The Banu Makhzum were a major clan of the larger Quraysh tribal grouping which dominated Mecca.[4] Though in Arab genealogical tradition, there are some twenty branches descended from the progenitor Umar ibn Makhzum, the line of al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn Makhzum emerged as the principal family of the Banu Makhzum.[4] According to the historian Martin Hinds, the "extent of the power and influence of Makhzum in Mecca during the 6th century A.D. cannot be established with any certainty".[4] Based on the traditional Arabic sources, they formed part of the Ahlaf ("allies") faction of the Quraysh alongside the clans of Abd al-Dar, Banu Sahm, Banu Jumah and Banu Adi, in rivalry to the clans of the Banu Hashim and Banu Abd Shams.[4] Toward the end of the 6th century, a scion of the Makhzum, Hisham ibn al-Mughira, grew to such prominence in Mecca that the Quraysh established a dating system that began with his death.[4] His family, the Banu Hisham, thenceforth became the leading house of the Mughira line of the Makhzum.[4] At the time, Hisham, his brothers al-Walid, Hashim and Abu Umayya and a number of their sons dominated Meccan trade with Yemen and Ethiopia.[5]
Early Islamic era
The Banu Makhzum were among the foremost opponents of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Mecca in the early 7th century.[6] One of their chieftains, Abu Jahl, led Meccan opposition to the Muslims and organized a boycott of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, in circa 616–618.[6] The Muslims gained the advantage at the Battle of Badr, inflicting heavy losses on the Makhzum, with seven or eight nobles from the al-Mughira line slain and a roughly equal number from other cadet lines of the clan.[6] The casualties the Makhzum sustained led to a significant weakening of their position in Mecca and they were passed in prominence by the Banu Abd Shams under the leadership of Abu Sufyan. At least three members of the Makhzum, all from cadet branches, fought alongside Muhammad at Badr, and by the time he launched his conquest of Mecca in January 630, several others had defected to him, including one of their eminent military commanders, Khalid ibn al-Walid, a grandson of al-Mughira.[6] Nonetheless, among the most ardent opponents of negotiations with Muhammad was Ikrima, the son of Abu Jahl and principal leader of the clan.[6] Khalid participated in the city's conquest and Ikrima subsequently fled to Yemen.[6] The leaders who remained, i.e. al-Harith ibn Hisham of the al-Mughira line and Sa'id ibn Yarbu of the cadet branches, reconciled with Muhammad and the Banu Makhzum formed part of the nascent Muslim order.[6]
Muhammad died in 632 and Ikrima was meanwhile pardoned and played an active role, along with Khalid, in the suppression of the Arab tribes that defected from the Muslim state after Muhammad's death in the Ridda wars (632–633).[6] Ikrima later died fighting Byzantine forces, possibly at the Battle of Ajnadayn, while other members of the Makhzum, al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Abd Allah ibn Abi Rabi'a ibn al-Mughira served various terms as governors of part or all of Yemen under the caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644).[6] The most prominent role by a member of the Makhzum during this period was played by Khalid who scored key victories against Musaylima in the Yamama during the Ridda wars and against the Byzantines during the Muslim conquest of Syria (634–638).[6] His son Abd al-Rahman was appointed governor of Homs and the Jazira and fought reputably against the Byzantines. The forty or so male descendants of Khalid died in a plague in Syria toward the end of Umayyad rule.[7]
Genealogical tree of key members
Abbreviated tree of the Banu Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe
^ abal-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1998). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors. Translated and annotated by Ella Landau-Tasseron. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 201–202.
^Muhammad, Shaykh; Hisham Kabbani; Laleh Bakhtiar (1998). Encyclopedia of Muhammad's Women Companions and the Traditions They Relate. Chicago: ABC International Group. p. 461. ISBN1-871031-42-7.
^Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad. Tabaqat al-Kabir. Vol. 1. Translated by Haq, S. M. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan. pp. 142–143.
^Menocal, Maria Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (2000). The Literature of Al-Andalus. Cambridge University Press. p. 306. ISBN0-521-47159-1.
Bibliography
Akram, A. I. (2004). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed – His Life and Campaigns (third ed.). ISBN0-19-597714-9.
banu, makhzum, arabic, بنو, مخزوم, romanized, banū, makhzūm, wealthy, clans, quraysh, they, regarded, being, among, three, most, powerful, influential, clans, mecca, before, advent, islam, other, being, banu, hashim, tribe, islamic, prophet, muhammad, banu, um. The Banu Makhzum Arabic بنو مخزوم romanized Banu Makhzum was one of the wealthy clans of the Quraysh They are regarded as being among the three most powerful and influential clans in Mecca before the advent of Islam the other two being the Banu Hashim the tribe of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the Banu Umayya 1 2 3 Banu Makhzum Arabic بنو مخزوم Quraysh AdnanitesNisbaMakhzumiLocationMeccaDescended fromMakhzum ibn YaqazaReligionIslam Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre Islamic era 1 2 Early Islamic era 2 Genealogical tree of key members 3 Notable members 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyHistory EditPre Islamic era Edit The Banu Makhzum were a major clan of the larger Quraysh tribal grouping which dominated Mecca 4 Though in Arab genealogical tradition there are some twenty branches descended from the progenitor Umar ibn Makhzum the line of al Mughira ibn Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn Makhzum emerged as the principal family of the Banu Makhzum 4 According to the historian Martin Hinds the extent of the power and influence of Makhzum in Mecca during the 6th century A D cannot be established with any certainty 4 Based on the traditional Arabic sources they formed part of the Ahlaf allies faction of the Quraysh alongside the clans of Abd al Dar Banu Sahm Banu Jumah and Banu Adi in rivalry to the clans of the Banu Hashim and Banu Abd Shams 4 Toward the end of the 6th century a scion of the Makhzum Hisham ibn al Mughira grew to such prominence in Mecca that the Quraysh established a dating system that began with his death 4 His family the Banu Hisham thenceforth became the leading house of the Mughira line of the Makhzum 4 At the time Hisham his brothers al Walid Hashim and Abu Umayya and a number of their sons dominated Meccan trade with Yemen and Ethiopia 5 Early Islamic era Edit The Banu Makhzum were among the foremost opponents of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Mecca in the early 7th century 6 One of their chieftains Abu Jahl led Meccan opposition to the Muslims and organized a boycott of Muhammad s clan the Banu Hashim in circa 616 618 6 The Muslims gained the advantage at the Battle of Badr inflicting heavy losses on the Makhzum with seven or eight nobles from the al Mughira line slain and a roughly equal number from other cadet lines of the clan 6 The casualties the Makhzum sustained led to a significant weakening of their position in Mecca and they were passed in prominence by the Banu Abd Shams under the leadership of Abu Sufyan At least three members of the Makhzum all from cadet branches fought alongside Muhammad at Badr and by the time he launched his conquest of Mecca in January 630 several others had defected to him including one of their eminent military commanders Khalid ibn al Walid a grandson of al Mughira 6 Nonetheless among the most ardent opponents of negotiations with Muhammad was Ikrima the son of Abu Jahl and principal leader of the clan 6 Khalid participated in the city s conquest and Ikrima subsequently fled to Yemen 6 The leaders who remained i e al Harith ibn Hisham of the al Mughira line and Sa id ibn Yarbu of the cadet branches reconciled with Muhammad and the Banu Makhzum formed part of the nascent Muslim order 6 Muhammad died in 632 and Ikrima was meanwhile pardoned and played an active role along with Khalid in the suppression of the Arab tribes that defected from the Muslim state after Muhammad s death in the Ridda wars 632 633 6 Ikrima later died fighting Byzantine forces possibly at the Battle of Ajnadayn while other members of the Makhzum al Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Abd Allah ibn Abi Rabi a ibn al Mughira served various terms as governors of part or all of Yemen under the caliphs Abu Bakr r 632 634 and Umar r 634 644 6 The most prominent role by a member of the Makhzum during this period was played by Khalid who scored key victories against Musaylima in the Yamama during the Ridda wars and against the Byzantines during the Muslim conquest of Syria 634 638 6 His son Abd al Rahman was appointed governor of Homs and the Jazira and fought reputably against the Byzantines The forty or so male descendants of Khalid died in a plague in Syria toward the end of Umayyad rule 7 Genealogical tree of key members EditAbbreviated tree of the Banu Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribeAbd Allah ibn Umar ibn MakhzumHilalAl MughiraAbd al AsadHisham d 598 Abu Rabi aAl Walid d 622 FakihAbu UmayyaAbu SalamaAmr Abu Jahl d 624 Al Harith d 639 Ayyash d 636 Al Walid d 620s Khalid d 642 Al Muhajir fl 630 633Umm Salama d 680s Muhammad Islamic prophet UmarIkrima d 634 or 636 Abd al RahmanAbd AllahHishamAbd al Rahman d 666 Muhajir d 657 ZaynabMarwan I Umayyad caliph 684 685 SalamaIsma ilKhalid fl 669 KhalidUmar Umayyad prince AyyubHisham fl 691 706 Isma il fl 763Ibrahim d 743 Muhammad d 743 Khalid d 744 A ishaAbd al Malik Umayyad caliph 685 705 Khalid fl 763 Hisham Umayyad caliph 724 743 Notable members EditFatimah bint Amr paternal grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad Amr ibn Hisham better known as Abu Jahl Walid ibn al Mughira 8 Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya a Mother of the Believers wife of the prophet Muhammad 9 Khalid ibn al Walid a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 10 Mughira ibn Abd Allah 8 Hisham ibn al Mughirah 11 Ibn Zaydun Arab poet of Cordoba and Seville 12 Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl Al Muhajir ibn Abi UmayyaSee also EditTribes of ArabiaReferences Edit Brill E J 1907 Umayyad and ʻAbbasids Being the Fourth Part of Jurji Zaydan s History of Islamic Civilization Vol 4 Imprimerie Orientale ul Haq Mazhar 1977 A Short History of Islam From the Rise of Islam to the Fall of Baghdad 571 A D to 1258 A D Bookland Brown Jonathan A C 2011 Muhammad A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 151027 4 a b c d e f Hinds p 137 Hinds pp 137 138 a b c d e f g h i j Hinds p 138 Hinds p 139 a b al Tabari Muhammad ibn Jarir 1998 The History of al Tabari Vol 39 Biographies of the Prophet s Companions and Their Successors Translated and annotated by Ella Landau Tasseron Albany State University of New York Press pp 201 202 Muhammad Shaykh Hisham Kabbani Laleh Bakhtiar 1998 Encyclopedia of Muhammad s Women Companions and the Traditions They Relate Chicago ABC International Group p 461 ISBN 1 871031 42 7 Akram 2004 p 2 Ibn Sa d Muhammad Tabaqat al Kabir Vol 1 Translated by Haq S M Delhi Kitab Bhavan pp 142 143 Menocal Maria Rosa Scheindlin Raymond P Sells Michael 2000 The Literature of Al Andalus Cambridge University Press p 306 ISBN 0 521 47159 1 Bibliography EditAkram A I 2004 The Sword of Allah Khalid bin al Waleed His Life and Campaigns third ed ISBN 0 19 597714 9 Hinds M 1991 Makhzum In Bosworth C E van Donzel E amp Pellat Ch eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Volume VI Mahk Mid Leiden E J Brill pp 137 140 ISBN 978 90 04 08112 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Banu Makhzum amp oldid 1100375100, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
