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Donald T. Campbell

January 04, 2023

Donald Thomas Campbell (November 20, 1916 – May 6, 1996) was an American social scientist. He is noted for his work in methodology. He coined the term evolutionary epistemology and developed a selectionist theory of human creativity. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Campbell as the 33rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.[1]

Donald T. Campbell
Born(1916-11-20)November 20, 1916
Grass Lake, Michigan
DiedMay 6, 1996(1996-05-06) (aged 79)
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of California, Berkeley
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology, social science
InstitutionsLehigh University
Northwestern University

Biography

Campbell was born in 1916, and completed his undergraduate education in psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, where he and his younger sister, Fayette, graduated first and second, respectively, in the class of 1939.

After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve during World War II, he earned his doctorate in psychology in 1947 from the University of California, Berkeley. He subsequently served on the faculties at Ohio State, the University of Chicago, Northwestern, and Lehigh.

He taught at Lehigh University, which established the Donald T. Campbell Social Science Research Prizes. Prior to that he was on the faculty of Maxwell School of Syracuse University, 1979–1982, and Northwestern University from 1953 to 1979. He gave the William James Lecture at Harvard University in 1977. In June 1981, working with Alexander Rosenberg, Campbell organized an international conference held at Cazanovia, New York, to formulate the program of what he called an "Epistemologically Relevant Sociology of Science" (ERRES). By Campbell's own account, this project was at least premature.[2]

Campbell was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences in 1973.[3][4] In 1975, Campbell served as president of the American Psychological Association. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1993.[5]

Among his other honors, he received the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Contribution award, the Distinguished Contribution to Research in Education award from the American Educational Research Association, and honorary degrees from the Universities of Michigan, Florida, Chicago, and Southern California.

Work

Campbell made contributions in a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology, statistics, and philosophy.

Multitrait-multimethod matrix

Campbell argued that the sophisticated use of many approaches, each with its own distinct but measurable flaws, was required to design reliable research projects and to ensure convergent and discriminant validity. The paper he wrote with Donald W. Fiske to present this thesis, "Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix",[6] is one of the most frequently cited papers in the social science literature.

Blind variation and selective retention

Blind variation and selective retention (BVSR) is a phrase introduced by Campbell to describe the most fundamental principle underlying cultural evolution.[7] In cybernetics, it is seen as a principle for describing change in evolutionary systems in general, not just in biological organisms. For example, it can also be applied to scientific discovery, memetic evolution, or genetic programming. As such, it forms a foundation for what has later been called universal Darwinism.

Evolutionary epistemology

Applying the BVSR principle to the evolution of knowledge, Campbell founded the domain of evolutionary epistemology.[8] This can be seen as a generalization of Karl Popper's philosophy of science, which conceives the development of new theories as a process of proposing conjectures (blind variation) followed by the refutation (selective elimination) of those conjectures that are empirically falsified. Campbell added that the same logic of blind variation and selective elimination/retention underlies all knowledge processes, not only scientific ones. Thus, the BVSR mechanism explains creativity, but also the evolution of instinctive knowledge, and of our cognitive abilities in general.

"The Experimenting Society"

Campbell also had a vision for how public policy could be improved through use of experimentation. He argued for a more collaborative method of public policy that involved various stakeholders and that used experimentation and data as a guide for decision making. The vision of this was laid out in his essay, "The Experimenting Society".[9]

His research and book Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research became the standard in policy evaluation circles. Campbell did not start out intending to be a program evaluator, but his devotion to understanding causality, human behavior, and how to solve social questions led him there.[10]

"Ethnocentrism of Disciplines and the Fish-Scale Model of Omniscience"

Campbell wrote an article in 1969 arguing that an obstacle to a "comprehensive, integrated multiscience" was that different areas of the behavioral sciences were clustered together and separated from other areas. That is, there was "a redundant piling up of highly similar specialties leaving interdisciplinary gaps". He wrote that often the approach taken to dealing with these gaps was to encourage multidisciplinary scholars, meaning those who are knowledgeable and competent in multiple areas, but that this was ill-guided because the level of knowledge that makes for good scholars requires specialisation. In his view, a wiser approach would be "invent[ing] alternative social organizations that will permit the flourishing of narrow interdisciplinary specialties." These interdisciplinary specialties would then fill in the gaps between disciplines.[11]

Further development of Campbell's ideas

In the 1990s, Campbell's formulation of the mechanism of "blind-variation-and-selective-retention" (BVSR) was further developed and extended to other domains under the labels of "universal selection theory"[12] or "universal selectionism"[13] by Gary Cziko,[14][15] Mark Bickhard,[16] and Francis Heylighen.[17][18]

In 2000, a group of 85 social and behavioural scientists and social practitioners from 13 countries met in Philadelphia, USA and founded the Campbell Collaboration. The collaboration aims to address the need for an organisation that produces systematic reviews of research evidence on the effectiveness of social interventions. Many of the people involved in the establishment of the Campbell Collaboration were from Cochrane.[19]

Selected works

  • 1959, with Donald W. Fiske, "Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix, In: Psychological Bulletin 56/1959 No. 2, pp. 81-105.
  • 1963, with Julian C. Stanley, "Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research.
  • 1965, "Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution". In: Herbert R. Barringer, George I. Blanksten and Raymond W. Mack (Eds.), Social change in developing areas: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory, pp. 19–49. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman.
  • 1969, "Ethnocentrism of disciplines and the fish-scale model of omniscience, In: M. Sherif & C. W. Sherif (Eds.), Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social Sciences, Boston 1969, pp. 328-348
  • 1970, "Natural selection as an epistemological model". In Raoul Naroll and Ronald Cohen (Eds.), A handbook of method in cultural anthropology, pp. 51–85. New York: National History Press.
  • 1972, "On the genetics of altruism and the counter-hedonic components in human culture". Journal of Social Issues 28 (3), 21-37.
  • 1974, "Downward causation in hierarchically organised biological systems". In Francisco Jose Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky (Eds.), Studies in the philosophy of biology: Reduction and related problems, pp. 179–186. London/Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  • 1974, Unjustified variation and retention in scientific discovery. In Francisco Jose Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky (Eds.), Studies in the philosophy of biology: Reduction and related problems, pp. 141–161. London/Bastingstoke: Macmillan.
  • 1974, "Evolutionary Epistemology." In The philosophy of Karl R. Popper edited by P. A. Schilpp, 412-463. LaSalle, IL: Open Court.
  • 1975, "On the Conflicts between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition." American Psychologist 30: 1103-26.
  • 1976, "Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change," Occasional Paper Series, Paper #8, The Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College.
  • 1979, "Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings" with Thomas D. Cook.
  • 1987, "Evolutionary epistemology." In: Evolutionary epistemology, rationality, and the sociology of knowledge, pp. 47–89.
  • 1990, "Epistemological roles for selection theory," In Evolution, cognition, and realism: Studies in evolutionary epistemology, pp. 1–19.
  • 1990, "Levels of organization, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology". In: G. Greenberg and E. Tobach (Eds.), Theories of the evolution of knowing, pp. 1–17. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • 1994, "How individual and face-to-face group selection undermine firm selection in organizational evolution". In J.A.C. Baum and J.V. Singh (Eds.) Evolutionary dynamics of organizations, pp. 23–38. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • 2003, with Bickhard, M. H., "Variations in variation and selection: The ubiquity of the variation-and-selective-retention ratchet in emergent organizational complexity." In Foundations of Science, 8(3), 215–282.

See also

References

  1. ^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.
  2. ^ Campbell, D. T. (1985). "Toward an Epistemologically-Relevant Sociology of Science". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 10 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1177/016224398501000106. S2CID 140773996.
  3. ^ "Donald Thomas Campbell". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  4. ^ "Donald T. Campbell". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  5. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  6. ^ Campbell, D. T.; Fiske, D. W. (1959). "Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-multimethod Matrix". Psychological Bulletin. 56 (2): 81–105. doi:10.1037/h0046016. PMID 13634291.
  7. ^ Francis Heylighen (1993), Blind Variation and Selective Retention, Principia Cybernetica Web.
  8. ^ Campbell, D. T. (1987). Evolutionary epistemology. in: Evolutionary epistemology, rationality, and the sociology of knowledge, p. 47–89.
  9. ^ Dunn, William N. (1998). The Experimenting Society: Essays in Honor of Donald T. Campbell. ISBN 9781412836791.
  10. ^ Shadish, William R.; Luellen, Jason K. (2004). "Donald Campbell: The Accidental Evaluator" (PDF). In Alkin, Marvin C. (ed.). Evaluation Roots. doi:10.4135/9781412984157. ISBN 9780761928935.
  11. ^ Campbell, Donald T. (1969). (PDF). Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social Sciences. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. ^ Campbell, D. T. (1990). Epistemological roles for selection theory. Evolution, cognition, and realism: Studies in evolutionary epistemology, 1–19.
  13. ^ Hodgson, G. M. (2005). "Generalizing Darwinism to social evolution: Some early attempts". Journal of Economic Issues, 899–914.
  14. ^ Gary Cziko (1995) Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine (MIT Press)
  15. ^ Stoelhorst, J. W. (n.d.). Universal Darwinism from the bottom up: An evolutionary view of socio-economic behavior and organization. Wolfram Elsner and Hardy Hanappi, Advances in Evolutionary Institutional Economics: Evolutionary Modules, Non-Knowledge, and Strategy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  16. ^ Bickhard, M. H., & Campbell, D. T. (2003). Variations in variation and selection: The ubiquity of the variation-and-selective-retention ratchet in emergent organizational complexity 2012-03-16 at the Wayback Machine Foundations of Science, 8(3), 215–282.
  17. ^ Heylighen, F. (1992). "Principles of Systems and Cybernetics: an evolutionary perspective". Cybernetics and Systems: 3–10. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.32.7220.
  18. ^ Heylighen F. (1999): "The Growth of Structural and Functional Complexity during Evolution", in: F. Heylighen, J. Bollen & A. Riegler (eds.) The Evolution of Complexity (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht), p. 17-44.
  19. ^ Admin2. "History of the Campbell Collaboration". Campbell Collaboration. Retrieved 2021-05-26.

External links

  • : by Gary A. Cziko and Donald T. Campbell
  • Lehigh Memorial: at Lehigh University
  • Obituary in the New York Times

January 04, 2023
donald, campbell, donald, thomas, campbell, november, 1916, 1996, american, social, scientist, noted, work, methodology, coined, term, evolutionary, epistemology, developed, selectionist, theory, human, creativity, review, general, psychology, survey, publishe. Donald Thomas Campbell November 20 1916 May 6 1996 was an American social scientist He is noted for his work in methodology He coined the term evolutionary epistemology and developed a selectionist theory of human creativity A Review of General Psychology survey published in 2002 ranked Campbell as the 33rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century 1 Donald T CampbellBorn 1916 11 20 November 20 1916Grass Lake MichiganDiedMay 6 1996 1996 05 06 aged 79 Bethlehem PennsylvaniaNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of California BerkeleyScientific careerFieldsPsychology social scienceInstitutionsLehigh UniversityNorthwestern University Contents 1 Biography 2 Work 2 1 Multitrait multimethod matrix 2 2 Blind variation and selective retention 2 3 Evolutionary epistemology 2 4 The Experimenting Society 2 5 Ethnocentrism of Disciplines and the Fish Scale Model of Omniscience 3 Further development of Campbell s ideas 4 Selected works 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksBiography EditCampbell was born in 1916 and completed his undergraduate education in psychology at the University of California Berkeley where he and his younger sister Fayette graduated first and second respectively in the class of 1939 After serving in the U S Naval Reserve during World War II he earned his doctorate in psychology in 1947 from the University of California Berkeley He subsequently served on the faculties at Ohio State the University of Chicago Northwestern and Lehigh He taught at Lehigh University which established the Donald T Campbell Social Science Research Prizes Prior to that he was on the faculty of Maxwell School of Syracuse University 1979 1982 and Northwestern University from 1953 to 1979 He gave the William James Lecture at Harvard University in 1977 In June 1981 working with Alexander Rosenberg Campbell organized an international conference held at Cazanovia New York to formulate the program of what he called an Epistemologically Relevant Sociology of Science ERRES By Campbell s own account this project was at least premature 2 Campbell was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences in 1973 3 4 In 1975 Campbell served as president of the American Psychological Association He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1993 5 Among his other honors he received the American Psychological Association s Distinguished Scientific Contribution award the Distinguished Contribution to Research in Education award from the American Educational Research Association and honorary degrees from the Universities of Michigan Florida Chicago and Southern California Work EditCampbell made contributions in a wide range of disciplines including psychology sociology anthropology biology statistics and philosophy Multitrait multimethod matrix Edit Campbell argued that the sophisticated use of many approaches each with its own distinct but measurable flaws was required to design reliable research projects and to ensure convergent and discriminant validity The paper he wrote with Donald W Fiske to present this thesis Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait Multimethod Matrix 6 is one of the most frequently cited papers in the social science literature Blind variation and selective retention Edit Blind variation and selective retention BVSR is a phrase introduced by Campbell to describe the most fundamental principle underlying cultural evolution 7 In cybernetics it is seen as a principle for describing change in evolutionary systems in general not just in biological organisms For example it can also be applied to scientific discovery memetic evolution or genetic programming As such it forms a foundation for what has later been called universal Darwinism Evolutionary epistemology Edit Applying the BVSR principle to the evolution of knowledge Campbell founded the domain of evolutionary epistemology 8 This can be seen as a generalization of Karl Popper s philosophy of science which conceives the development of new theories as a process of proposing conjectures blind variation followed by the refutation selective elimination of those conjectures that are empirically falsified Campbell added that the same logic of blind variation and selective elimination retention underlies all knowledge processes not only scientific ones Thus the BVSR mechanism explains creativity but also the evolution of instinctive knowledge and of our cognitive abilities in general The Experimenting Society Edit Campbell also had a vision for how public policy could be improved through use of experimentation He argued for a more collaborative method of public policy that involved various stakeholders and that used experimentation and data as a guide for decision making The vision of this was laid out in his essay The Experimenting Society 9 His research and book Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs for Research became the standard in policy evaluation circles Campbell did not start out intending to be a program evaluator but his devotion to understanding causality human behavior and how to solve social questions led him there 10 Ethnocentrism of Disciplines and the Fish Scale Model of Omniscience Edit Campbell wrote an article in 1969 arguing that an obstacle to a comprehensive integrated multiscience was that different areas of the behavioral sciences were clustered together and separated from other areas That is there was a redundant piling up of highly similar specialties leaving interdisciplinary gaps He wrote that often the approach taken to dealing with these gaps was to encourage multidisciplinary scholars meaning those who are knowledgeable and competent in multiple areas but that this was ill guided because the level of knowledge that makes for good scholars requires specialisation In his view a wiser approach would be invent ing alternative social organizations that will permit the flourishing of narrow interdisciplinary specialties These interdisciplinary specialties would then fill in the gaps between disciplines 11 Further development of Campbell s ideas EditIn the 1990s Campbell s formulation of the mechanism of blind variation and selective retention BVSR was further developed and extended to other domains under the labels of universal selection theory 12 or universal selectionism 13 by Gary Cziko 14 15 Mark Bickhard 16 and Francis Heylighen 17 18 In 2000 a group of 85 social and behavioural scientists and social practitioners from 13 countries met in Philadelphia USA and founded the Campbell Collaboration The collaboration aims to address the need for an organisation that produces systematic reviews of research evidence on the effectiveness of social interventions Many of the people involved in the establishment of the Campbell Collaboration were from Cochrane 19 Selected works Edit1959 with Donald W Fiske Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait multimethod matrix In Psychological Bulletin 56 1959 No 2 pp 81 105 1963 with Julian C Stanley Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs for Research 1965 Variation and selective retention in socio cultural evolution In Herbert R Barringer George I Blanksten and Raymond W Mack Eds Social change in developing areas A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory pp 19 49 Cambridge Massachusetts Schenkman 1969 Ethnocentrism of disciplines and the fish scale model of omniscience In M Sherif amp C W Sherif Eds Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social Sciences Boston 1969 pp 328 348 1970 Natural selection as an epistemological model In Raoul Naroll and Ronald Cohen Eds A handbook of method in cultural anthropology pp 51 85 New York National History Press 1972 On the genetics of altruism and the counter hedonic components in human culture Journal of Social Issues 28 3 21 37 1974 Downward causation in hierarchically organised biological systems In Francisco Jose Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky Eds Studies in the philosophy of biology Reduction and related problems pp 179 186 London Basingstoke Macmillan 1974 Unjustified variation and retention in scientific discovery In Francisco Jose Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky Eds Studies in the philosophy of biology Reduction and related problems pp 141 161 London Bastingstoke Macmillan 1974 Evolutionary Epistemology In The philosophy of Karl R Popper edited by P A Schilpp 412 463 LaSalle IL Open Court 1975 On the Conflicts between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition American Psychologist 30 1103 26 1976 Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change Occasional Paper Series Paper 8 The Public Affairs Center Dartmouth College 1 1979 Quasi Experimentation Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings with Thomas D Cook 1987 Evolutionary epistemology In Evolutionary epistemology rationality and the sociology of knowledge pp 47 89 1990 Epistemological roles for selection theory In Evolution cognition and realism Studies in evolutionary epistemology pp 1 19 1990 Levels of organization downward causation and the selection theory approach to evolutionary epistemology In G Greenberg and E Tobach Eds Theories of the evolution of knowing pp 1 17 Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum 1994 How individual and face to face group selection undermine firm selection in organizational evolution In J A C Baum and J V Singh Eds Evolutionary dynamics of organizations pp 23 38 New York Oxford University Press 2003 with Bickhard M H Variations in variation and selection The ubiquity of the variation and selective retention ratchet in emergent organizational complexity In Foundations of Science 8 3 215 282 See also EditCampbell s Law Downward causation American philosophy EntitativityReferences Edit Haggbloom Steven J Warnick Renee Warnick Jason E Jones Vinessa K Yarbrough Gary L Russell Tenea M Borecky Chris M McGahhey Reagan et al 2002 The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century Review of General Psychology 6 2 139 152 doi 10 1037 1089 2680 6 2 139 S2CID 145668721 Campbell D T 1985 Toward an Epistemologically Relevant Sociology of Science Science Technology amp Human Values 10 1 38 48 doi 10 1177 016224398501000106 S2CID 140773996 Donald Thomas Campbell American Academy of Arts amp Sciences Retrieved 2022 03 15 Donald T Campbell www nasonline org Retrieved 2022 03 15 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 2022 03 15 Campbell D T Fiske D W 1959 Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait multimethod Matrix Psychological Bulletin 56 2 81 105 doi 10 1037 h0046016 PMID 13634291 Francis Heylighen 1993 Blind Variation and Selective Retention Principia Cybernetica Web Campbell D T 1987 Evolutionary epistemology in Evolutionary epistemology rationality and the sociology of knowledge p 47 89 Dunn William N 1998 The Experimenting Society Essays in Honor of Donald T Campbell ISBN 9781412836791 Shadish William R Luellen Jason K 2004 Donald Campbell The Accidental Evaluator PDF In Alkin Marvin C ed Evaluation Roots doi 10 4135 9781412984157 ISBN 9780761928935 Campbell Donald T 1969 Ethnocentrism of Disciplines and the Fish Scale Model of Omniscience PDF Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social Sciences Archived from the original on 2011 08 23 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Campbell D T 1990 Epistemological roles for selection theory Evolution cognition and realism Studies in evolutionary epistemology 1 19 Hodgson G M 2005 Generalizing Darwinism to social evolution Some early attempts Journal of Economic Issues 899 914 Gary Cziko 1995 Without Miracles Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution Archived 2012 05 10 at the Wayback Machine MIT Press Stoelhorst J W n d Universal Darwinism from the bottom up An evolutionary view of socio economic behavior and organization Wolfram Elsner and Hardy Hanappi Advances in Evolutionary Institutional Economics Evolutionary Modules Non Knowledge and Strategy Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Bickhard M H amp Campbell D T 2003 Variations in variation and selection The ubiquity of the variation and selective retention ratchet in emergent organizational complexity Archived 2012 03 16 at the Wayback Machine Foundations of Science 8 3 215 282 Heylighen F 1992 Principles of Systems and Cybernetics an evolutionary perspective Cybernetics and Systems 3 10 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 32 7220 Heylighen F 1999 The Growth of Structural and Functional Complexity during Evolution in F Heylighen J Bollen amp A Riegler eds The Evolution of Complexity Kluwer Academic Dordrecht p 17 44 Admin2 History of the Campbell Collaboration Campbell Collaboration Retrieved 2021 05 26 External links EditSelection Theory Bibliography by Gary A Cziko and Donald T Campbell Lehigh Memorial at Lehigh University Obituary in the New York Times Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Donald T Campbell amp oldid 1126681524, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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