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Springer Science+Business Media

February 15, 2024

This article is about the German academic publisher. For the American academic publisher, see Springer Publishing. For the German digital publishing house, see Axel Springer SE.

Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.[1]

Springer Science+Business Media
Founded10 May 1842; 181 years ago (1842-05-10) (as Springer-Verlag)
FounderJulius Springer
Country of originGermany
Headquarters locationBerlin/Heidelberg, Germany
Nonfiction topicsScience, technology, medicine, business, transport and architecture
Owner(s)Springer Nature
Official websitewww.springer.com

Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City.

History edit

Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.[2][3] In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon[when?] followed.[citation needed]

In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after the media and entertainment company Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag.[2][4] In 2003, the British investment groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann.[4] They merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers (successor of D. Reidel, Dr. W. Junk, Plenum Publishers, most of Chapman & Hall), and Baltzer Science Publishers) which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002,[5] to form Springer Science+Business Media.

In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press.[6]

Springer acquired the open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount.[7]

In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT Partners and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.[8][9]

In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer.[10]

In 2013, the London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.[11]

In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer Science+Business Media announced a merger.[12] in May 2015 they concluded the transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.[13]

Products edit

In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.[14]

SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing the Landolt-Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched.[15]

AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.[16]

Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead.[17]

Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.[18]

Open access edit

Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.[19] For some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access license or in the traditional restricted licence model.[20] While open-access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.[21]

Controversies edit

In 1938, Springer-Verlag was pressed to apply Nazi principles on the journal Zentralblatt MATH. Tullio Levi-Civita, who was Jewish, was forced out from the editorial board, and Otto Neugebauer resigned in protest along with most of the rest of the board.[22]

In 2014, it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings.[23]

In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers from 10 of its journals it had published after a fraudulent peer review process was uncovered.[24]

Manipulation of bibliometrics edit

According to Goodhart's law and concerned academics like the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics like the journal impact factor, which is often used as a proxy of prestige and can influence revenues, including public subsidies in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.[25]

Seven Springer Nature journals, which exhibited unusual levels of self-citation, had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.[26]

Selected imprints edit

Selected publications edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ . Bloomberg. Archived from the original on Nov 4, 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  2. ^ a b "The Springer story (1842-2017)". Springer. Transition and restructuring (1999-2007). from the original on Jun 14, 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  3. ^ "Chronology 2020-04-14 at the Wayback Machine". Springer Science+Business Media.[dead link]
  4. ^ a b Poynder, Richard. "BertelsmannSpringer is Sold to Private Equity Firms". Information Today. May 27, 2003.
  5. ^ "Kluwer Academic Publishers Sold to Venture Capitalists". Infotoday.com. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  6. ^ "Springer's Humana Press launches new Web site". Press releases. Springer-Verlag. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  7. ^ "Springer to acquire BioMed Central Group". Press releases. Springer-Verlag. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  8. ^ Howley, Victoria; Walsh, Tessa (December 11, 2009). "EQT, Singapore fund snap up Springer Media". Reuters.
  9. ^ "Springer Science: turning a page". The Financial Times. June 19, 2013. from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  10. ^ DiStefano, Joseph N. (September 17, 2013). "Medical publisher to close Ambler office, move workers". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A14. Retrieved June 23, 2018 – via Newspapers.com (Publisher Extra).
  11. ^ Heiskanen, Ville (June 19, 2013). "BC Partners to Buy Springer Science for $4.4 Billion". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  12. ^ "Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and BC Partners Announce Agreement to Merge Majority of MacMillan Science and Education with Springer Science+Business Media". macmillan.com. 15 January 2015.
  13. ^ Caroline Carpenter (May 6, 2015). "Completed merger forms 'Springer Nature'". The Bookseller. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  14. ^ "Happy Birthday, SpringerLink!". Press releases. Springer. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  15. ^ "SpringerMaterials Information". Springer Support. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  16. ^ . Springer. Archived from the original on Jun 16, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  17. ^ "SpringerProtocols.com platform deactivation". Springer Nature. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  18. ^ "FEDLINK Services Directory: Springer Science & Business Media, Inc". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  19. ^ "Springer Nature". Member Record. OASPA. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  20. ^ "Springer Open Choice". Springer.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  21. ^ "Springer Open Choice for Polish Institutions". Springer.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  22. ^ "Otto Neugebauer - Biography". Maths History. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  23. ^ Van Noorden, Richard (24 February 2014). "Publishers withdraw more than 120 gibberish papers". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14763. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  24. ^ Kaplan, Sarah (August 18, 2015). "Major publisher retracts 64 scientific papers in fake peer review outbreak". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  25. ^ McKiernan, Erin C.; Schimanski, Lesley A.; Muñoz Nieves, Carol; Matthias, Lisa; Niles, Meredith T.; Alperin, Juan P. (2019). "Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations". eLife. 8. doi:10.7554/eLife.47338. PMC 6668985. PMID 31364991.
  26. ^ Oransky, Ivan (June 29, 2020). "Major indexing service sounds alarm on self-citations by nearly 50 journals". Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  27. ^ Brochu, Nicole (24 December 2012). "Injection shown to reverse stroke, brain injuries". Health. Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Journal Publishing Company. p. C4. Retrieved 23 June 2018 – via Newspapers.com (Publisher Extra). ...an article produced by Adis' parent company, Springer Science+Business Media.
  28. ^ Springer Praxis Books. Springer Science+Business Media. Retrieved May 1, 2015.

External links edit

  • Official website
  • Mary H. Munroe (2004). . The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on 2014-10-20 – via Northern Illinois University.

February 15, 2024
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This article is about the German academic publisher For the American academic publisher see Springer Publishing For the German digital publishing house see Axel Springer SE Springer Science Business Media commonly known as Springer is a German multinational publishing company of books e books and peer reviewed journals in science humanities technical and medical STM publishing 1 Springer Science Business MediaFounded10 May 1842 181 years ago 1842 05 10 as Springer Verlag FounderJulius SpringerCountry of originGermanyHeadquarters locationBerlin Heidelberg GermanyNonfiction topicsScience technology medicine business transport and architectureOwner s Springer NatureOfficial websitewww wbr springer wbr comOriginally founded in 1842 in Berlin it expanded internationally in the 1960s and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015 Springer has major offices in Berlin Heidelberg Dordrecht and New York City Contents 1 History 2 Products 2 1 Open access 3 Controversies 3 1 Manipulation of bibliometrics 4 Selected imprints 5 Selected publications 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editJulius Springer founded Springer Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany s then second largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872 2 3 In 1964 Springer expanded its business internationally opening an office in New York City Offices in Tokyo Paris Milan Hong Kong and Delhi soon when followed citation needed In 1999 the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after the media and entertainment company Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer Verlag 2 4 In 2003 the British investment groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann 4 They merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers successor of D Reidel Dr W Junk Plenum Publishers most of Chapman amp Hall and Baltzer Science Publishers which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002 5 to form Springer Science Business Media In 2006 Springer acquired Humana Press 6 Springer acquired the open access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount 7 In 2009 Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms EQT Partners and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer 8 9 In 2011 Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services MPS from Wolters Kluwer 10 In 2013 the London based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in Springer from EQT and GIC for 4 4 billion 11 In January 2015 Holtzbrinck Publishing Group Nature Publishing Group and Springer Science Business Media announced a merger 12 in May 2015 they concluded the transaction and formed a new joint venture company Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in the majority 53 share and BC Partners retaining 47 interest in the company 13 Products editIn 1996 Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site 14 SpringerImages was launched in 2008 In 2009 SpringerMaterials a platform for accessing the Landolt Bornstein database of research and information on materials and their properties was launched 15 AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps helping users explore patterns in scientific research identify literature trends discover collaborative relationships and locate experts in several scientific medical fields 16 Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols recipes that provide step by step instructions for conducting experiments which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead 17 Book publications include major reference works textbooks monographs and book series more than 168 000 titles are available as e books in 24 subject collections 18 Open access edit Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association 19 For some of its journals Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open access license or in the traditional restricted licence model 20 While open access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention this fee is sometimes covered by a third party For example a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds 21 Controversies editIn 1938 Springer Verlag was pressed to apply Nazi principles on the journal Zentralblatt MATH Tullio Levi Civita who was Jewish was forced out from the editorial board and Otto Neugebauer resigned in protest along with most of the rest of the board 22 In 2014 it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer generated using SCIgen Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings 23 In 2015 Springer retracted 64 papers from 10 of its journals it had published after a fraudulent peer review process was uncovered 24 Manipulation of bibliometrics edit According to Goodhart s law and concerned academics like the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics like the journal impact factor which is often used as a proxy of prestige and can influence revenues including public subsidies in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics 25 Seven Springer Nature journals which exhibited unusual levels of self citation had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020 a sanction which hit 34 journals in total 26 Selected imprints editAdis International 27 Apress BioMed Central Chemistry Central defunct PhysMath Central defunct Birkhauser Verlag Current Medicine Group Humana Press Infochem Kluwer Academic Publishers defunct Baltzer Science Publishers D Reidel Plenum Publishers SpringerOpen Springer Gabler Springer Praxis Books 28 Springer Spektrum de formerly Spektrum Akademischer Verlag de SAV Springer ViewegSelected publications editEncyclopaedia of Mathematics Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete book series Graduate Texts in Mathematics book series Grothendieck s Seminaire de geometrie algebrique The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Lecture Notes in Computer Science Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics book series Zentralblatt MATH MRS BulletinSee also editCategory Springer Science Business Media academic journals List of publishers Media concentrationReferences edit 648808Z Profile amp Executives Springer Science Business Media GmbH Bloomberg Archived from the original on Nov 4 2013 Retrieved 14 November 2012 a b The Springer story 1842 2017 Springer Transition and restructuring 1999 2007 Archived from the original on Jun 14 2021 Retrieved 13 June 2021 Chronology Archived 2020 04 14 at the Wayback Machine Springer Science Business Media dead link a b Poynder Richard BertelsmannSpringer is Sold to Private Equity Firms Information Today May 27 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers Sold to Venture Capitalists Infotoday com Retrieved 2014 08 15 Springer s Humana Press launches new Web site Press releases Springer Verlag 20 February 2008 Retrieved 2020 12 31 Springer to acquire BioMed Central Group Press releases Springer Verlag 7 October 2008 Retrieved 2020 12 31 Howley Victoria Walsh Tessa December 11 2009 EQT Singapore fund snap up Springer Media Reuters Springer Science turning a page The Financial Times June 19 2013 Archived from the original on June 22 2022 Retrieved June 22 2022 DiStefano Joseph N September 17 2013 Medical publisher to close Ambler office move workers The Philadelphia Inquirer p A14 Retrieved June 23 2018 via Newspapers com Publisher Extra Heiskanen Ville June 19 2013 BC Partners to Buy Springer Science for 4 4 Billion Bloomberg com Retrieved August 15 2014 Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and BC Partners Announce Agreement to Merge Majority of MacMillan Science and Education with Springer Science Business Media macmillan com 15 January 2015 Caroline Carpenter May 6 2015 Completed merger forms Springer Nature The Bookseller Retrieved July 8 2015 Happy Birthday SpringerLink Press releases Springer 22 September 2016 Retrieved 2020 12 31 SpringerMaterials Information Springer Support Retrieved May 29 2022 Springer com Palgrave com and Apress com are changing Springer Archived from the original on Jun 16 2022 Retrieved May 29 2022 SpringerProtocols com platform deactivation Springer Nature Retrieved December 31 2020 FEDLINK Services Directory Springer Science amp Business Media Inc www loc gov Retrieved 2023 01 10 Springer Nature Member Record OASPA Retrieved 2020 12 31 Springer Open Choice Springer com Retrieved August 15 2014 Springer Open Choice for Polish Institutions Springer com Retrieved August 15 2014 Otto Neugebauer Biography Maths History Retrieved 2022 06 18 Van Noorden Richard 24 February 2014 Publishers withdraw more than 120 gibberish papers Nature News doi 10 1038 nature 2014 14763 Retrieved 1 March 2014 Kaplan Sarah August 18 2015 Major publisher retracts 64 scientific papers in fake peer review outbreak The Washington Post Retrieved August 24 2015 McKiernan Erin C Schimanski Lesley A Munoz Nieves Carol Matthias Lisa Niles Meredith T Alperin Juan P 2019 Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review promotion and tenure evaluations eLife 8 doi 10 7554 eLife 47338 PMC 6668985 PMID 31364991 Oransky Ivan June 29 2020 Major indexing service sounds alarm on self citations by nearly 50 journals Retrieved July 1 2020 Brochu Nicole 24 December 2012 Injection shown to reverse stroke brain injuries Health Albuquerque Journal Albuquerque New Mexico Journal Publishing Company p C4 Retrieved 23 June 2018 via Newspapers com Publisher Extra an article produced by Adis parent company Springer Science Business Media Springer Praxis Books Springer Science Business Media Retrieved May 1 2015 External links editOfficial website Mary H Munroe 2004 Springer Timeline The Academic Publishing Industry A Story of Merger and Acquisition Archived from the original on 2014 10 20 via Northern Illinois University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Springer Science 2BBusiness Media amp oldid 1204973161, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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