Cynodon dactylon, commonly known as Bermuda grass, is a grass found worldwide. It is native to Europe, Africa, Australia and much of Asia. It has been introduced to the Americas.[2][3] Contrary to its common name, it is not native to Bermuda and is in fact an abundant invasive species there. In Bermuda it has been known as "crab grass" (also a name for Digitaria sanguinalis). Other names are Dhoob, dūrvā grass, ethana grass, dubo, dog grass, dog's tooth grass,[4] Bahama grass, crab grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, arugampul, grama, wiregrass and scutch grass.
The blades are a grey-green colour and are short, usually 2–15 cm (0.79–5.91 in) long with rough edges.[5] The erect stems can grow 1–30 cm (0.39–11.81 in) tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in colour.
The seed heads are produced in a cluster of two to six spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) long.[5]
It has a deep root system; in drought situations with penetrable soil, the root system can grow to over 2 metres (6.6 ft) deep, though most of the root mass is less than 60 centimetres (24 in) under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground with its stolons, and roots wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. C. dactylon reproduces through seeds, stolons, and rhizomes. Growth begins at temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F) with optimum growth between 24 and 37 °C (75 and 99 °F); in winter, the grass becomes dormant and turns brown. Growth is promoted by full sun and retarded by full shade, e.g., close to tree trunks.[citation needed]
CultivationEdit
Cynodon dactylon is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30° S and 30° N latitude, and that get between 625 and 1,750 mm (24.6 and 68.9 in) of rainfall a year (or less, if irrigation is available). For example, it is grown in the U.S. mostly in the southern half of the country.
CultivarsEdit
Hundreds of cultivars have been created specifically for environmental tolerance and stakeholder requirements. New cultivars are released yearly.[6][7]
UsesEdit
ReligiousEdit
Commonly known as "durva" or dūrvāyugma in India, this grass is used in the Ayurveda system of medicine.[8] Performing Puranokta Rudrabhisheka while offering durva 11 times bestows long life. In Hinduism, it is considered important in the worship of Lord Ganesha. A clump of 21 shoots of this grass is usually offered during puja (worship). It has been a part of Hindu rituals since Vedic times. A unique festival called Durva Ashtami, dedicated to this grass, is celebrated on the 8th day of Shukla Paksha of Bhadra month of the Hindu calendar.[9]
Groom tying a dubo garland around the bride's neck in a NepaleseHindu wedding
In Nepal, the grass is known as "dubo" and is used by the Hindus. According to Nepalese Hindus, the grass symbolises long life. The grass is an essential item for the Naga Panchami festival as well as the Gaura festival.[11][12][13] In a Nepalese Hindu wedding, a garland made of this grass is worn by both bride and groom.[14]
The rhizomes are reported to act as a diuretic in humans and the grass juice can act as an astringent.[8]
It has been observed that Cynodon dactylon may be selectively eaten by dogs to swiftly induce vomiting when they have gastrointestinal problems. The effect may be due to irritation caused by bristles on the leaf margin.[8]
OtherEdit
It is fast-growing and tough, making it popular and useful for sports fields, as when damaged it will recover quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly for those regions where its tolerance to heat and drought enable it to survive where few other grasses do. This combination makes it a frequent choice for golf courses in the southern, southeastern U.S and South Africa. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements.
Cynodon dactylon (foreground, the background grass is a separate species) at Peradeniya Royal Botanical GardenInvasive nature of cynodon dactylon as it grows out of a small hole in a concrete curb
Invasive speciesEdit
It is a highly aggressive invasive species, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats, and has become a hard-to-eradicate weed in some areas (it can be controlled somewhat with Triclopyr, Mesotrione, Fluazifop-P-butyl, and Glyphosate).[17][18] This weedy nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of "devil grass". Bermuda grass is incredibly difficult to control in flower beds and most herbicides do not work. However, Ornamec, Ornamec 170, Turflon ester (tricyclopyr), and Imazapyr have shown some effectiveness. All of these items are difficult to find in retail stores, as they are primarily marketed to professional landscapers.[19]
The hybrid variety Tifton 85, like some other grasses (e.g. sorghum), produces cyanide under certain conditions,[20] and has been implicated in several livestock deaths.
ReferencesEdit
^"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
^"Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".
^"Iraq". lntreasures.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
^ abWalker, Karen; Burrows, Geoff; McMahon, Lynne (2001). Bidgee bush: an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales. Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory: Greening Australia. p. 82. ISBN978-1-875345-61-8. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
^Shi H, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Ye T, Chan Z. Analysis of natural variation in bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) reveals physiological responses underlying drought tolerance. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e53422.
^ abcKandwal, Manish K.; Sharma, M. L. (2011). "Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers. : a self-treatment grass for dogs". Current Science. 101 (5): 619–621. JSTOR 24078622. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
^Majupuria, Trilok Chandra (2009). Religious & useful plants of Nepal & India: (medicinal plants and flowers as mentioned in religious myths and legends of Hinduism and Buddhism). Rohit Kumar (Majupuria). ISBN978-9937-2-0473-6.
^Vijayan Namboothiri, Mini. 'Dashapushpam'- through the looking glasses of Science and Religion. ISBN978-620-0-31860-2. OCLC 1197284682.
^"आज नागपञ्चमी पर्व मनाइँदै , यस्तो छ धार्मिक मान्यता". Nepalipatra. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
^"सुदूरपश्चिममा गौरा पर्व सुरु". Online Khabar (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-10-27.
^"किन नागलाई दूध र दुबो चढाइन्छ ?". किन नागलाई दूध र दुबो चढाइन्छ ? (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-10-27.
^"Love and Marriage in Nepal". Vogue. 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2022-10-27. nd a garland of flowers and dubo or durva grass, a symbol of long life.
^ Kaffka, Stephen (2009). (PDF). California Agriculture. 63 (4): 202–207. doi:10.3733/ca.v063n04p202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
^Stephen Kaffka; Stephen Grattan; Dennis Corwi; Maximo Alonso; George E. Brown Jr. (PDF). UC Center for Water Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2015.
^"Tenacity and Bermuda Control - LawnSite.com™ - Lawn Care & Landscaping Business Forum". Lawnsite.com. 2011. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
^Teuton T.C.; J.B. Unruh; B.J. Brecke; G.L. Miller (2005). . Applied Turfgrass Science. doi:10.1094/ATS-2005-0119-01-RS. S2CID 221234330. Archived from the original on 2011-03-21.
^John Boyd; Brian N. Rodgers. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2010.
^Provin, T. L.; Pitt, J. L. "Nitrates and Prussic Acid in Forages" (PDF). Texas A&M University System. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cynodon dactylon.
FAO.org factsheet: Cynodon dactylon
Cim Antalya factsheet: Bermuda Çim
August 28, 2023
cynodon, dactylon, commonly, known, bermuda, grass, grass, found, worldwide, native, europe, africa, australia, much, asia, been, introduced, americas, contrary, common, name, native, bermuda, fact, abundant, invasive, species, there, bermuda, been, known, cra. Cynodon dactylon commonly known as Bermuda grass is a grass found worldwide It is native to Europe Africa Australia and much of Asia It has been introduced to the Americas 2 3 Contrary to its common name it is not native to Bermuda and is in fact an abundant invasive species there In Bermuda it has been known as crab grass also a name for Digitaria sanguinalis Other names are Dhoob durva grass ethana grass dubo dog grass dog s tooth grass 4 Bahama grass crab grass devil s grass couch grass Indian doab arugampul grama wiregrass and scutch grass Cynodon dactylonScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsClade CommelinidsOrder PoalesFamily PoaceaeGenus CynodonSpecies C dactylonBinomial nameCynodon dactylon L Pers Synonyms 1 List Agrostis bermudiana Tussac ex Kunth nom inval Agrostis filiformis J Koenig ex Kunth nom inval Agrostis linearis Retz Agrostis stellata Willd Capriola dactylon L Kuntze Capriola dactylon L Hitchc Chloris cynodon Trin nom illeg Chloris maritima Trin Chloris paytensis Steud Cynodon affinis Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon aristiglumis Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon aristulatus Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon barberi f longifolia Join Cynodon decipiens Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon distichloides Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon erectus J Presl Cynodon glabratus Steud Cynodon grandispiculus Caro amp E A Sanchez nom inval Cynodon hirsutissimus Litard amp Maire Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon iraquensis Caro Cynodon laeviglumis Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon linearis Willd Cynodon maritimus Kunth Cynodon mucronatus Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon nitidus Caro amp E A Sanchez Cynodon occidentalis Willd ex Steud nom inval Cynodon pascuus Nees Cynodon pedicellatus Caro Cynodon polevansii Stent Cynodon portoricensis Willd ex Steud nom inval Cynodon repens Dulac nom illeg Cynodon sarmentosus Gray nom illeg Cynodon scabrifolius Caro Cynodon stellatus Willd Cynodon tenuis Trin Cynodon umbellatus Lam Caro Cynosurus dactylon L Pers Cynosurus uniflorus Walter Dactilon officinale Vill nom illeg Dactylus officinalis Asch nom inval Digitaria ambigua Lapeyr ex DC Merat Digitaria dactylon L Scop Digitaria glumaepatula Steud Miq Digitaria glumipatula Steud Miq Digitaria linearis L Pers Digitaria linearis Retz Spreng Digitaria littoralis Salisb nom illeg Digitaria maritima Kunth Spreng Digitaria stolonifera Schrad nom illeg Fibichia dactylon L Beck Fibichia umbellata Koeler nom illeg Milium dactylon L Moench Panicum ambiguum DC Le Turq Panicum dactylon L Panicum glumipatulum Steud Panicum lineare L Paspalum ambiguum DC Paspalum dactylon L Lam Paspalum umbellatum Lam Phleum dactylon L Georgi Syntherisma linearis L Nash Vilfa linearis Retz P Beauv Vilfa stellata Willd P Beauv Contents 1 Description 2 Cultivation 2 1 Cultivars 3 Uses 3 1 Religious 3 2 Medicinal value 3 3 Other 4 Professional sports 4 1 National Football League 4 2 Major League Baseball 5 Ecology 5 1 Invasive species 6 References 7 External linksDescription Edit Growing in Kaloko Honokohau National Historical Park on the Island of Hawai iThe blades are a grey green colour and are short usually 2 15 cm 0 79 5 91 in long with rough edges 5 The erect stems can grow 1 30 cm 0 39 11 81 in tall The stems are slightly flattened often tinged purple in colour The seed heads are produced in a cluster of two to six spikes together at the top of the stem each spike 2 5 cm 0 79 1 97 in long 5 It has a deep root system in drought situations with penetrable soil the root system can grow to over 2 metres 6 6 ft deep though most of the root mass is less than 60 centimetres 24 in under the surface The grass creeps along the ground with its stolons and roots wherever a node touches the ground forming a dense mat C dactylon reproduces through seeds stolons and rhizomes Growth begins at temperatures above 15 C 59 F with optimum growth between 24 and 37 C 75 and 99 F in winter the grass becomes dormant and turns brown Growth is promoted by full sun and retarded by full shade e g close to tree trunks citation needed Cultivation EditCynodon dactylon is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30 S and 30 N latitude and that get between 625 and 1 750 mm 24 6 and 68 9 in of rainfall a year or less if irrigation is available For example it is grown in the U S mostly in the southern half of the country Cultivars Edit Hundreds of cultivars have been created specifically for environmental tolerance and stakeholder requirements New cultivars are released yearly 6 7 Uses EditReligious Edit Commonly known as durva or durvayugma in India this grass is used in the Ayurveda system of medicine 8 Performing Puranokta Rudrabhisheka while offering durva 11 times bestows long life In Hinduism it is considered important in the worship of Lord Ganesha A clump of 21 shoots of this grass is usually offered during puja worship It has been a part of Hindu rituals since Vedic times A unique festival called Durva Ashtami dedicated to this grass is celebrated on the 8th day of Shukla Paksha of Bhadra month of the Hindu calendar 9 It is known as Arugampul in Tamil and Karuka in Malayalam and is part of the Dashapushpam Ten sacred flowers in Kerala 10 Groom tying a dubo garland around the bride s neck in a Nepalese Hindu weddingIn Nepal the grass is known as dubo and is used by the Hindus According to Nepalese Hindus the grass symbolises long life The grass is an essential item for the Naga Panchami festival as well as the Gaura festival 11 12 13 In a Nepalese Hindu wedding a garland made of this grass is worn by both bride and groom 14 This grass is a Yoruba herb used for Esu or Elegba in the Ifa system of orishas citation needed Medicinal value Edit The rhizomes are reported to act as a diuretic in humans and the grass juice can act as an astringent 8 It has been observed that Cynodon dactylon may be selectively eaten by dogs to swiftly induce vomiting when they have gastrointestinal problems The effect may be due to irritation caused by bristles on the leaf margin 8 Other Edit It is fast growing and tough making it popular and useful for sports fields as when damaged it will recover quickly It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates particularly for those regions where its tolerance to heat and drought enable it to survive where few other grasses do This combination makes it a frequent choice for golf courses in the southern southeastern U S and South Africa It has a relatively coarse bladed form with numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements Bermuda grass has been cultivated in saline soils in California s Central Valley which are too salt damaged to support agricultural crops it was successfully irrigated with saline water and used to graze cattle 15 16 Professional sports EditNational Football League Edit The following National Football League teams use it as the playing surface in their home stadiums Arizona Cardinals State Farm Stadium in Glendale Arizona Tifway 419 Hybrid Bermudagrass Baltimore Ravens M amp T Bank Stadium in Baltimore Tifway 419 Bermuda grass Chicago Bears Soldier Field in Chicago Tahoma 31 Bermuda grass Jacksonville Jaguars TIAA Bank Field in Jacksonville Florida Tifway 419 Bermuda grass Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City Missouri Latitude 36 Bermuda grass Las Vegas Raiders Allegiant Stadium in Paradise Nevada Miami Dolphins Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Tifway 419 Bermuda grass Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia Tahoma 31 Bermuda grass San Francisco 49ers Levi s Stadium in Santa Clara California Tifway II Bermuda grass Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium in Tampa Florida Tifway 419 Bermudagrass Tennessee Titans Nissan Stadium in Nashville Tennessee Tifsport Bermuda sod Washington Commanders FedEx Field in Landover Maryland Latitude 36 Bermuda grass Major League Baseball Edit The following Major League Baseball teams use it as the playing surface in their home stadiums Los Angeles Angels Angel Stadium in Anaheim California Tifway 419 Bermudagrass Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles Santa Ana Bermudagrass Oakland Athletics Oakland Coliseum in Oakland California Tifway II Bermuda Grass San Diego Padres Petco Park in San Diego BullsEye Bermuda Grass San Francisco Giants Oracle Park in San Francisco Tifway 419 Bermudagrass Ecology Edit Cynodon dactylon foreground the background grass is a separate species at Peradeniya Royal Botanical Garden Invasive nature of cynodon dactylon as it grows out of a small hole in a concrete curbInvasive species Edit It is a highly aggressive invasive species crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats and has become a hard to eradicate weed in some areas it can be controlled somewhat with Triclopyr Mesotrione Fluazifop P butyl and Glyphosate 17 18 This weedy nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of devil grass Bermuda grass is incredibly difficult to control in flower beds and most herbicides do not work However Ornamec Ornamec 170 Turflon ester tricyclopyr and Imazapyr have shown some effectiveness All of these items are difficult to find in retail stores as they are primarily marketed to professional landscapers 19 The hybrid variety Tifton 85 like some other grasses e g sorghum produces cyanide under certain conditions 20 and has been implicated in several livestock deaths References Edit The Plant List A Working List of All Plant Species Cynodon dactylon L Pers Plants of the World Online Kew Science CABI Invasive Species Compendium Iraq lntreasures com Retrieved 5 November 2015 a b Walker Karen Burrows Geoff McMahon Lynne 2001 Bidgee bush an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales Yarralumla Australian Capital Territory Greening Australia p 82 ISBN 978 1 875345 61 8 Retrieved 21 March 2010 Shi H Wang Y Cheng Z Ye T Chan Z Analysis of natural variation in bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon reveals physiological responses underlying drought tolerance PLoS ONE 2012 7 12 e53422 Warm Season Grass Breeding www uga edu Retrieved 2017 09 13 a b c Kandwal Manish K Sharma M L 2011 Cynodon dactylon L Pers a self treatment grass for dogs Current Science 101 5 619 621 JSTOR 24078622 Retrieved 23 March 2021 Majupuria Trilok Chandra 2009 Religious amp useful plants of Nepal amp India medicinal plants and flowers as mentioned in religious myths and legends of Hinduism and Buddhism Rohit Kumar Majupuria ISBN 978 9937 2 0473 6 Vijayan Namboothiri Mini Dashapushpam through the looking glasses of Science and Religion ISBN 978 620 0 31860 2 OCLC 1197284682 आज न गपञ चम पर व मन इ द यस त छ ध र म क म न यत Nepalipatra Retrieved 2022 10 27 स द रपश च मम ग र पर व स र Online Khabar in Nepali Retrieved 2022 10 27 क न न गल ई द ध र द ब चढ इन छ क न न गल ई द ध र द ब चढ इन छ in Nepali Retrieved 2022 10 27 Love and Marriage in Nepal Vogue 2017 08 09 Retrieved 2022 10 27 nd a garland of flowers and dubo or durva grass a symbol of long life Kaffka Stephen 2009 Can feedstock production for biofuels be sustainable in California PDF California Agriculture 63 4 202 207 doi 10 3733 ca v063n04p202 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 08 13 Retrieved 2013 06 09 Stephen Kaffka Stephen Grattan Dennis Corwi Maximo Alonso George E Brown Jr Bermuda Grass Yield and Quality in Response to Different Salinity and N Se Mo and B Rates in West San Joaquin Valley PDF UC Center for Water Resources Archived from the original PDF on September 27 2015 Tenacity and Bermuda Control LawnSite com Lawn Care amp Landscaping Business Forum Lawnsite com 2011 Retrieved 2013 06 08 Teuton T C J B Unruh B J Brecke G L Miller 2005 Hybrid Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon L Pers x C transvaalensis Burtt Davy Control with Glyphosate and Fluazifop p butyl Applied Turfgrass Science doi 10 1094 ATS 2005 0119 01 RS S2CID 221234330 Archived from the original on 2011 03 21 John Boyd Brian N Rodgers BERMUDAGRASS CONTROL WITH ARSENAL PDF Archived from the original PDF on 9 June 2010 Provin T L Pitt J L Nitrates and Prussic Acid in Forages PDF Texas A amp M University System Retrieved June 24 2012 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cynodon dactylon FAO org factsheet Cynodon dactylon Cim Antalya factsheet Bermuda Cim Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cynodon dactylon amp oldid 1155204649, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
