dwelling animals that had been determined to be 37 described species, in 9 genera,[3][4][5] but in 2021 has increased to 43 species.[6] Aside from these described species, there are approximately 100 more that have been collected and not yet described.[4] Their sizes range from 100 μm to ca. 1 mm.[7]

Loricifera
Temporal range: Middle Cambrian–Recent[1] (total group)
Pliciloricus enigmaticus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
(unranked): Protostomia
Superphylum: Ecdysozoa
Phylum: Loricifera
Kristensen, 1983[2]
Order: Nanaloricida
Kristensen, 1983[2]
Families

They are characterised by a protective outer case called a lorica and their habitat is in the spaces between marine gravel to which they attach themselves. The phylum was discovered in 1983 by R.M. Kristensen, near Roscoff, France.[8] They are among the most recently discovered groups of animals.[9] They attach themselves quite firmly to the substrate, and hence remained undiscovered for so long.[5] The first specimen was collected in the 1970s, and later described in 1983.[9] They are found at all depths, in different sediment types, and in all latitudes.[5]

Morphology

The animals have a head, mouth, and digestive system, as well as the lorica. The head (which contains the mouth and the brain), a trunk region surrounded by six plates that make up the 'lorica' or corselet and – in between these two – the neck region. Loricifera have a well developed brain and each scalid is individually connected to the brain by nerves. The armor-like lorica consists of a protective external shell or case of encircling plicae.[10] There is no circulatory system and no endocrine system. Many of the larvae are acoelomate, with some adults being pseudocoelomate, and some remaining acoelomate.[9] Development is generally direct, though there are so-called Higgins larvae, which differ from adults in several respects. As adults, the animals are gonochoric. Very complex and plastic life cycles of pliciloricids include also paedogenetic stages with different forms of parthenogenetic reproduction.[4] Fossils have been dated to the late Cambrian.[11]

Taxonomic affinity

See also: List of bilateral animal orders

Morphological studies have traditionally placed the phylum in the vinctiplicata with the Priapulida; this plus the Kinorhyncha constitutes the taxon Scalidophora. The three phyla share four characters in common – chitinous cuticle, rings of scalids on the introvert, flosculi, and two rings of introvert retracts.[8][9] However, despite a 2015 study showing the phylum's closest relatives being the Panarthropoda,[12] a 2022 study again showed that it belonged to the Scalidophora and told that further, more comprehensive genetic tests will be required to find its actual position in Ecdysozoa.[13]

 
Light microscopy image of Spinoloricus cinziae adapted to an anoxic environment (stained with Rose Bengal). Scale bar is 50 μm.

Evolutionary history

The loriciferans are believed to be miniaturized descendants of a larger organism, perhaps resembling the Cambrian fossil Sirilorica.[14] However, the fossil record of the microscopic non-mineralized group is (perhaps unsurprisingly) scarce, so it is difficult to trace out the evolutionary history of the phylum in any detail.

The 2017 discovery of Cambrian Period Eolorica deadwoodensis may shed some light on the group's history.[15]

In anoxic environments

Three species of Loricifera have been found in the oxygen-free sediments at the bottom of the L'Atalante basin in Mediterranean Sea, more than 3,000 meters down, the first multicellular organisms known to spend their entire lives in an anoxic environment. Initially, it was thought that they are able to do this because their mitochondria act like hydrogenosomes, allowing them to respire anaerobically.[16][17] However, by 2021, questions arose as to whether or not they have mitochondria.[18]

The newly reported animals complete their life cycle in the total absence of light and oxygen, and they are less than a millimetre in size.[19] They were collected from a deep basin at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, where they inhabit a nearly salt-saturated brine that, because of its density (> 1.2 g/cm³), does not mix with the waters above.[19] As a consequence, this environment is completely anoxic and, due to the activity of sulfate reducers, contains sulphide at a concentration of 2.9 mM.[19] Despite such harsh conditions, this anoxic and sulphidic environment is teeming with microbial life, both chemosynthetic prokaryotes that are primary producers, and a broad diversity of eukaryotic heterotrophs at the next trophic level.[19]

Taxa


References

  1. ^ Peel, John S.; Stein, Martin; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (9 August 2013). "Life Cycle and Morphology of a Cambrian Stem-Lineage Loriciferan". PLoS ONE. 8 (8): e73583. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873583P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073583. PMC 3749095. PMID 23991198.
  2. ^ a b Kristensen, R.M. (27 April 2009) [September 1983]. "Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 21 (3): 163–180. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x. ISSN 0947-5745.
  3. ^ Neves, Ricardo Cardoso; Reichert, Heinrich; Sørensen, Martin Vinther; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (November 2016). "Systematics of phylum Loricifera: Identification keys of families, genera and species". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 265: 141–170. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2016.06.002.
  4. ^ a b c Gad, Gunnar (17 June 2005). "Successive reduction of the last instar larva of Loricifera, as evidenced by two new species of Pliciloricus from the Great Meteor Seamount (Atlantic Ocean)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 243 (4): 239–271. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2004.09.001.
  5. ^ a b c Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D., eds. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). p. 776. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.
  6. ^ Cardoso Neves, Ricardo; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Møbjerg, Nadja (5 May 2021). "New records on the rich loriciferan fauna of Trezen ar Skoden (Roscoff, France): Description of two new species of Nanaloricus and the new genus Scutiloricus". PLOS ONE. 16 (5): e0250403. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250403. id 10.1371.
  7. ^ Heiner, Iben (2005). . Annales Societatis Scientiatum Færoensis Supplementum. 41: 213–219. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  8. ^ a b Heiner, Iben; Kristensen, R.M. (18 March 2005). "Two new species of the genus Pliciloricus (Loricifera, Pliciloricidae) from the Faroe Bank, North Atlantic". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 243 (3): 121–138. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2004.05.002.
  9. ^ a b c d Kristensen, R.M. (July 2002). "An introduction to Loricifera, Cycliophora, and Micrognathozoa". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (3): 641–651. doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.641. PMID 21708760.
  10. ^ Heiner, Iben; Sorensen, Martin Vinther; Kristensen, Reinhardt Mobjerg (2004). "Loricifera (Girdle Wearers)". Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. pp. 343–350.
  11. ^ "Discovery of new fossil from half billion years ago sheds light on life on Earth: Scientists find 'unfossilizable' creature". Science Daily (Press release). January 2017.
  12. ^ Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (30 June 2015). "Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences". Zoological Letters. 1: 18. doi:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0. ISSN 2056-306X. PMC 4657359. PMID 26605063.
  13. ^ Howard, R. J., Giacomelli, M., Lozano-Fernandez, J., Edgecombe, G. D., Fleming, J. F., Kristensen, R. M., Ma, X., Olesen, J., Sørensen, M. V., Thomsen, P. F., Wills, M. A., Donoghue, P. C., & Pisani, D. (2022). The Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and Phylogenomic Data. Journal of the Geological Society, 179 (4). https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-107
  14. ^ Peel, John S. (March 2010). "A corset-like fossil from the Cambrian Sirius Passet lagerstätte of North Greenland and its implications for cycloneuralian evolution". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (2): 332–340. doi:10.1666/09-102R.1. JSTOR 40605520. S2CID 86256781.
  15. ^ Harvey, Thomas H.P.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (30 January 2017). "Exceptionally preserved Cambrian loriciferans and the early animal invasion of the meiobenthos" (PDF). Nature Ecology and Evolution. 1 (3): 0022. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0022. hdl:2381/38658. PMID 28812727. S2CID 22874770. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  16. ^ Fang, Janet (8 April 2010). "Animals thrive without oxygen at sea bottom". Nature. 464 (7290): 825. doi:10.1038/464825b. PMID 20376121.
  17. ^ Milius, Susan (9 April 2010). "Briny deep basin may be home to animals thriving without oxygen". Science News.
  18. ^ Snyder, Alison (6 May 2021). "Something wondrous". Axios Science.
  19. ^ a b c d Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (6 April 2010). "Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche". BMC Biology. 8: 32. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-32. PMC 2859860. PMID 20370917.
  20. ^ Fujimoto, Shinta; Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Kimura, Taeko; Ohtsuka, Susumu; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (14 November 2020). "A new genus and species of Loricifera (Nanaloricida: Pliciloricidae) from the deep waters of Japan". Marine Biodiversity. 50 (6): 103. doi:10.1007/s12526-020-01130-3. S2CID 228866331.

Further reading

  Data related to Loricifera at Wikispecies

  • Bernhard, Joan M.; Morrison, Colin R.; Pape, Ellen; Beaudoin, David J.; Todaro, M. Antonio; Pachiadaki, Maria G.; Kormas, Konstantinos Ar.; Edgcomb, Virginia P. (2015). "Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins". BMC Biology. 13: 105. doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6. PMC 4676161. PMID 26652623.
  • Danovaro, Roberto; Dell'Anno, Antonio; Pusceddu, Antonio; Gambi, Cristina; Heiner, Iben; Kristensen, Reinhardt Mobjerg (2010). "The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions". BMC Biology. 8: 30. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-30. PMC 2907586. PMID 20370908.
  • Fox-Skelly, Jasmin (25 January 2017). "There is one animal that seems to survive without oxygen". BBC Earth. BBC.
  • Heiner, Iben (2008). "Rugiloricus bacatus sp. nov. (Loricifera ‐Pliciloricidae) and a ghost‐larva with paedogenetic reproduction". Systematics and Biodiversity. 6 (2): 225–47. doi:10.1017/S147720000800265X. S2CID 85855659.
  • "Can animals thrive without oxygen?" (Press release). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 28 January 2016.
  • "Discovery of new fossil from half billion years ago sheds light on life on Earth". Science News. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

January 31, 2023
loricifera, this, article, technical, most, readers, understand, please, help, improve, make, understandable, experts, without, removing, technical, details, april, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, from, latin, lorica, corselet, armour, ferr. This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Loricifera from Latin lorica corselet armour ferre to bear is a phylum of very small to microscopic marine cycloneuralian sediment dwelling animals that had been determined to be 37 described species in 9 genera 3 4 5 but in 2021 has increased to 43 species 6 Aside from these described species there are approximately 100 more that have been collected and not yet described 4 Their sizes range from 100 mm to ca 1 mm 7 LoriciferaTemporal range Middle Cambrian Recent 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N total group Pliciloricus enigmaticusScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaSubkingdom EumetazoaClade ParaHoxozoaClade BilateriaClade Nephrozoa unranked ProtostomiaSuperphylum EcdysozoaPhylum LoriciferaKristensen 1983 2 Order NanaloricidaKristensen 1983 2 FamiliesNanaloricidaePliciloricidaeUrnaloricidaeThey are characterised by a protective outer case called a lorica and their habitat is in the spaces between marine gravel to which they attach themselves The phylum was discovered in 1983 by R M Kristensen near Roscoff France 8 They are among the most recently discovered groups of animals 9 They attach themselves quite firmly to the substrate and hence remained undiscovered for so long 5 The first specimen was collected in the 1970s and later described in 1983 9 They are found at all depths in different sediment types and in all latitudes 5 Contents 1 Morphology 2 Taxonomic affinity 3 Evolutionary history 4 In anoxic environments 5 Taxa 6 References 7 Further readingMorphology EditThe animals have a head mouth and digestive system as well as the lorica The head which contains the mouth and the brain a trunk region surrounded by six plates that make up the lorica or corselet and in between these two the neck region Loricifera have a well developed brain and each scalid is individually connected to the brain by nerves The armor like lorica consists of a protective external shell or case of encircling plicae 10 There is no circulatory system and no endocrine system Many of the larvae are acoelomate with some adults being pseudocoelomate and some remaining acoelomate 9 Development is generally direct though there are so called Higgins larvae which differ from adults in several respects As adults the animals are gonochoric Very complex and plastic life cycles of pliciloricids include also paedogenetic stages with different forms of parthenogenetic reproduction 4 Fossils have been dated to the late Cambrian 11 Taxonomic affinity EditSee also List of bilateral animal orders Morphological studies have traditionally placed the phylum in the vinctiplicata with the Priapulida this plus the Kinorhyncha constitutes the taxon Scalidophora The three phyla share four characters in common chitinous cuticle rings of scalids on the introvert flosculi and two rings of introvert retracts 8 9 However despite a 2015 study showing the phylum s closest relatives being the Panarthropoda 12 a 2022 study again showed that it belonged to the Scalidophora and told that further more comprehensive genetic tests will be required to find its actual position in Ecdysozoa 13 Light microscopy image of Spinoloricus cinziae adapted to an anoxic environment stained with Rose Bengal Scale bar is 50 mm Evolutionary history EditThe loriciferans are believed to be miniaturized descendants of a larger organism perhaps resembling the Cambrian fossil Sirilorica 14 However the fossil record of the microscopic non mineralized group is perhaps unsurprisingly scarce so it is difficult to trace out the evolutionary history of the phylum in any detail The 2017 discovery of Cambrian Period Eolorica deadwoodensis may shed some light on the group s history 15 In anoxic environments EditThree species of Loricifera have been found in the oxygen free sediments at the bottom of the L Atalante basin in Mediterranean Sea more than 3 000 meters down the first multicellular organisms known to spend their entire lives in an anoxic environment Initially it was thought that they are able to do this because their mitochondria act like hydrogenosomes allowing them to respire anaerobically 16 17 However by 2021 questions arose as to whether or not they have mitochondria 18 The newly reported animals complete their life cycle in the total absence of light and oxygen and they are less than a millimetre in size 19 They were collected from a deep basin at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea where they inhabit a nearly salt saturated brine that because of its density gt 1 2 g cm does not mix with the waters above 19 As a consequence this environment is completely anoxic and due to the activity of sulfate reducers contains sulphide at a concentration of 2 9 mM 19 Despite such harsh conditions this anoxic and sulphidic environment is teeming with microbial life both chemosynthetic prokaryotes that are primary producers and a broad diversity of eukaryotic heterotrophs at the next trophic level 19 Taxa EditNanaloricidae Kristensen 1983Nanaloricus Kristensen 1983Armorloricus Kristensen amp Gad 2004Australoricus Heiner Boesgaard amp Kristensen 2009Phoeniciloricus Gad 2004Spinoloricus Heiner 2007Pliciloricidae Higgins amp Kristensen 1986Pliciloricus Higgins amp Kristensen 1986Rugiloricus Higgins amp Kristensen 1986Titaniloricus Gad 2005Wataloricus Fujimoto Yamasaki Kimura et al 2020 20 Urnaloricidae Heiner amp Mobjerg Kristensen 2009Urnaloricus Heiner amp Mobjerg Kristensen 2009Extinct taxa unclassified Eolorica Harvey amp Butterfield 2017 Orstenoloricus Maas et al 2009References Edit Peel John S Stein Martin Kristensen Reinhardt Mobjerg 9 August 2013 Life Cycle and Morphology of a Cambrian Stem Lineage Loriciferan PLoS ONE 8 8 e73583 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 873583P doi 10 1371 journal pone 0073583 PMC 3749095 PMID 23991198 a b Kristensen R M 27 April 2009 September 1983 Loricifera a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 21 3 163 180 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0469 1983 tb00285 x ISSN 0947 5745 Neves Ricardo Cardoso Reichert Heinrich Sorensen Martin Vinther Kristensen Reinhardt Mobjerg November 2016 Systematics of phylum Loricifera Identification keys of families genera and species Zoologischer Anzeiger 265 141 170 doi 10 1016 j jcz 2016 06 002 a b c Gad Gunnar 17 June 2005 Successive reduction of the last instar larva of Loricifera as evidenced by two new species of Pliciloricus from the Great Meteor Seamount Atlantic Ocean Zoologischer Anzeiger 243 4 239 271 doi 10 1016 j jcz 2004 09 001 a b c Ruppert Edward E Fox Richard S Barnes Robert D eds 2004 Invertebrate Zoology 7th ed p 776 ISBN 978 0 03 025982 1 Cardoso Neves Ricardo Kristensen Reinhardt Mobjerg Mobjerg Nadja 5 May 2021 New records on the rich loriciferan fauna of Trezen ar Skoden Roscoff France Description of two new species of Nanaloricus and the new genus Scutiloricus PLOS ONE 16 5 e0250403 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0250403 id 10 1371 Heiner Iben 2005 Preliminary account of the Loriciferan fauna of the Faroe Bank NE Atlantic Annales Societatis Scientiatum Faeroensis Supplementum 41 213 219 Archived from the original on 27 December 2016 Retrieved 26 December 2016 a b Heiner Iben Kristensen R M 18 March 2005 Two new species of the genus Pliciloricus Loricifera Pliciloricidae from the Faroe Bank North Atlantic Zoologischer Anzeiger 243 3 121 138 doi 10 1016 j jcz 2004 05 002 a b c d Kristensen R M July 2002 An introduction to Loricifera Cycliophora and Micrognathozoa Integrative and Comparative Biology 42 3 641 651 doi 10 1093 icb 42 3 641 PMID 21708760 Heiner Iben Sorensen Martin Vinther Kristensen Reinhardt Mobjerg 2004 Loricifera Girdle Wearers Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 1 New York NY Van Nostrand Reinhold Company pp 343 350 Discovery of new fossil from half billion years ago sheds light on life on Earth Scientists find unfossilizable creature Science Daily Press release January 2017 Yamasaki Hiroshi Fujimoto Shinta Miyazaki Katsumi 30 June 2015 Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences Zoological Letters 1 18 doi 10 1186 s40851 015 0017 0 ISSN 2056 306X PMC 4657359 PMID 26605063 Howard R J Giacomelli M Lozano Fernandez J Edgecombe G D Fleming J F Kristensen R M Ma X Olesen J Sorensen M V Thomsen P F Wills M A Donoghue P C amp Pisani D 2022 The Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa Integrating fossil and Phylogenomic Data Journal of the Geological Society 179 4 https doi org 10 1144 jgs2021 107 Peel John S March 2010 A corset like fossil from the Cambrian Sirius Passet lagerstatte of North Greenland and its implications for cycloneuralian evolution Journal of Paleontology 84 2 332 340 doi 10 1666 09 102R 1 JSTOR 40605520 S2CID 86256781 Harvey Thomas H P Butterfield Nicholas J 30 January 2017 Exceptionally preserved Cambrian loriciferans and the early animal invasion of the meiobenthos PDF Nature Ecology and Evolution 1 3 0022 doi 10 1038 s41559 016 0022 hdl 2381 38658 PMID 28812727 S2CID 22874770 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Fang Janet 8 April 2010 Animals thrive without oxygen at sea bottom Nature 464 7290 825 doi 10 1038 464825b PMID 20376121 Milius Susan 9 April 2010 Briny deep basin may be home to animals thriving without oxygen Science News Snyder Alison 6 May 2021 Something wondrous Axios Science a b c d Mentel Marek Martin William 6 April 2010 Anaerobic animals from an ancient anoxic ecological niche BMC Biology 8 32 doi 10 1186 1741 7007 8 32 PMC 2859860 PMID 20370917 Fujimoto Shinta Yamasaki Hiroshi Kimura Taeko Ohtsuka Susumu Kristensen Reinhardt Mobjerg 14 November 2020 A new genus and species of Loricifera Nanaloricida Pliciloricidae from the deep waters of Japan Marine Biodiversity 50 6 103 doi 10 1007 s12526 020 01130 3 S2CID 228866331 Further reading Edit Data related to Loricifera at Wikispecies Bernhard Joan M Morrison Colin R Pape Ellen Beaudoin David J Todaro M Antonio Pachiadaki Maria G Kormas Konstantinos Ar Edgcomb Virginia P 2015 Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep sea hypersaline anoxic basins BMC Biology 13 105 doi 10 1186 s12915 015 0213 6 PMC 4676161 PMID 26652623 Danovaro Roberto Dell Anno Antonio Pusceddu Antonio Gambi Cristina Heiner Iben Kristensen Reinhardt Mobjerg 2010 The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions BMC Biology 8 30 doi 10 1186 1741 7007 8 30 PMC 2907586 PMID 20370908 Fox Skelly Jasmin 25 January 2017 There is one animal that seems to survive without oxygen BBC Earth BBC Heiner Iben 2008 Rugiloricus bacatus sp nov Loricifera Pliciloricidae and a ghost larva with paedogenetic reproduction Systematics and Biodiversity 6 2 225 47 doi 10 1017 S147720000800265X S2CID 85855659 Ramel Gordon 2 March 2020 The Brush Heads Phylum Loricifera self published source Can animals thrive without oxygen Press release Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 28 January 2016 Discovery of new fossil from half billion years ago sheds light on life on Earth Science News Retrieved 19 April 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Loricifera amp oldid 1126286058, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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