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Electronic component

January 18, 2023

An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not to be confused with electrical elements, which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components and elements.

Various electronic components.

Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads. These leads connect to other electrical components, often over wire, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor integrated circuits, hybrid integrated circuits, or thick film devices. The following list of electronic components focuses on the discrete version of these components, treating such packages as components in their own right.

Classification

Components can be classified as passive, active, or electromechanic. The strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energy themselves, whereas a battery would be seen as an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy.

However, electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use a more restrictive definition of passivity. When only concerned with the energy of signals, it is convenient to ignore the so-called DC circuit and pretend that the power supplying components such as transistors or integrated circuits is absent (as if each such component had its own battery built in), though it may in reality be supplied by the DC circuit. Then, the analysis only concerns the AC circuit, an abstraction that ignores DC voltages and currents (and the power associated with them) present in the real-life circuit. This fiction, for instance, lets us view an oscillator as "producing energy" even though in reality the oscillator consumes even more energy from a DC power supply, which we have chosen to ignore. Under that restriction, we define the terms as used in circuit analysis as:

  • Active components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit, though this is not part of the definition.[1] Active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes.
  • Passive components cannot introduce net energy into the circuit. They also cannot rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to. As a consequence, they cannot amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
  • Electromechanical components can carry out electrical operations by using moving parts or by using electrical connections

Most passive components with more than two terminals can be described in terms of two-port parameters that satisfy the principle of reciprocity—though there are rare exceptions.[2] In contrast, active components (with more than two terminals) generally lack that property.

Active components

Semiconductors

Transistors

Transistors were considered the invention of the twentieth century that changed electronic circuits forever. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

Diodes

Conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors.

 
Various examples of Light-emitting diodes

Integrated circuits

Integrated Circuits can serve a variety of purposes, including acting as a timer, performing digital to analog conversion, performing amplification, or being used for logical operations.

Programmable devices

Optoelectronic devices

Display technologies

Current:

Obsolete:

Vacuum tubes (valves)

A vacuum tube is based on current conduction through a vacuum (see Vacuum tube).

Optical detectors or emitters

Discharge devices

Obsolete:

Power sources

Sources of electrical power:

Passive components

Components incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal are called passive devices. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are all considered passive devices.

Resistors

 
SMD resistors on the backside of a PCB

Pass current in proportion to voltage (Ohm's law) and oppose current.

  • Resistor – fixed value
    • Power resistor – larger to safely dissipate heat generated
    • SIP or DIP resistor network – array of resistors in one package
  • Variable resistor
    • Rheostat – two-terminal variable resistor (often for high power)
    • Potentiometer – three-terminal variable resistor (variable voltage divider)
    • Trim pot – small potentiometer, usually for internal adjustments
    • Thermistor – thermally sensitive resistor whose prime function is to exhibit a large, predictable and precise change in electrical resistance when subjected to a corresponding change in body temperature.[5]
    • Humistor – humidity-varied resistor
    • Photoresistor
    • Memristor
    • Varistor, Voltage-dependent resistor, MOV – Passes current when excessive voltage is present
  • Resistance wire, Nichrome wire – wire of high-resistance material, often used as a heating element
  • Heater – heating element

Capacitors

 
Some different capacitors for electronic equipment

Capacitors store and release electrical charge. They are used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits, and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals, among numerous other uses.

Integrated passive devices

Integrated passive devices are passive devices integrated within one distinct package. They take up less space than equivalent combinations of discrete components.

Magnetic (inductive) devices

Electrical components that use magnetism in the storage and release of electrical charge through current:

Memristor

Electrical components that pass charge in proportion to magnetism or magnetic flux, and have the ability to retain a previous resistive state, hence the name of Memory plus Resistor.

Networks

Components that use more than one type of passive component:

Transducers, sensors, detectors

  1. Transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice versa.
  2. Sensors (detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.
  3. The transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are passive (see Semiconductors and Tubes for active ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.

Antennas

Antennas transmit or receive radio waves

Assemblies, modules

Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component

Prototyping aids

Electromechanical

 
A quartz crystal (left) and a crystal oscillator

Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators

Passive components that use piezoelectric effect:

  • Components that use the effect to generate or filter high frequencies
    • Crystal – a ceramic crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
    • Ceramic resonator – Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
    • Ceramic filter – Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in radio receivers
    • surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters
  • Components that use the effect as mechanical transducers.

Microelectromechanical systems

Terminals and connectors

Devices to make electrical connection

Cable assemblies

Electrical cables with connectors or terminals at their ends

 
2 different miniature pushbutton switches

Switches

Components that can pass current ("closed") or break the current ("open"):

  • Switch – Manually operated switch
    • Electrical description: SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT, NPNT (general)
    • Technology: slide switches, toggle switches, rocker switches, rotary switches, pushbutton switches
  • Keypad – Array of pushbutton switches
  • DIP switch – Small array of switches for internal configuration settings
  • Footswitch – Foot-operated switch
  • Knife switch – Switch with unenclosed conductors
  • Micro switch – Mechanically activated switch with snap action
  • Limit switch – Mechanically activated switch to sense limit of motion
  • Mercury switch – Switch sensing tilt
  • Centrifugal switch – Switch sensing centrifugal force due to rate of rotation
  • Relay or contactor – Electro-mechanically operated switch (see also solid state relay above)
  • Reed switch – Magnetically activated switch
  • Thermostat – Thermally activated switch
  • Humidistat – Humidity activated switch
  • Circuit breaker – Switch opened in response to excessive current: a resettable fuse
  • Disconnector – Switch used in high- and medium-voltage applications for maintenance of other devices or isolation of circuits
  • Transfer switch – Switch that toggles a load between two sources

Protection devices

Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages:

Mechanical accessories

Other

Obsolete

Standard symbols

Main article: Electronic symbol

On a circuit diagram, electronic devices are represented by conventional symbols. Reference designators are applied to the symbols to identify the components.

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic components.

References

  1. ^ For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an active component, since it relies on a power source to operate.
  2. ^ Nonreciprocal passive devices include the gyrator (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the circulator, which is used at microwave and optical frequencies
  3. ^ "13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History". Computer History Museum. April 2, 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  4. ^ Baker, R. Jacob (2011). CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7. ISBN 978-1118038239.
  5. ^ What is a Thermistor. U.S. Sensor Corp.

January 18, 2023
electronic, component, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, octo. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Electronic component news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields Electronic components are mostly industrial products available in a singular form and are not to be confused with electrical elements which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components and elements Various electronic components Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads These leads connect to other electrical components often over wire to create an electronic circuit with a particular function for example an amplifier radio receiver or oscillator Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely as arrays or networks of like components or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor integrated circuits hybrid integrated circuits or thick film devices The following list of electronic components focuses on the discrete version of these components treating such packages as components in their own right Contents 1 Classification 2 Active components 2 1 Semiconductors 2 1 1 Transistors 2 1 2 Diodes 2 1 3 Integrated circuits 2 1 4 Programmable devices 2 1 5 Optoelectronic devices 2 2 Display technologies 2 3 Vacuum tubes valves 2 4 Discharge devices 2 5 Power sources 3 Passive components 3 1 Resistors 3 2 Capacitors 3 3 Integrated passive devices 3 4 Magnetic inductive devices 3 5 Memristor 3 6 Networks 3 7 Transducers sensors detectors 3 8 Antennas 3 9 Assemblies modules 3 10 Prototyping aids 4 Electromechanical 4 1 Piezoelectric devices crystals resonators 4 2 Microelectromechanical systems 4 3 Terminals and connectors 4 4 Cable assemblies 4 5 Switches 4 6 Protection devices 4 7 Mechanical accessories 4 8 Other 4 9 Obsolete 5 Standard symbols 6 See also 7 ReferencesClassification EditComponents can be classified as passive active or electromechanic The strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energy themselves whereas a battery would be seen as an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy However electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use a more restrictive definition of passivity When only concerned with the energy of signals it is convenient to ignore the so called DC circuit and pretend that the power supplying components such as transistors or integrated circuits is absent as if each such component had its own battery built in though it may in reality be supplied by the DC circuit Then the analysis only concerns the AC circuit an abstraction that ignores DC voltages and currents and the power associated with them present in the real life circuit This fiction for instance lets us view an oscillator as producing energy even though in reality the oscillator consumes even more energy from a DC power supply which we have chosen to ignore Under that restriction we define the terms as used in circuit analysis as Active components rely on a source of energy usually from the DC circuit which we have chosen to ignore and usually can inject power into a circuit though this is not part of the definition 1 Active components include amplifying components such as transistors triode vacuum tubes valves and tunnel diodes Passive components cannot introduce net energy into the circuit They also cannot rely on a source of power except for what is available from the AC circuit they are connected to As a consequence they cannot amplify increase the power of a signal although they may increase a voltage or current such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit Passive components include two terminal components such as resistors capacitors inductors and transformers Electromechanical components can carry out electrical operations by using moving parts or by using electrical connectionsMost passive components with more than two terminals can be described in terms of two port parameters that satisfy the principle of reciprocity though there are rare exceptions 2 In contrast active components with more than two terminals generally lack that property Active components EditSemiconductors Edit Transistors Edit Transistors were considered the invention of the twentieth century that changed electronic circuits forever A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power Field effect transistors FET MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor FET by far the most widely manufactured electronic component also known as MOS transistor 3 4 PMOS p type MOS NMOS n type MOS CMOS complementary MOS Power MOSFET LDMOS lateral diffused MOSFET MuGFET multi gate field effect transistor FinFET fin field effect transistor TFT thin film transistor FeFET ferroelectric field effect transistor CNTFET carbon nanotube field effect transistor JFET junction field effect transistor N channel or P channel SIT static induction transistor MESFET metal semiconductor FET HEMT high electron mobility transistor Composite transistors BiCMOS bipolar CMOS IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor Other transistors Bipolar junction transistor BJT or simply transistor NPN or PNP Photo transistor amplified photodetector Darlington transistor NPN or PNP Photo Darlington amplified photodetector Sziklai pair compound transistor complementary Darlington Thyristors Silicon controlled rectifier SCR passes current only after triggered by a sufficient control voltage on its gate TRIAC TRIode for Alternating Current bidirectional SCR Unijunction transistor UJT Programmable Unijunction transistor PUT SITh static induction thyristor Diodes Edit Conduct electricity easily in one direction among more specific behaviors Diode rectifier diode bridge Schottky diode hot carrier diode super fast diode with lower forward voltage drop Zener diode allows current to flow backwards when a specific set voltage is reached Transient voltage suppression diode TVS unipolar or bipolar used to absorb high voltage spikes Varicap tuning diode varactor variable capacitance diode a diode whose AC capacitance varies according to the DC voltage applied Various examples of Light emitting diodes Laser diode Light emitting diode LED a diode that emits light Photodiode passes current in proportion to incident light Avalanche photodiode photodiode with internal gain Solar Cell photovoltaic cell PV array or panel produces power from light DIAC diode for alternating current Trigger Diode SIDAC often used to trigger an SCR Constant current diode Step recovery diode Tunnel diode very fast diode based on quantum mechanical tunnelingIntegrated circuits Edit Integrated Circuits can serve a variety of purposes including acting as a timer performing digital to analog conversion performing amplification or being used for logical operations Integrated circuit IC MOS integrated circuit MOS IC Hybrid integrated circuit hybrid IC Mixed signal integrated circuit Three dimensional integrated circuit 3D IC Digital electronics Logic gate Microcontroller Analog circuit Hall effect sensor senses a magnetic field Current sensor senses a current through itProgrammable devices Edit Programmable logic device Field programmable gate array FPGA Complex programmable logic device CPLD Field programmable analog array FPAA Optoelectronic devices Edit Opto electronics Opto isolator opto coupler photo coupler photodiode BJT JFET SCR TRIAC zero crossing TRIAC open collector IC CMOS IC solid state relay SSR Slotted optical switch opto switch optical switch LED display seven segment display sixteen segment display dot matrix displayDisplay technologies Edit Current Filament lamp indicator lamp Vacuum fluorescent display VFD preformed characters 7 segment starburst Cathode ray tube CRT dot matrix scan radial scan e g radar arbitrary scan e g oscilloscope monochrome amp colour LCD preformed characters dot matrix passive TFT monochrome colour Neon individual 7 segment display LED individual 7 segment display starburst display dot matrix Split flap display numeric preprinted messages Plasma display dot matrix OLED similar to an LCD but each pixel generates its own light can be made flexible or transparent Micro LED similar to OLED but uses inorganic LEDs instead of organic ones does not suffer from screen burn in however it cannot be made flexible or transparent Obsolete Incandescent filament 7 segment display aka Numitron Nixie tube Dekatron aka glow transfer tube Magic eye tube indicator Penetron a 2 colour see through CRT Vacuum tubes valves Edit A vacuum tube is based on current conduction through a vacuum see Vacuum tube Diode or rectifier tube Amplification Triode Tetrode Pentode Hexode Pentagrid Heptode Octode Traveling wave tube Klystron Oscillation Magnetron Reflex Klystron obsolete CarcinotronOptical detectors or emitters Phototube or photodiode tube equivalent of semiconductor photodiode Photomultiplier tube phototube with internal gain Cathode ray tube CRT or television picture tube obsolete Vacuum fluorescent display VFD modern non raster sort of small CRT display Magic eye tube small CRT display used as a tuning meter obsolete X ray tube generates x raysDischarge devices Edit Gas discharge tube Ignitron ThyratronObsolete Mercury arc rectifier Voltage regulator tube Nixie tubePower sources Edit Sources of electrical power Battery acid or alkali based power supply Fuel cell an electrochemical generator Power supply usually a main hook up Photovoltaic device generates electricity from light Thermoelectric generator generates electricity from temperature gradients Electrical generator an electromechanical power source Piezoelectric generator generates electricity from mechanical strain Van de Graaff generator generates electricity from frictionPassive components EditComponents incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal are called passive devices Resistors capacitors inductors and transformers are all considered passive devices Resistors Edit SMD resistors on the backside of a PCB Pass current in proportion to voltage Ohm s law and oppose current Resistor fixed value Power resistor larger to safely dissipate heat generated SIP or DIP resistor network array of resistors in one package Variable resistor Rheostat two terminal variable resistor often for high power Potentiometer three terminal variable resistor variable voltage divider Trim pot small potentiometer usually for internal adjustments Thermistor thermally sensitive resistor whose prime function is to exhibit a large predictable and precise change in electrical resistance when subjected to a corresponding change in body temperature 5 Humistor humidity varied resistor Photoresistor Memristor Varistor Voltage dependent resistor MOV Passes current when excessive voltage is present Resistance wire Nichrome wire wire of high resistance material often used as a heating element Heater heating elementCapacitors Edit Some different capacitors for electronic equipment Capacitors store and release electrical charge They are used for filtering power supply lines tuning resonant circuits and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals among numerous other uses Capacitor Integrated capacitors MIS capacitor Trench capacitor Fixed capacitors Ceramic capacitor Film capacitor Electrolytic capacitor Aluminum electrolytic capacitor Tantalum electrolytic capacitor Niobium electrolytic capacitor Columbium capacitor Polymer capacitor OS CON Supercapacitor Electric double layer capacitor Nanoionic supercapacitor Lithium ion capacitor Mica capacitor Vacuum capacitor Variable capacitor adjustable capacitance Tuning capacitor variable capacitor for tuning a radio oscillator or tuned circuit Trimmer capacitor small variable capacitor for seldom or rare adjustments of LC circuits Vacuum variable capacitor Capacitors for special applications Power capacitor Safety capacitor Filter capacitor Light emitting capacitor LEC Motor capacitor Photoflash capacitor Reservoir capacitor Bulk capacitor Coupling capacitor Decoupling capacitor Buffer capacitor Bypass capacitor Pull capacitor Padding capacitor Backup capacitor Switched capacitor Feedthrough capacitor Capacitor network array Varicap diode AC capacitance varies according to the DC voltage appliedIntegrated passive devices Edit Integrated passive devices are passive devices integrated within one distinct package They take up less space than equivalent combinations of discrete components Magnetic inductive devices Edit Electrical components that use magnetism in the storage and release of electrical charge through current Inductor coil choke Variable inductor Saturable inductor Transformer Magnetic amplifier toroid ferrite impedances beads Motor Generator Solenoid Loudspeaker and microphoneMemristor Edit Electrical components that pass charge in proportion to magnetism or magnetic flux and have the ability to retain a previous resistive state hence the name of Memory plus Resistor MemristorNetworks Edit Components that use more than one type of passive component RC network forms an RC circuit used in snubbers LC Network forms an LC circuit used in tunable transformers and RFI filters Transducers sensors detectors Edit Transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal or vice versa Sensors detectors are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal The transducers listed here are single electronic components as opposed to complete assemblies and are passive see Semiconductors and Tubes for active ones Only the most common ones are listed here Audio Loudspeaker Electromagnetic or piezoelectric device to generate full audio Buzzer Electromagnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones Position motion Linear variable differential transformer LVDT Magnetic detects linear position Rotary encoder Shaft Encoder Optical magnetic resistive or switches detects absolute or relative angle or rotational speed Inclinometer Capacitive detects angle with respect to gravity Motion sensor Vibration sensor Flow meter detects flow in liquid or gas Force torque Strain gauge Piezoelectric or resistive detects squeezing stretching twisting Accelerometer Piezoelectric detects acceleration gravity Thermal Thermocouple thermopile Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature Thermistor Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature up PTC or down NTC Resistance Temperature Detector RTD Wire whose resistance changes with temperature Bolometer Device for measuring the power of incident electromagnetic radiation Thermal cutoff Switch that is opened or closed when a set temperature is exceeded Magnetic field see also Hall Effect in semiconductors Magnetometer Gauss meter Humidity Hygrometer Electromagnetic light Photo resistor Light dependent resistor LDR Antennas Edit Antennas transmit or receive radio waves Elemental dipole Yagi Phased array Loop antenna Parabolic dish Log periodic dipole array Biconical FeedhornAssemblies modules Edit Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component Oscillator Display devices Liquid crystal display LCD Digital voltmeters FilterPrototyping aids Edit Wire wrap BreadboardElectromechanical Edit A quartz crystal left and a crystal oscillator Piezoelectric devices crystals resonators Edit Passive components that use piezoelectric effect Components that use the effect to generate or filter high frequencies Crystal a ceramic crystal used to generate precise frequencies See the Modules class below for complete oscillators Ceramic resonator Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi precise frequencies Ceramic filter Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in radio receivers surface acoustic wave SAW filters Components that use the effect as mechanical transducers Ultrasonic motor Electric motor that uses the piezoelectric effects For piezo buzzers and microphones see the Transducer class belowMicroelectromechanical systems Edit Microelectromechanical systems Accelerometer Digital micromirror deviceTerminals and connectors Edit Devices to make electrical connection Terminal Connector Socket Screw terminal Terminal Blocks Pin headerCable assemblies Edit Electrical cables with connectors or terminals at their ends Power cord Patch cord Test lead 2 different miniature pushbutton switches Switches Edit Components that can pass current closed or break the current open Switch Manually operated switch Electrical description SPST SPDT DPST DPDT NPNT general Technology slide switches toggle switches rocker switches rotary switches pushbutton switches Keypad Array of pushbutton switches DIP switch Small array of switches for internal configuration settings Footswitch Foot operated switch Knife switch Switch with unenclosed conductors Micro switch Mechanically activated switch with snap action Limit switch Mechanically activated switch to sense limit of motion Mercury switch Switch sensing tilt Centrifugal switch Switch sensing centrifugal force due to rate of rotation Relay or contactor Electro mechanically operated switch see also solid state relay above Reed switch Magnetically activated switch Thermostat Thermally activated switch Humidistat Humidity activated switch Circuit breaker Switch opened in response to excessive current a resettable fuse Disconnector Switch used in high and medium voltage applications for maintenance of other devices or isolation of circuits Transfer switch Switch that toggles a load between two sourcesProtection devices Edit Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages Fuse over current protection one time use Circuit breaker resettable fuse in the form of a mechanical switch Resettable fuse or PolySwitch circuit breaker action using solid state device Ground fault protection or residual current device circuit breaker sensitive to mains currents passing to ground Metal oxide varistor MOV surge absorber TVS Over voltage protection Inrush current limiter protection against initial Inrush current Gas discharge tube protection against high voltage surges Spark gap electrodes with a gap to arc over at a high voltage Lightning arrester spark gap used to protect against lightning strikes Recloser automatic switch that opens on an overcurrent fault condition then closes to check if the fault is cleared and repeats this process a specified number of times before maintaining the open position until it is manually closed Arc fault circuit interrupter circuit breaker that protects against arcs Network protector protective device that disconnects a distribution transformer when energy flow reverses direction Magnetic starter electromechanical switch used in motorsMechanical accessories Edit Enclosure electrical Heat sink FanOther Edit Printed circuit boards Lamp WaveguideObsolete Edit Carbon amplifier see Carbon microphones used as amplifiers Carbon arc negative resistance device Dynamo historic rf generator CohererStandard symbols EditMain article Electronic symbol On a circuit diagram electronic devices are represented by conventional symbols Reference designators are applied to the symbols to identify the components See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electronic components Electronics portalCircuit design Circuit diagram Operational amplifier 7400 series integrated circuits E series of preferred numbers Lumped element model Counterfeit electronic components Electrical element Electronic mixer Electronic components Datasheets IEEE 315 1975 Solid state electronics History of electronic engineeringReferences Edit For instance a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance but always consuming power as resistance does Nevertheless it is an active component since it relies on a power source to operate Nonreciprocal passive devices include the gyrator though as a truly passive component this exists more in theoretical terms and is usually implemented using an active circuit and the circulator which is used at microwave and optical frequencies 13 Sextillion amp Counting The Long amp Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History Computer History Museum April 2 2018 Retrieved 28 July 2019 Baker R Jacob 2011 CMOS Circuit Design Layout and Simulation John Wiley amp Sons p 7 ISBN 978 1118038239 What is a Thermistor U S Sensor Corp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Electronic component amp oldid 1133964219, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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