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Direct-to-video

January 04, 2023

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Direct to Video (Roseanne) and Straight to DVD (album).

Direct-to-video or straight-to-video refers to the release of a film, television series, short or special to the public immediately on home video formats rather than an initial theatrical release[1] or television premiere. This distribution strategy was prevalent before streaming platforms came to dominate the TV and movie distribution markets.

Because inferior sequels or prequels of larger-budget films may be released direct-to-video, review references to direct-to-video releases are often pejorative.[2] Direct-to-video release has also become profitable for independent filmmakers and smaller companies.[3] Some direct-to-video genre films (with a high-profile star) can generate well in excess of $50 million revenue worldwide.[4]

Reasons for releasing direct to video

A production studio may decide not to generally release a TV show or film for several possible reasons: a low budget, a lack of support from a TV network, negative reviews, its controversial nature, that it may appeal to a small niche market, or a simple lack of general public interest. Studios, limited in the annual number of films to which they grant cinematic releases, may choose to pull the completed film from the theaters, or never exhibit it in theaters at all. Studios then generate revenue through video sales and rentals.[5] Direct-to-video films are marketed mostly through colorful box covers, instead of advertising, and are not covered by publications like Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide.[6]

Direct-to-video releases have historically carried a stigma of lower technical or artistic quality than theatrical releases.[7] Some films released direct-to-video are films which have been completed but were never released in movie theaters. This delay often occurs when a studio doubts a film's commercial prospects justify a full cinema release, or because its release window has closed. In film industry slang, such films are referred to as having been "vaulted".[8] Like B-movies shown in drive-in theaters in the mid-20th century, direct-to-video films employ both former stars and young actors who may become stars later.[6]

Direct-to-video releases can be done for films which cannot be shown theatrically due to controversial content, or because the cost involved in a theatrical release is beyond the releasing company.[9]

Animated sequels and feature-length episodes of animated series are also often released in this fashion. The first feature length animated film to be released direct-to-video in the United States was Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation in 1992.[10] The practice of creating and releasing regular fiction specifically for video did not really take off until 1994, with Disney's The Return of Jafar and Universal's The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure, neither of which was intended to hit theaters at any point in its production.[9]

By 1994, an average of six new direct-to-video films appeared each week. Erotic thrillers and R-rated action films were the two most successful genres.[6] Family films became more important than such genres later in the 1990s, as retailers stocked more copies of blockbuster films instead of more titles. According to the Los Angeles Times:[11]

Often, the downfall of live-action family films at the box office is their strength on video. Their appeal is to families with young children, who may go to only a couple of movies per year but who will watch many videos multiple times. The teens and young adults who drive blockbuster box office statistics stay away from family movies.

Some horror films that are unsuccessful in theaters, like Witchcraft, begin successful direct-to-video series.[6] Studios may also release sequels or spin-offs to a successful live action film straight to DVD, due to a lack of budget in comparison to the original.

Pornography

During the Golden Age of Porn in the 1970s, many pornographic films were released in theatres, some of which became some of the highest-grossing films in their release years, and in the pornography industry altogether. Toward the 1980s, porn began to shift to video release, because video allowed the producers to work on extremely low budgets and dispense with some film production elements, like scripts, and the increased privacy and convenience of the format change were preferred by the target market.

During the late 1990s and onward, pornographers began releasing content through paysites on the Internet.

Physical format releases

Direct-to-video films screened theatrically

Occasionally, a studio that makes a movie that was prepared as a direct-to-video film will release it theatrically at the last minute due to the success of another film with a similar subject matter or an ultimate studio decision. Batman: Mask of the Phantasm is an example of this. However, despite the movie's critically acclaimed success, its box-office performance was very poor, which has been attributed to the last minute nature of its theatrical release. The film had much better commercial success in its subsequent home video releases.

Other times, a direct-to-video movie may get a limited theatrical screening in order to build excitement for the actual release of the video such as was done for 2010's Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, and Planet Hulk, 2016's Batman: The Killing Joke [12] or 2013's Sharknado.

Other direct-to-video films can also be theatrically released in other countries.

Direct-to-disc or DVD premiere

As DVDs gradually replaced VHS videocassettes, the term "direct-to-DVD" replaced "direct-to-video" in some instances.[13] However, the word "video" does not necessarily refer to videocassettes. Many publications continue to use the term "direct-to-video" for DVDs or Blu-rays. Both disc-based release types may also be referred to as "direct-to-disc". A new term sometimes used is "DVD premiere" (DVDP).[14] Such films can cost as little as $20 million,[4] about a third of the average cost of a Hollywood release.[15] According to Variety, American Pie: Band Camp sold a million copies in one week, despite retaining only two actors from the original trilogy.[16]

Some direct-to-DVD releases recently have tended to feature actors who were formerly bankable stars. In 2005, salaries for some of these direct-to-DVD actors in the multimillion-dollar range from $2 to $4 million (Jean-Claude Van Damme) and $4.5 to $10 million (Steven Seagal), in some cases exceeding the actors' theatrical rates.[4]

Digital releases

With the increasing prominence of digital distribution platforms in the 2000s and 2010s, direct-to-digital releases began to emerge alongside, or in lieu of home video. In November 2007, Ed Burns' Purple Violets became the first film to "premiere" exclusively for sale on iTunes Store, being exclusive to the platform for a month. It had premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April, where it was reviewed positively, but only received modest distribution offers.[17][18] At the time, it was not very common for consumers to make digital movie purchases.[19]

As part of a push by the service towards original content, the subscription video on demand service Netflix began to acquire feature films for distribution on its service in the 2010s, including the 2013 documentary The Square,[20] and its first feature film in 2015 — Beasts of No Nation.[21] Netflix pursued a simultaneous release strategy for its films, partnering with a distributor for a limited theatrical release (in order to maintain eligibility for awards requiring theatrical release, such as the Academy Awards) simultaneous with their availability to subscribers. As this practice violates the traditional release windows mandated by the cinema industry, major chains have typically declined to screen the films.[22][23] Since 2018, Netflix has partially backpedaled from this strategy, giving its films a one-month theatrical run before their premiere on the Netflix service.[24][25]

Unique circumstances have also resulted in direct-to-digital releases, sometimes alongside a limited theatrical release; the 2014 film The Interview was released simultaneously on digital and at selected cinemas, after major chains dropped the film due to terrorist threats by a hacking group believed to have ties to North Korea (whose regime is satirized in the film). The group had also leaked confidential data from the internal servers of the film's distributor, Sony Pictures.[26][27]

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in worldwide closures of cinemas due to economic restrictions and guidance against public gatherings, which prompted direct-to-digital releases for several major films; the Chinese film Lost in Russia was acquired by ByteDance for 630 million yuan (almost 100 million in US dollars) and streamed on its platforms (including TikTok) for free in lieu of a theatrical release, as part of a larger relationship with the company and the film's distributor Huanxi Media.[28] A number of U.S. films were shifted directly to video-on-demand rentals in lieu of a theatrical release,[29][30][31] while some have been sold directly to subscription services, including Disney+,[32] HBO Max,[33] Netflix,[34] and Amazon Prime Video.[35]

OVA and V-Cinema in Japan

OV ("original video") are movies made for direct-to-video release in the Japanese market. OVA ("original video animation")[36] is distinguished from OVM ("original video movies") or V-Cinema, which usually refer to non-animated works. Different production studios may use other labels like "V drama".

The OVA market developed in the mid-1980s.[37] The lax restrictions and censorship in comparison to broadcast television appealed to filmmakers, allowing them to include more controversial content, as the films did not need to rely on sponsored advertisements for financial support. The result was animated films with greater sexual, violent, or political content.[37] The market continued to expand during the Japanese asset price bubble and began to decline with the collapse of the bubble in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[36]

With the rise of VHS home video and the decline of the Japanese economy in the late 1980s, film studios struggled to recoup investments on big-budget films. Inspired by the success of OVAs, Toei released its first V-Cinema, Crime Hunter, in March 1989. Following Toei's success, other studios began to release a slue of direct-to-video movies. Relaxed censorship in V-Cinema gave way to the premier and rise of expressive auteur directors such as Takashi Miike, Hideo Nakata, Shinji Aoyama, and Kiyoshi Kurosawa.[38][39] As the release of these titles were outside of usual distribution, studios and directors worked quickly to capitalize on niche markets or upcoming and current trends to increase financial returns.[40] This period of history in Japanese cinema has been described by film journalist Tom Mes as "a far more diverse and vibrant film scene [than previous eras]".[39] By 1995, the V-cinema industry was in decline,[38] but the explosion in quantity and variety of such movies established and cemented genres like J-horror and yakuza films.[40]

The success of OVAs and V-Cinema has resulted in less stigma regarding direct-to-video releases in Japan than in western markets.[2] While there are still OVA and V-Cinema releases, the market is considerably smaller than it was in the 1980s and 1990s.[citation needed]

"Online Big Movies" in China

In the mid-to-late 2010s, low-budget B-movies that are made exclusively for digital streaming became a trend in China; these films are called "Online Big Movies" ("OBM"; 网络大电影 in Chinese, or simply 网大).[41] The word "Big" in the name was meant to be sardonic, as most of these films are often made on a very low budget[42] and featuring mostly unknown cast members and sometimes nonprofessional actors.[41] However, increasingly, the budget for these films have been slowly climbing up, due to the success of these films on digital distribution platforms;[43][44] the budget for these films can now range from less than 1 million yuan to upwards of 10 or 20 million yuan. Although these "Online Big Movies" rarely features well-known actors, in recent years, many "Online Big Movies" have hired veteran actors from Hong Kong action cinema and Taiwanese cinema to join its cast.[45] These movies are also to be differentiated from films that are made for theatrical release but were later acquired by digital streaming services, in that these "Online Big Movies" are produced by internet companies with the sole intent of digital release.

In additional to the digital distribution of these films in China, many of the "Online Big Movies" have also been released on digital platforms outside of China, such as on YouTube. Several YouTube channels, such as Q1Q2 Movie Channel Official[46] and YOUKU MOVIE[47] are popular channels that distributes these "Online Big Movies".

See also

References

  1. ^ Alvarez, Max J (30 December 1994). "Big Names Look For Bright Lights In Videoland". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  2. ^ a b Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (9 February 2015). The Anime Encyclopedia, 3rd Revised Edition: A Century of Japanese Animation (Third ed.). Stone Bridge Press. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  3. ^ Lerman, Laurence (17 September 2001). "Independents' 'Bread and Butter'". Video Business. 21 (38). Section: Video Premieres.
  4. ^ a b c DVD Exclusive Online. . Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
  5. ^ Barlow, Aaron (2005). The DVD Revolution: Movies, Culture, and Technology. Praeger/Greenwood. pp. 19. ISBN 0-275-98387-0. Films that flop in theaters or which are never theatrically released can prove profitable through longer-term video and DVD sales.
  6. ^ a b c d Alvarez, Max J. (30 December 1994). "Big Names Look For Bright Lights In Videoland". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  7. ^ Goodale, Gloria (23 October 1998). "'Straight to Video' Picks up Steam". Christian Science Monitor.
  8. ^ Bernstein, Adam (12 December 2004). "Silent Films Speak Loudly for Hughes". The Washington Post. TVWeek p. Y06.
  9. ^ a b "More Films Jump Straight to DVD". USA Today. 6 August 2003. Section: Life, p. 03d.
  10. ^ Connors, Martin; Jim Craddock (2000), "Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation", VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever 2000, Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale, p. 923, ISBN 978-1-57859-042-1
  11. ^ Matzer, Marla (16 April 1997). "Direct-to-Video Family Films Are Hitting Home". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  12. ^ Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths gets big-screen Premieres on Two Coasts – Comicmix.com – February 5, 2010
  13. ^ Berardinelli, James. "DVD's Scarlet Letter". Retrieved 13 January 2007.
  14. ^ For one example of the term "DVDP" in use, see . Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
  15. ^ Mueller, Anne (23 June 2011). "Why Movies Cost So Much to Make". Investopedia US. IAC. Retrieved 24 July 2014.. As of 2007, the average production cost was $65 million, and distribution and marketing added about another $35 million, for a total of around $100 million
  16. ^ Hettrick, Scott (2 January 2005). . Variety. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
  17. ^ Halbfinger, David M. (23 October 2007). "Facing Competition, iTunes Revs Up Its Film Section". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  18. ^ Graser, Marc (25 October 2007). . Variety. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  19. ^ Kirsner, Scott (2 November 2007). . Variety. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  20. ^ Tibken, Shara. "Netflix gets its first Oscars nod with 'The Square'". CNET. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  21. ^ McNary, Dave (2 March 2015). "Netflix Makes Another Bigscreen Splash With 'Beasts of No Nation'". Variety. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  22. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (7 July 2015). "Netflix Dates First Feature Film Slate With Idris Elba, Cary Fukunaga, Adam Sandler, Harvey Weinstein, Paul Reubens & Judd Apatow". Deadline. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  23. ^ "Movie Chains Balk At Netflix's Plan For Simultaneous Release". NPR.org. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  24. ^ Lee, Dami (27 August 2019). "Netflix will release 10 fall films in theaters before they stream". The Verge. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  25. ^ Lang, Brent (4 March 2019). "Netflix Responds to Steven Spielberg's Push to Bar It From Oscars". Variety. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  26. ^ Wallenstein, Andrew (24 December 2014). "What is Kernel? The Stealth Startup Sony Tapped to Stream 'The Interview' (Exclusive)". Variety. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  27. ^ "'The Interview' Release Back On For Christmas Day – Update". Deadline Hollywood. December 23, 2014. from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  28. ^ Frater, Patrick (24 January 2020). "China's 'Lost in Russia' Switches to Unprecedented Online Release in Response to Coronavirus Outbreak". Variety. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  29. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (14 April 2020). "'Trolls World Tour': Drive-In Theaters Deliver What They Can During COVID-19 Exhibition Shutdown – Easter Weekend 2020 Box Office". Deadline. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  30. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (21 April 2020). "'Scoob!' To Skip Theaters & Head Into Homes; How Director Tony Cervone Got Animated Pic Across The Finish Line In COVID-19 Climate". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  31. ^ N'Dukao, Amanda (4 May 2020). "Focus Features Sets Digital Release For 'The High Note' Starring Tracee Ellis Ross & Dakota Johnson". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  32. ^ Spangler, Todd (17 April 2020). "'Artemis Fowl' Premiere Date on Disney Plus Set as Movie Goes Direct-to-Streaming". Variety. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  33. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (27 April 2020). "Seth Rogen Comedy 'An American Pickle' Jumps From Sony To HBO Max". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  34. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (20 March 2020). "Kumail Nanjiani & Issa Rae Comedy 'The Lovebirds' To Nest At Netflix". Deadline. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  35. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (8 April 2020). "'My Spy': STX Dave Bautista Action Comedy Acquired By Amazon Studios For Streaming". Deadline. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  36. ^ a b DustinKop. . the-artifice.com. The Artifice. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  37. ^ a b Sevakis, Justin. "Why Did So Many OVA Series End Prematurely?". animenewsnetwork.com. Anime News Network. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  38. ^ a b Balmont, James. "How V-Cinema sparked a Japanese filmmaking revolution". lwlies.com. Little White Lies. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  39. ^ a b Mes, Tom. "The V-Cinema Notebook, Part 1". midnighteye.com. Midnight Eye. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  40. ^ a b Macias, Patrick (15 November 2019). "The Harajuku Line: Forgotten Fashion Monsters of Japanese V-Cinema". medium.com. Medium. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  41. ^ a b "你可能没注意到的网络大电影正在崛起".
  42. ^ . Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  43. ^ "预算占比30%，投入近百万：网络大电影进入"营销时代"".
  44. ^ "网络大电影"爆发" 市场规模有望达10亿". Sohu.
  45. ^ "他们曾经都大红大紫过，如今沦落到拍网络电影令人唏嘘". Sohu.
  46. ^ "Q1Q2 Movie Channel Official". YouTube.
  47. ^ "YOUKU MOVIE". YouTube.

Further reading

  • Mayo, Mike (1997). VideoHound's Video Premieres: The Only Guide to Video Originals and Limited Releases. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 0-7876-0825-4.

January 04, 2023
direct, video, several, terms, redirect, here, other, uses, direct, video, roseanne, straight, album, straight, video, refers, release, film, television, series, short, special, public, immediately, home, video, formats, rather, than, initial, theatrical, rele. Several terms redirect here For other uses see Direct to Video Roseanne and Straight to DVD album Direct to video or straight to video refers to the release of a film television series short or special to the public immediately on home video formats rather than an initial theatrical release 1 or television premiere This distribution strategy was prevalent before streaming platforms came to dominate the TV and movie distribution markets Because inferior sequels or prequels of larger budget films may be released direct to video review references to direct to video releases are often pejorative 2 Direct to video release has also become profitable for independent filmmakers and smaller companies 3 Some direct to video genre films with a high profile star can generate well in excess of 50 million revenue worldwide 4 Contents 1 Reasons for releasing direct to video 1 1 Pornography 2 Physical format releases 2 1 Direct to video films screened theatrically 2 2 Direct to disc or DVD premiere 3 Digital releases 4 OVA and V Cinema in Japan 5 Online Big Movies in China 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingReasons for releasing direct to video EditA production studio may decide not to generally release a TV show or film for several possible reasons a low budget a lack of support from a TV network negative reviews its controversial nature that it may appeal to a small niche market or a simple lack of general public interest Studios limited in the annual number of films to which they grant cinematic releases may choose to pull the completed film from the theaters or never exhibit it in theaters at all Studios then generate revenue through video sales and rentals 5 Direct to video films are marketed mostly through colorful box covers instead of advertising and are not covered by publications like Leonard Maltin s Movie Guide 6 Direct to video releases have historically carried a stigma of lower technical or artistic quality than theatrical releases 7 Some films released direct to video are films which have been completed but were never released in movie theaters This delay often occurs when a studio doubts a film s commercial prospects justify a full cinema release or because its release window has closed In film industry slang such films are referred to as having been vaulted 8 Like B movies shown in drive in theaters in the mid 20th century direct to video films employ both former stars and young actors who may become stars later 6 Direct to video releases can be done for films which cannot be shown theatrically due to controversial content or because the cost involved in a theatrical release is beyond the releasing company 9 Animated sequels and feature length episodes of animated series are also often released in this fashion The first feature length animated film to be released direct to video in the United States was Tiny Toon Adventures How I Spent My Vacation in 1992 10 The practice of creating and releasing regular fiction specifically for video did not really take off until 1994 with Disney s The Return of Jafar and Universal s The Land Before Time II The Great Valley Adventure neither of which was intended to hit theaters at any point in its production 9 By 1994 an average of six new direct to video films appeared each week Erotic thrillers and R rated action films were the two most successful genres 6 Family films became more important than such genres later in the 1990s as retailers stocked more copies of blockbuster films instead of more titles According to the Los Angeles Times 11 Often the downfall of live action family films at the box office is their strength on video Their appeal is to families with young children who may go to only a couple of movies per year but who will watch many videos multiple times The teens and young adults who drive blockbuster box office statistics stay away from family movies Some horror films that are unsuccessful in theaters like Witchcraft begin successful direct to video series 6 Studios may also release sequels or spin offs to a successful live action film straight to DVD due to a lack of budget in comparison to the original Pornography Edit During the Golden Age of Porn in the 1970s many pornographic films were released in theatres some of which became some of the highest grossing films in their release years and in the pornography industry altogether Toward the 1980s porn began to shift to video release because video allowed the producers to work on extremely low budgets and dispense with some film production elements like scripts and the increased privacy and convenience of the format change were preferred by the target market During the late 1990s and onward pornographers began releasing content through paysites on the Internet Physical format releases EditDirect to video films screened theatrically Edit Occasionally a studio that makes a movie that was prepared as a direct to video film will release it theatrically at the last minute due to the success of another film with a similar subject matter or an ultimate studio decision Batman Mask of the Phantasm is an example of this However despite the movie s critically acclaimed success its box office performance was very poor which has been attributed to the last minute nature of its theatrical release The film had much better commercial success in its subsequent home video releases Other times a direct to video movie may get a limited theatrical screening in order to build excitement for the actual release of the video such as was done for 2010 s Justice League Crisis on Two Earths and Planet Hulk 2016 s Batman The Killing Joke 12 or 2013 s Sharknado Other direct to video films can also be theatrically released in other countries Direct to disc or DVD premiere Edit As DVDs gradually replaced VHS videocassettes the term direct to DVD replaced direct to video in some instances 13 However the word video does not necessarily refer to videocassettes Many publications continue to use the term direct to video for DVDs or Blu rays Both disc based release types may also be referred to as direct to disc A new term sometimes used is DVD premiere DVDP 14 Such films can cost as little as 20 million 4 about a third of the average cost of a Hollywood release 15 According to Variety American Pie Band Camp sold a million copies in one week despite retaining only two actors from the original trilogy 16 Some direct to DVD releases recently have tended to feature actors who were formerly bankable stars In 2005 salaries for some of these direct to DVD actors in the multimillion dollar range from 2 to 4 million Jean Claude Van Damme and 4 5 to 10 million Steven Seagal in some cases exceeding the actors theatrical rates 4 Digital releases EditWith the increasing prominence of digital distribution platforms in the 2000s and 2010s direct to digital releases began to emerge alongside or in lieu of home video In November 2007 Ed Burns Purple Violets became the first film to premiere exclusively for sale on iTunes Store being exclusive to the platform for a month It had premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April where it was reviewed positively but only received modest distribution offers 17 18 At the time it was not very common for consumers to make digital movie purchases 19 As part of a push by the service towards original content the subscription video on demand service Netflix began to acquire feature films for distribution on its service in the 2010s including the 2013 documentary The Square 20 and its first feature film in 2015 Beasts of No Nation 21 Netflix pursued a simultaneous release strategy for its films partnering with a distributor for a limited theatrical release in order to maintain eligibility for awards requiring theatrical release such as the Academy Awards simultaneous with their availability to subscribers As this practice violates the traditional release windows mandated by the cinema industry major chains have typically declined to screen the films 22 23 Since 2018 Netflix has partially backpedaled from this strategy giving its films a one month theatrical run before their premiere on the Netflix service 24 25 Unique circumstances have also resulted in direct to digital releases sometimes alongside a limited theatrical release the 2014 film The Interview was released simultaneously on digital and at selected cinemas after major chains dropped the film due to terrorist threats by a hacking group believed to have ties to North Korea whose regime is satirized in the film The group had also leaked confidential data from the internal servers of the film s distributor Sony Pictures 26 27 The COVID 19 pandemic resulted in worldwide closures of cinemas due to economic restrictions and guidance against public gatherings which prompted direct to digital releases for several major films the Chinese film Lost in Russia was acquired by ByteDance for 630 million yuan almost 100 million in US dollars and streamed on its platforms including TikTok for free in lieu of a theatrical release as part of a larger relationship with the company and the film s distributor Huanxi Media 28 A number of U S films were shifted directly to video on demand rentals in lieu of a theatrical release 29 30 31 while some have been sold directly to subscription services including Disney 32 HBO Max 33 Netflix 34 and Amazon Prime Video 35 OVA and V Cinema in Japan EditOV original video are movies made for direct to video release in the Japanese market OVA original video animation 36 is distinguished from OVM original video movies or V Cinema which usually refer to non animated works Different production studios may use other labels like V drama The OVA market developed in the mid 1980s 37 The lax restrictions and censorship in comparison to broadcast television appealed to filmmakers allowing them to include more controversial content as the films did not need to rely on sponsored advertisements for financial support The result was animated films with greater sexual violent or political content 37 The market continued to expand during the Japanese asset price bubble and began to decline with the collapse of the bubble in the late 1980s and early 1990s 36 With the rise of VHS home video and the decline of the Japanese economy in the late 1980s film studios struggled to recoup investments on big budget films Inspired by the success of OVAs Toei released its first V Cinema Crime Hunter in March 1989 Following Toei s success other studios began to release a slue of direct to video movies Relaxed censorship in V Cinema gave way to the premier and rise of expressive auteur directors such as Takashi Miike Hideo Nakata Shinji Aoyama and Kiyoshi Kurosawa 38 39 As the release of these titles were outside of usual distribution studios and directors worked quickly to capitalize on niche markets or upcoming and current trends to increase financial returns 40 This period of history in Japanese cinema has been described by film journalist Tom Mes as a far more diverse and vibrant film scene than previous eras 39 By 1995 the V cinema industry was in decline 38 but the explosion in quantity and variety of such movies established and cemented genres like J horror and yakuza films 40 The success of OVAs and V Cinema has resulted in less stigma regarding direct to video releases in Japan than in western markets 2 While there are still OVA and V Cinema releases the market is considerably smaller than it was in the 1980s and 1990s citation needed Online Big Movies in China EditIn the mid to late 2010s low budget B movies that are made exclusively for digital streaming became a trend in China these films are called Online Big Movies OBM 网络大电影 in Chinese or simply 网大 41 The word Big in the name was meant to be sardonic as most of these films are often made on a very low budget 42 and featuring mostly unknown cast members and sometimes nonprofessional actors 41 However increasingly the budget for these films have been slowly climbing up due to the success of these films on digital distribution platforms 43 44 the budget for these films can now range from less than 1 million yuan to upwards of 10 or 20 million yuan Although these Online Big Movies rarely features well known actors in recent years many Online Big Movies have hired veteran actors from Hong Kong action cinema and Taiwanese cinema to join its cast 45 These movies are also to be differentiated from films that are made for theatrical release but were later acquired by digital streaming services in that these Online Big Movies are produced by internet companies with the sole intent of digital release In additional to the digital distribution of these films in China many of the Online Big Movies have also been released on digital platforms outside of China such as on YouTube Several YouTube channels such as Q1Q2 Movie Channel Official 46 and YOUKU MOVIE 47 are popular channels that distributes these Online Big Movies See also EditList of animated direct to video series B movie First run filmmaking First run syndication Home video Television film Video on demandReferences Edit Alvarez Max J 30 December 1994 Big Names Look For Bright Lights In Videoland Chicago Tribune Retrieved 7 December 2010 a b Clements Jonathan McCarthy Helen 9 February 2015 The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition A Century of Japanese Animation Third ed Stone Bridge Press pp 195 196 ISBN 978 1 61172 018 1 Lerman Laurence 17 September 2001 Independents Bread and Butter Video Business 21 38 Section Video Premieres a b c DVD Exclusive Online Stars Money Migrate To DVDP archived Archived from the original on 15 May 2006 Retrieved 13 January 2007 Barlow Aaron 2005 The DVD Revolution Movies Culture and Technology Praeger Greenwood pp 19 ISBN 0 275 98387 0 Films that flop in theaters or which are never theatrically released can prove profitable through longer term video and DVD sales a b c d Alvarez Max J 30 December 1994 Big Names Look For Bright Lights In Videoland Chicago Tribune Retrieved 22 July 2018 Goodale Gloria 23 October 1998 Straight to Video Picks up Steam Christian Science Monitor Bernstein Adam 12 December 2004 Silent Films Speak Loudly for Hughes The Washington Post TVWeek p Y06 a b More Films Jump Straight to DVD USA Today 6 August 2003 Section Life p 03d Connors Martin Jim Craddock 2000 Tiny Toon Adventures How I Spent My Vacation VideoHound s Golden Movie Retriever 2000 Farmington Hills Thomson Gale p 923 ISBN 978 1 57859 042 1 Matzer Marla 16 April 1997 Direct to Video Family Films Are Hitting Home Los Angeles Times Retrieved 4 June 2011 Justice League Crisis on Two Earths gets big screen Premieres on Two Coasts Comicmix com February 5 2010 Berardinelli James DVD s Scarlet Letter Retrieved 13 January 2007 For one example of the term DVDP in use see Paramount grows DVDP slate Archived from the original on 14 May 2006 Retrieved 13 January 2007 Mueller Anne 23 June 2011 Why Movies Cost So Much to Make Investopedia US IAC Retrieved 24 July 2014 As of 2007 update the average production cost was 65 million and distribution and marketing added about another 35 million for a total of around 100 million Hettrick Scott 2 January 2005 Spending on DVDs up 10 Variety Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 Retrieved 13 January 2007 Halbfinger David M 23 October 2007 Facing Competition iTunes Revs Up Its Film Section The New York Times Retrieved 25 August 2011 Graser Marc 25 October 2007 Ed Burns offers Violets on iTunes Feature to skip theatrical release Variety Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 Retrieved 25 August 2011 Kirsner Scott 2 November 2007 Studio s Digital Dilemma Apple Calling Shots as Biz Tries To Control Market Variety Archived from the original on 11 November 2010 Retrieved 26 August 2011 Tibken Shara Netflix gets its first Oscars nod with The Square CNET Retrieved 6 May 2020 McNary Dave 2 March 2015 Netflix Makes Another Bigscreen Splash With Beasts of No Nation Variety Retrieved 3 March 2015 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8 April 2020 My Spy STX Dave Bautista Action Comedy Acquired By Amazon Studios For Streaming Deadline Retrieved 6 May 2020 a b DustinKop A Look at the 1980 s Anime OVA Legacy the artifice com The Artifice Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b Sevakis Justin Why Did So Many OVA Series End Prematurely animenewsnetwork com Anime News Network Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b Balmont James How V Cinema sparked a Japanese filmmaking revolution lwlies com Little White Lies Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b Mes Tom The V Cinema Notebook Part 1 midnighteye com Midnight Eye Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b Macias Patrick 15 November 2019 The Harajuku Line Forgotten Fashion Monsters of Japanese V Cinema medium com Medium Retrieved 10 February 2021 a b 你可能没注意到的网络大电影正在崛起 低成本网络大电影的制作秘籍 Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 Retrieved 14 April 2021 预算占比30 投入近百万 网络大电影进入 营销时代 网络大电影 爆发 市场规模有望达10亿 Sohu 他们曾经都大红大紫过 如今沦落到拍网络电影令人唏嘘 Sohu Q1Q2 Movie Channel Official YouTube YOUKU MOVIE YouTube Further reading EditMayo Mike 1997 VideoHound s Video Premieres The Only Guide to Video Originals and Limited Releases Visible Ink Press ISBN 0 7876 0825 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Direct to video amp oldid 1131012579, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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