Early Modern Japanese (近世日本語, kinsei nihongo) was the stage of the Japanese language after Middle Japanese and before Modern Japanese.[1] It is a period of transition that shed many of the language's medieval characteristics and became closer to its modern form.
The period spanned roughly 250 years and extended from the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century. Politically, it generally corresponded to the Edo period.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the center of government moved to Edo from Kamigata under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate. Until the early Edo period, the Kamigata dialect, the ancestor of the modern Kansai dialect, was the most influential dialect. However, in the late Edo period, the Edo dialect, the ancestor of the modern Tokyo dialect, became the most influential dialect, and Japan closed its borders to foreigners. Compared to the previous centuries, the Tokugawa rule brought about much newfound stability. That made the importance of the warrior class gradually fall and replaced it with the merchant class. There was much economic growth, and new artistic developments appeared, such as Ukiyo-e, Kabuki, and Bunraku. New literary genres such as Ukiyozōshi, Sharebon (pleasure districts), Kokkeibon (commoners), and Ninjōbon also developed. Major authors included Ihara Saikaku, Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Matsuo Bashō, Shikitei Sanba, and Santō Kyōden.
Middle Japanese had a series of prenasalizedvoicedplosives and fricatives: [ŋɡ, ⁿz, ⁿd, ᵐb]. In Early Modern Japanese, they lost their prenasalization, which resulted in ɡ, z, d, b.
Grammar
Verbs
Early Modern Japanese has five verbal conjugations:
Verb Class
Irrealis 未然形
Adverbial 連用形
Conclusive 終止形
Attributive 連体形
Hypothetical 仮定形
Imperative 命令形
Quadrigrade (四段)
-a
-i
-u
-u
-e
-e
Upper Monograde(上一段)
-i
-i
-iru
-iru
-ire
-i(yo, ro)
Lower Monograde (下一段)
-e
-e
-eru
-eru
-ere
-e(yo, ro)
K-irregular (カ変)
-o
-i
-uru
-uru
-ure
-oi
S-irregular (サ変)
-e, -a, -i
-i
-uru
-uru
-ure
-ei, -iro
As had already begun in Middle Japanese, the verbal morphology system continued to evolve. The total number of verb classes was reduced from nine to five. Specifically, the r-irregular and n-irregular regularized as quadrigrade, and the upper and lower bigrade classes merged with their respective monograde. That left the quadrigrade, upper monograde, lower monograde, k-irregular, and s-irregular.[3]
Historically, adjectives were subdivided into two classes: those whose adverbial form ended in -ku and those that ended in –siku. That distinction was lost in Early Modern Japanese.
Irrealis 未然形
Adverbial 連用形
Conclusive 終止形
Attributive 連体形
Hypothetical 仮定形
Imperative 命令形
-kara
-ku
-i
-i
-kere
-kare
Historically, the adjectival noun was sub-divided into two categories: -nar and -tar. In Early Modern Japanese, -tar vanished and left only -na.
Miyake, Marc Hideo (2003). Old Japanese : a phonetic reconstruction. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN0-415-30575-6.
Nakata, Norio (1972). Kōza Kokugoshi: Dai 2 kan: On'inshi, Mojishi (in Japanese). Taishūkan Shoten.
Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-36918-5.
Yamaguchi, Akiho; Hideo Suzuki; Ryūzō Sakanashi; Masayuki Tsukimoto (1997). Nihongo no Rekishi (in Japanese). Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai. ISBN4-13-082004-4.
January 24, 2023
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This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Early Modern Japanese 近世日本語 kinsei nihongo was the stage of the Japanese language after Middle Japanese and before Modern Japanese 1 It is a period of transition that shed many of the language s medieval characteristics and became closer to its modern form Early Modern Japanese近世日本語RegionJapanEraEvolved into Modern Japanese in the mid 19th centuryLanguage familyJaponic JapaneseEarly Modern JapaneseEarly formsOld Japanese Early Middle Japanese Late Middle JapaneseWriting systemHiragana Katakana and KanjiLanguage codesISO 639 3 GlottologNoneThe period spanned roughly 250 years and extended from the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century Politically it generally corresponded to the Edo period Contents 1 Background 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Labialization 2 3 Palatalization 2 4 Prenasalization 3 Grammar 3 1 Verbs 3 2 Adjectives 4 Notes 5 ReferencesBackground EditAt the beginning of the 17th century the center of government moved to Edo from Kamigata under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate Until the early Edo period the Kamigata dialect the ancestor of the modern Kansai dialect was the most influential dialect However in the late Edo period the Edo dialect the ancestor of the modern Tokyo dialect became the most influential dialect and Japan closed its borders to foreigners Compared to the previous centuries the Tokugawa rule brought about much newfound stability That made the importance of the warrior class gradually fall and replaced it with the merchant class There was much economic growth and new artistic developments appeared such as Ukiyo e Kabuki and Bunraku New literary genres such as Ukiyozōshi Sharebon pleasure districts Kokkeibon commoners and Ninjōbon also developed Major authors included Ihara Saikaku Chikamatsu Monzaemon Matsuo Bashō Shikitei Sanba and Santō Kyōden Phonology EditConsonants Edit Middle Japanese had the following consonants Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular GlottalStop p b t d k ɡ Affricate t s d z t ɕ d ʑ Nasal m n ɴ Fricative ɸ s z ɕ c hLiquid r Approximant j ɰ t s z h all have a number of allophones before the high vowels i ɯ t t ɕ i t t s ɯ z d ʑ i z d z ɯ h c i h ɸ ɯSeveral major developments occurred zi di and zu du respectively no longer contrasted h partially developed from ɸ into h c se lost its palatalization and became se Middle Japanese had a syllable final t which was gradually replaced by the open syllable tu Labialization Edit The labial kwa gwa merged with their non labial counterparts into ka ga 2 Palatalization Edit The consonants s z t n h b p m and r could be palatalized Depalatalization could also be seen in the Edo dialect hyakunin issyu gt hyakunisi teisyu gt teisi lord zyumyoː gt zimyoː life Prenasalization Edit Middle Japanese had a series of prenasalized voiced plosives and fricatives ŋɡ ⁿz ⁿd ᵐb In Early Modern Japanese they lost their prenasalization which resulted in ɡ z d b Grammar EditVerbs Edit Early Modern Japanese has five verbal conjugations Verb Class Irrealis未然形 Adverbial連用形 Conclusive終止形 Attributive連体形 Hypothetical仮定形 Imperative命令形Quadrigrade 四段 a i u u e eUpper Monograde 上一段 i i iru iru ire i yo ro Lower Monograde 下一段 e e eru eru ere e yo ro K irregular カ変 o i uru uru ure oiS irregular サ変 e a i i uru uru ure ei iroAs had already begun in Middle Japanese the verbal morphology system continued to evolve The total number of verb classes was reduced from nine to five Specifically the r irregular and n irregular regularized as quadrigrade and the upper and lower bigrade classes merged with their respective monograde That left the quadrigrade upper monograde lower monograde k irregular and s irregular 3 Adjectives Edit There were two types of adjectives regular adjectives and adjectival nouns Historically adjectives were subdivided into two classes those whose adverbial form ended in ku and those that ended in siku That distinction was lost in Early Modern Japanese Irrealis未然形 Adverbial連用形 Conclusive終止形 Attributive連体形 Hypothetical仮定形 Imperative命令形 kara ku i i kere kareHistorically the adjectival noun was sub divided into two categories nar and tar In Early Modern Japanese tar vanished and left only na Irrealis未然形 Adverbial連用形 Conclusive終止形 Attributive連体形 Hypothetical仮定形 Imperative命令形 da ra ni de na da na nare nara Notes Edit Shibatani 1990 119 Yamamoto 1997 147 148 Yamaguchi 1997 129 References EditKondō Yasuhiro Masayuki Tsukimoto Katsumi Sugiura 2005 Nihongo no Rekishi in Japanese Hōsō Daigaku Kyōiku Shinkōkai ISBN 4 595 30547 8 Martin Samuel E 1987 The Japanese Language Through Time Yale University ISBN 0 300 03729 5 Matsumura Akira 1971 Nihon Bunpō Daijiten in Japanese Meiji Shoin ISBN 4 6254 0055 4 Miyake Marc Hideo 2003 Old Japanese a phonetic reconstruction London New York RoutledgeCurzon ISBN 0 415 30575 6 Nakata Norio 1972 Kōza Kokugoshi Dai 2 kan On inshi Mojishi in Japanese Taishukan Shoten Shibatani Masayoshi 1990 The Languages of Japan Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 36918 5 Yamaguchi Akiho Hideo Suzuki Ryuzō Sakanashi Masayuki Tsukimoto 1997 Nihongo no Rekishi in Japanese Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai ISBN 4 13 082004 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Early Modern Japanese amp oldid 1133543674, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
