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Depictions of nudity

April 11, 2023

Main article: Nudity

Depictions of nudity include all of the representations or portrayals of the unclothed human body in visual media. In a picture-making civilization, pictorial conventions continually reaffirm what is natural in human appearance, which is part of socialization.[1] In Western societies, the contexts for depictions of nudity include information, art and pornography. Information includes both science and education. Any ambiguous image not easily fitting into one of these categories may be misinterpreted, leading to disputes.[2] The most contentious disputes are between fine art and erotic images, which define the legal distinction of which images are permitted or prohibited.

Look up depict in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up portray in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Definitions

A depiction is defined as any lifelike image, ranging from precise representations to verbal descriptions. Portrayal is a synonym of depiction, but includes playing a role on stage as one form of representation.

Nudity in art

Main article: Nude (art)
Nudity in art

Nudity in art – painting, sculpture and more recently photography – has generally reflected social standards of the time in aesthetics and modesty/morality. At all times in human history, the human body has been one of the principal subjects for artists. It has been represented in paintings and statues since prehistory.

Portraits and nudes without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning were a fairly common genre of art during all centuries. Some regard Goya's La Maja desnuda of around 1800, which provoked outrage in Spanish society over the model painted with and without her clothes (desnuda means nude), as "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art",[3] but paintings of nude females were not uncommon, especially paintings of mistresses and lover of kings, dukes and other aristocrats and mistresses and wives of the artists. La Maja desnuda was different in only one way, it was exhibited on a public art exhibition.

With the expansion of the display of nudity in art beyond traditional galleries, some exhibitions experience backlash from individuals that equate all nude representations with sexuality, and thus inappropriate for viewing by the general public.[4]

Although naked, Andrea Doria is not fragile or frail. He is depicted as a powerful virile man, showing masculine spirit, strength, vigor, and power. Bronzino's so-called "allegorical portraits", such as this Genoese admiral, Andrea Doria are less typical but possibly even more fascinating due to the peculiarity of placing a publicly recognized personality in the nude as a mythical figure.[5][6]

Depictions of youth

See also: Child erotica
 
The Caress by Mary Cassatt (1902)

For centuries, child nudity was common in paintings that depicted allegorical or religious stories. Modern painters have created images of nude children that depict everyday life. Some sculptures depict nude child figures. A particularly famous one is Manneken Pis in Brussels, showing a nude young boy urinating into the fountain below. A female equivalent is Jeanneke Pis.

 
Henry Scott Tuke, The Bathers (1885)

Henry Scott Tuke painted nude young boys doing everyday seaside activities, swimming, boating, and fishing; his images were not overtly erotic, nor did they usually show their genitals.[7] Otto Lohmüller became controversial for his nude paintings of young males, which often depicted genitals. Balthus and William-Adolphe Bouguereau included nude girls in many of their paintings. Professional photographers such as Will McBride, Jock Sturges, Sally Mann, David Hamilton, Jacques Bourboulon, Garo Aida, and Bill Henson have made photographs of nude young children for publication in books and magazines and for public exhibition in art galleries. According to some,[citation needed] photographs such as these are acceptable and should be (or remain) legal since they represent the unclothed form of the children in an artistic manner, the children were not sexually abused, and the photographers obtained written permission from the parents or guardians. Opponents suggest that such works should be (or remain) banned and represent a form of child pornography, involving subjects who may have experienced psychological harm during or after their creation.[8]

Sturges and Hamilton were both investigated following public condemnation of their work by Christian activists including Randall Terry. Several attempts to prosecute Sturges or bookseller Barnes & Noble have been dropped or thrown out of court and Sturges's work appears in many museums, including New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.[9][10][11]

There have been incidents in which snapshots taken by parents of their infant or toddler children bathing or otherwise naked were destroyed or turned over to law enforcement as child pornography.[12] Such incidents may be examples of false allegation of child sexual abuse. Author Lynn Powell described the prosecution of such cases in terms of a moral panic surrounding child sexual abuse and child pornography.[13]

Colonialism

In the nineteenth century, Orientalism represented the European view of the Muslim cultures of North Africa. Representations of nude Muslim women included "French postcards" for popular distribution, which escaped legal sanctions by being placed in the category of ethnography rather than porn. In the fine arts, many painters used the trope of the harem as an acceptable context for nude and seminude women.[14]

Nude photography

Main article: Nude photography

Photography has been used to create images of nudity that fit into any category; artistic, educational, commercial, and erotic.

Alfred Cheney Johnston (1885 – 1971) was a professional American photographer who often photographed Ziegfeld Follies "showgirls".[15]

Male naked bodies were not pictured as frequently at the time. An exception is the photograph of the early bodybuilder Eugen Sandow modelling the statue The Dying Gaul, illustrating the Grecian Ideal which he introduced to bodybuilding.

Popular culture

See also: Imagery of nude celebrities

Definitions

Nude depictions of women may be criticized by feminists as inherently voyeuristic due to the male gaze.[16] Although not specifically anti-nudity, the feminist group Guerrilla Girls point out the prevalence of nude women on the walls of museums but the scarcity of female artists. Without the relative freedom of the fine arts, nudity in popular culture often involves making fine distinctions between types of depictions. The most extreme form is full frontal nudity, referring to the fact that the actor or model is presented from the front and with the genitals exposed. Frequently, images of nude people do not go that far. They are instead deliberately composed, and films edited, such that in particular no genitalia are seen, as if the camera by chance failed to see them. This is sometimes called "implied nudity" as opposed to "explicit nudity." It is in popular culture that a particular image may lead to classification disputes.[2]

Advertising

Further information: Sex in advertising

In modern media, images of partial and full nudity are used in advertising to draw attention. In the case of attractive models this attention is due to the visual pleasure the images provide; in other cases it is due to the relative rarity of such images. The use of nudity in advertising tends to be carefully controlled to avoid the impression that a company whose product is being advertised is indecent or unrefined. There are also (self-imposed) limits on what advertising media such as magazines will allow. The success of sexually provocative advertising is claimed in the truism "sex sells." However, responses to nudity in American advertisements have been more mixed; nudity in the advertisements of Calvin Klein, Benetton, and Abercrombie & Fitch, for example, has provoked negative as well as positive responses.

An example of an advertisement featuring male full frontal nudity is one for M7 fragrance. Many magazines refused to place the ad, so there was also a version with a more modest photograph of the same model.

Magazine covers

In the early 1990s, Demi Moore posed nude for two covers of Vanity Fair: Demi's Birthday Suit and More Demi Moore. Later examples of implied nudity in mainstream magazine covers[17] have included:

Comic book

In 1998, two French cartoonist partners Regis Loisel and Philippe Sternis made the feral child graphic novel (bande dessinée) Pyrénée as the cover, and page story in nude.

Music album covers

Nudity is occasionally presented in other media, often with attending controversy. For example, album covers for music by performers such as Jimi Hendrix, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Nirvana, Blind Faith, Scorpions, Jane's Addiction, and Santana have contained nudity. Several rock musicians have performed nude on stage, including members of Jane's Addiction, Rage Against the Machine, Green Day, Black Sabbath, Stone Temple Pilots, The Jesus Lizard, Blind Melon, Red Hot Chili Peppers, blink-182, Naked Raygun, Queens of the Stone Age and The Bravery.

The provocative photo of a nude prepubescent girl on the original cover of the Virgin Killer album by the Scorpions also brought controversy.

Erotic depictions

Main article: Erotic photography
See also: History of erotic depictions
Erotic art

Sexually explicit images, other than those having a scientific or educational purpose, are generally categorized as either erotic art or pornography, but sometimes can be both. Japanese painters like Hokusai and Utamaro, in addition to their usual themes also executed erotic depictions. Such paintings were called shunga (literally: "spring" or "picture of spring"). They served as sexual guidance for newly married couples in Japan in general, and the sons and daughters of prosperous families were given elaborate pictures as presents on their wedding days. Most shunga are a type of ukiyo-e, usually executed in woodblock print format.[20] It was traditional to present a bride with ukiyo-e depicting erotic scenes from the Tale of Genji.

Shunga were relished by both men and women of all classes. Superstitions and customs surrounding shunga suggest as much; in the same way that it was considered a lucky charm against death for a samurai to carry shunga, it was considered a protection against fire in merchant warehouses and the home. The samurai, chonin, and housewives all owned shunga. All three of these groups would undergo separation from the opposite sex; the samurai lived in camps for months at a time, and conjugal separation resulted from the sankin-kōtai system and the merchants' need to travel to obtain and sell goods.[21] Records of women obtaining shunga themselves from booklenders show that they were consumers of it.[20]

The Khajuraho temples contain sexual or erotic art on the external walls of the temple. Some of the sanctuaries have erotic statuettes both on the outside of the inner wall. A small amount of the carvings contain sexual themes and those seemingly do not depict deities but rather sexual activities between human individuals. The rest depict the everyday life. These carvings are possibly tantric sexual practices.[22]

Another perspective of these carvings is presented by James McConnachie in his history of the Kamasutra.[23] McConnachie describes the zesty 10% of the Khajuraho sculptures as "the apogee of erotic art":

Twisting, broad-hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels. These fleshy apsaras run riot across the surface of the stone, putting on make-up, washing their hair, playing games, dancing, and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles....Beside the heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins, guardian deities and, most notoriously, extravagantly interlocked maithunas, or lovemaking couples.

Informational

Educational

Studies of the human body

See also: Model (art)

In art, a study is a drawing, sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece, or as visual notes.[24] Painting and drawing studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) were part of the artist's education. Studies are used by artists to understand the problems involved in execution of the artists subjects and the disposition of the elements of the artist work, such as the human body depicted using light, color, form, perspective and composition.[25] Studies can be traced back as long ago as the Italian Renaissance, for example Leonardo da Vinci's and Michelangelo's studies. Anatomical studies of the human body were also executed by medical doctors. The physician Andreas Vesalius work of anatomical studies De humani corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the human body), published 1543, was a pioneering work of human anatomy illustrated by Titian's pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar.

The Fabrica emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the "anatomical" view of the body, seeing human internal functioning as an essentially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three-dimensional space. In this work, Vesalius also becomes the first person to describe mechanical ventilation.[26] It is largely this achievement that has resulted in Vesalius being incorporated into the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists college arms and crest. Sketching is generally a prescribed part of the studies of art students, who need to develop their ability to quickly record impressions through sketching, from a live model.[27] The sketch is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished work.[28] The sketch may serve a number of purposes: it might record something that the artist sees, it might record or develop an idea for later use or it might be used as a quick way of graphically demonstrating an image, idea or principle.[27] A sketch usually implies a quick and loosely drawn work, while related terms such as study, and "preparatory drawing" usually refer to more finished drawings to be used for a final work. Most visual artists use, to a greater or lesser degree, the sketch as a method of recording or working out ideas. The sketchbooks of some individual artists have become very well known,[28] including those of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Edgar Degas which have become art objects in their own right, with many pages showing finished studies as well as sketches.[29]

Sexual education

Depictions of nudity, sometimes sexually explicit, are allowed in the context of sex education as appropriate for the age of the students.

Ethnographic photography

 
Nude young woman in the African Great Lakes region, between 1906 and 1918.

What is generally called "ethnographic" nudity has appeared both in serious research works on ethnography and anthropology, as well as in commercial documentaries and in the National Geographic magazine in the United States. In some cases, media outlets may show nudity that occurs in a "natural" or spontaneous setting in news programs or documentaries, while blurring out or censoring the nudity in a dramatic work.[30] The ethnographic focus provided an exceptional framework for photographers to depict peoples whose nudity was, or still is, acceptable within the mores, or within certain specific settings, of their traditional culture.[31][32][33]

Detractors of ethnographic nudity often dismiss it as merely the colonial gaze preserved in the guise of scientific documentation. However, the works of some ethnographic painters and photographers including Herb Ritts, David LaChappelle, Bruce Weber, Irving Penn, Casimir Zagourski, Hugo Bernatzik and Leni Riefenstahl, have received worldwide acclaim for preserving a record of the mores of what are perceived as "paradises" threatened by the onslaught of average modernity.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hollander, Anne (1978). Seeing Through Clothes. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0140110844.
  2. ^ a b Eck, Beth A. (Dec 2001). "Nudity and Framing: Classifying Art, Pornography, Information, and Ambiguity". Sociological Forum. Springer. 16 (4): 603–632. doi:10.1023/A:1012862311849. JSTOR 684826. S2CID 143370129.
  3. ^ Licht, Fred (1979). Goya, the origins of the modern temper in art. New York: Universe Books. p. 83. ISBN 0-87663-294-0.
  4. ^ Yoder, Brian K. "Nudity in Art: A Virtue or Vice?". from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  5. ^ Maurice Brock, Bronzino (Paris: Flammarion; London: Thames & Hudson, 2002).
  6. ^ Deborah, Parker, Bronzino: Renaissance Painter as Poet (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
  7. ^ "Art Then and Now: Henry Scott Tuke". 3 May 2016. from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  8. ^ Gordon, Mary (1996). "Sexualizing Children: Thoughts on Sally Mann". Salmagundi. Skidmore College (111): 144–145. JSTOR 40535995.
  9. ^ Doherty, Brian (May 1998). "Photo flap". Reason. from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
  10. ^ "Obscenity Case Is Settled". The New York Times. May 19, 1998. from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  11. ^ "Panel Rejects Pornography Case". The New York Times. Sep 15, 1991. from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  12. ^ Kincaid, James R. (31 January 2000). "Is this child pornography?". from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  13. ^ Powell, Lynn (2010). Framing Innocence: A Mother's Photographs, a Prosecutor's Zeal, and a Small Town's Response. The New Press. ISBN 978-1595585516.
  14. ^ Akil, Hatem N. (2016). "Colonial Gaze: Native Bodies". In Akil, Hatem N. (ed.). The Visual Divide between Islam and the West: Image Perception within Cross-Cultural Contexts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 57–86. ISBN 978-1-137-56582-2. from the original on 2022-06-10. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  15. ^ Hudovernik, Robert. Age Beauties: The Lost Collection of Ziegfeld Photographer Alfred Cheney Johnston. New York, NY: Universe Publishing/Rizzoli International Publications, 2006, HB, 272pp.
  16. ^ Calogero, R. M. (2004). "A Test Of Objectification Theory: The Effect Of The Male Gaze On Appearance Concerns In College Women". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 28: 16–21. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00118.x. S2CID 144979328.
  17. ^ . Time. 2012. Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  18. ^ "Lake Bell Naked for New York Magazine". August 11, 2013. from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  19. ^ . E! Online. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  20. ^ a b Kielletyt kuvat: vanhaa eroottista taidetta Japanista / Förbjudna bilder: gammal erotisk konst från Japan / Forbidden Images – Erotic art from Japan's Edo Period. Helsingin kaupungin taidemuseon julkaisuja. Vol. 75. Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki City Art Museum. 2002. pp. 23–28. ISBN 951-8965-53-6.
  21. ^ Kornicki, Peter F. (2001). The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 331–53. ISBN 0-8248-2337-0.
  22. ^ Chopra, Rajesh. "This is a typical erotic posture from Khajuraho Gallery 9". www.liveindia.com. from the original on 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  23. ^ "Kamasutra Book PDF". planetreports.blogspot.in. from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  24. ^ Gurney, James. . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  25. ^ Adams, Steven (1994). The Barbizon School & the Origins of Impressionism. London: Phaidon Press. pp. 31–32, 103. ISBN 0-7418-2919-3.
  26. ^ Vallejo-Manzur, F.; et al. (2003). "The resuscitation greats. Andreas Vesalius, the concept of an artificial airway". Resuscitation. 56 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(02)00346-5. PMID 12505731.
  27. ^ a b Cf. Sue Bleiweiss, The Sketchbook Challenge, Potter Craft, 2012, pp. 10-13.
  28. ^ a b Diana Davies (editor), Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists, Harrap Books Limited, (1990) ISBN 0-245-54692-8
  29. ^ Cf. Richard Brereton, Sketchbooks: The Hidden Art of Designers, Illustrators & Creatives, Laurence King, repr. ed. 2012.
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-10-31.
  31. ^ "Casimir Zagourski "L'Afrique Qui Disparait" (Disappearing Africa)". Library.yale.edu. from the original on 2020-02-21. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  32. ^ Mlauzi, Linje M. "Reading Modern Ethnographic Photography". Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  33. ^ "Fresh Blood Anyone ? Breakfast with the Suris of Surma in Ethiopia. | PhotoSafari". 24 September 2014. from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  34. ^ . Michael Hoppen Gallery. Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2011-12-10.

Further reading

  • Cordwell, Justine M.; Schwarz, Ronald A., eds. (1973). The Fabrics of Culture: the Anthropology of Clothing and Adornment. Chicago: International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences.

April 11, 2023
depictions, nudity, main, article, nudity, include, representations, portrayals, unclothed, human, body, visual, media, picture, making, civilization, pictorial, conventions, continually, reaffirm, what, natural, human, appearance, which, part, socialization, . Main article Nudity Depictions of nudity include all of the representations or portrayals of the unclothed human body in visual media In a picture making civilization pictorial conventions continually reaffirm what is natural in human appearance which is part of socialization 1 In Western societies the contexts for depictions of nudity include information art and pornography Information includes both science and education Any ambiguous image not easily fitting into one of these categories may be misinterpreted leading to disputes 2 The most contentious disputes are between fine art and erotic images which define the legal distinction of which images are permitted or prohibited Look up depict in Wiktionary the free dictionary Look up portray in Wiktionary the free dictionary Contents 1 Definitions 2 Nudity in art 2 1 Depictions of youth 2 2 Colonialism 3 Nude photography 4 Popular culture 4 1 Definitions 4 2 Advertising 4 3 Magazine covers 4 4 Comic book 4 5 Music album covers 5 Erotic depictions 6 Informational 6 1 Educational 6 1 1 Studies of the human body 6 1 2 Sexual education 6 2 Ethnographic photography 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingDefinitions EditA depiction is defined as any lifelike image ranging from precise representations to verbal descriptions Portrayal is a synonym of depiction but includes playing a role on stage as one form of representation Nudity in art EditMain article Nude art Nudity in art The Marathon Youth National Archaeological Museum Athens Gabrielle d Estrees and one of her sisters The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus by Rubens Andrea Doria as the god Poseidon by Agnolo Bronzino Francisco Goya La Maja desnuda The Naked Maja painted between 1797 and 1800 Luncheon on the Grass by Edouard Manet 1863 Reclining Nude by Amedeo Modigliani in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Nudity in art painting sculpture and more recently photography has generally reflected social standards of the time in aesthetics and modesty morality At all times in human history the human body has been one of the principal subjects for artists It has been represented in paintings and statues since prehistory Portraits and nudes without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning were a fairly common genre of art during all centuries Some regard Goya s La Maja desnuda of around 1800 which provoked outrage in Spanish society over the model painted with and without her clothes desnuda means nude as the first totally profane life size female nude in Western art 3 but paintings of nude females were not uncommon especially paintings of mistresses and lover of kings dukes and other aristocrats and mistresses and wives of the artists La Maja desnuda was different in only one way it was exhibited on a public art exhibition With the expansion of the display of nudity in art beyond traditional galleries some exhibitions experience backlash from individuals that equate all nude representations with sexuality and thus inappropriate for viewing by the general public 4 Although naked Andrea Doria is not fragile or frail He is depicted as a powerful virile man showing masculine spirit strength vigor and power Bronzino s so called allegorical portraits such as this Genoese admiral Andrea Doria are less typical but possibly even more fascinating due to the peculiarity of placing a publicly recognized personality in the nude as a mythical figure 5 6 Depictions of youth Edit See also Child erotica The Caress by Mary Cassatt 1902 For centuries child nudity was common in paintings that depicted allegorical or religious stories Modern painters have created images of nude children that depict everyday life Some sculptures depict nude child figures A particularly famous one is Manneken Pis in Brussels showing a nude young boy urinating into the fountain below A female equivalent is Jeanneke Pis Henry Scott Tuke The Bathers 1885 Henry Scott Tuke painted nude young boys doing everyday seaside activities swimming boating and fishing his images were not overtly erotic nor did they usually show their genitals 7 Otto Lohmuller became controversial for his nude paintings of young males which often depicted genitals Balthus and William Adolphe Bouguereau included nude girls in many of their paintings Professional photographers such as Will McBride Jock Sturges Sally Mann David Hamilton Jacques Bourboulon Garo Aida and Bill Henson have made photographs of nude young children for publication in books and magazines and for public exhibition in art galleries According to some citation needed photographs such as these are acceptable and should be or remain legal since they represent the unclothed form of the children in an artistic manner the children were not sexually abused and the photographers obtained written permission from the parents or guardians Opponents suggest that such works should be or remain banned and represent a form of child pornography involving subjects who may have experienced psychological harm during or after their creation 8 Sturges and Hamilton were both investigated following public condemnation of their work by Christian activists including Randall Terry Several attempts to prosecute Sturges or bookseller Barnes amp Noble have been dropped or thrown out of court and Sturges s work appears in many museums including New York s Metropolitan Museum of Art 9 10 11 There have been incidents in which snapshots taken by parents of their infant or toddler children bathing or otherwise naked were destroyed or turned over to law enforcement as child pornography 12 Such incidents may be examples of false allegation of child sexual abuse Author Lynn Powell described the prosecution of such cases in terms of a moral panic surrounding child sexual abuse and child pornography 13 Colonialism Edit Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres The Turkish Bath 1862 In the nineteenth century Orientalism represented the European view of the Muslim cultures of North Africa Representations of nude Muslim women included French postcards for popular distribution which escaped legal sanctions by being placed in the category of ethnography rather than porn In the fine arts many painters used the trope of the harem as an acceptable context for nude and seminude women 14 Nude photography EditMain article Nude photography Photography has been used to create images of nudity that fit into any category artistic educational commercial and erotic Alfred Cheney Johnston 1885 1971 was a professional American photographer who often photographed Ziegfeld Follies showgirls 15 Virginia Biddle by Alfred Cheney Johnston Johnston s photo of Ziegfeld Follies showgirl Dorothy FloodMale naked bodies were not pictured as frequently at the time An exception is the photograph of the early bodybuilder Eugen Sandow modelling the statue The Dying Gaul illustrating the Grecian Ideal which he introduced to bodybuilding Popular culture EditSee also Imagery of nude celebrities Definitions Edit Nude depictions of women may be criticized by feminists as inherently voyeuristic due to the male gaze 16 Although not specifically anti nudity the feminist group Guerrilla Girls point out the prevalence of nude women on the walls of museums but the scarcity of female artists Without the relative freedom of the fine arts nudity in popular culture often involves making fine distinctions between types of depictions The most extreme form is full frontal nudity referring to the fact that the actor or model is presented from the front and with the genitals exposed Frequently images of nude people do not go that far They are instead deliberately composed and films edited such that in particular no genitalia are seen as if the camera by chance failed to see them This is sometimes called implied nudity as opposed to explicit nudity It is in popular culture that a particular image may lead to classification disputes 2 Advertising Edit Further information Sex in advertising In modern media images of partial and full nudity are used in advertising to draw attention In the case of attractive models this attention is due to the visual pleasure the images provide in other cases it is due to the relative rarity of such images The use of nudity in advertising tends to be carefully controlled to avoid the impression that a company whose product is being advertised is indecent or unrefined There are also self imposed limits on what advertising media such as magazines will allow The success of sexually provocative advertising is claimed in the truism sex sells However responses to nudity in American advertisements have been more mixed nudity in the advertisements of Calvin Klein Benetton and Abercrombie amp Fitch for example has provoked negative as well as positive responses An example of an advertisement featuring male full frontal nudity is one for M7 fragrance Many magazines refused to place the ad so there was also a version with a more modest photograph of the same model Magazine covers Edit In the early 1990s Demi Moore posed nude for two covers of Vanity Fair Demi s Birthday Suit and More Demi Moore Later examples of implied nudity in mainstream magazine covers 17 have included Janet Jackson Rolling Stone 1993 Jennifer Aniston Rolling Stone 1996 and GQ January 2009 The Dixie Chicks Entertainment Weekly May 2003 Scarlett Johansson and Keira Knightley Vanity Fair March 2006 Serena Williams ESPN The Magazine s Body issue 2009 Alexander Skarsgard Anna Paquin and Stephen Moyer from the cast of True Blood Rolling Stone September 2010 Kim Kardashian W November 2010 Lake Bell New York Magazine August 2013 18 Miley Cyrus Rolling Stone October 2013 19 Comic book Edit In 1998 two French cartoonist partners Regis Loisel and Philippe Sternis made the feral child graphic novel bande dessinee Pyrenee as the cover and page story in nude Music album covers Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Nudity is occasionally presented in other media often with attending controversy For example album covers for music by performers such as Jimi Hendrix John Lennon and Yoko Ono Nirvana Blind Faith Scorpions Jane s Addiction and Santana have contained nudity Several rock musicians have performed nude on stage including members of Jane s Addiction Rage Against the Machine Green Day Black Sabbath Stone Temple Pilots The Jesus Lizard Blind Melon Red Hot Chili Peppers blink 182 Naked Raygun Queens of the Stone Age and The Bravery The provocative photo of a nude prepubescent girl on the original cover of the Virgin Killer album by the Scorpions also brought controversy Erotic depictions EditMain article Erotic photography See also History of erotic depictions Erotic art The Kiss by Theodore Gericault 1791 1824 A Shunga served as sexual guidance for the newly married couples in Japan Erotic sculpture at Khajuraho Temple walls Sexually explicit images other than those having a scientific or educational purpose are generally categorized as either erotic art or pornography but sometimes can be both Japanese painters like Hokusai and Utamaro in addition to their usual themes also executed erotic depictions Such paintings were called shunga literally spring or picture of spring They served as sexual guidance for newly married couples in Japan in general and the sons and daughters of prosperous families were given elaborate pictures as presents on their wedding days Most shunga are a type of ukiyo e usually executed in woodblock print format 20 It was traditional to present a bride with ukiyo e depicting erotic scenes from the Tale of Genji Shunga were relished by both men and women of all classes Superstitions and customs surrounding shunga suggest as much in the same way that it was considered a lucky charm against death for a samurai to carry shunga it was considered a protection against fire in merchant warehouses and the home The samurai chonin and housewives all owned shunga All three of these groups would undergo separation from the opposite sex the samurai lived in camps for months at a time and conjugal separation resulted from the sankin kōtai system and the merchants need to travel to obtain and sell goods 21 Records of women obtaining shunga themselves from booklenders show that they were consumers of it 20 The Khajuraho temples contain sexual or erotic art on the external walls of the temple Some of the sanctuaries have erotic statuettes both on the outside of the inner wall A small amount of the carvings contain sexual themes and those seemingly do not depict deities but rather sexual activities between human individuals The rest depict the everyday life These carvings are possibly tantric sexual practices 22 Another perspective of these carvings is presented by James McConnachie in his history of the Kamasutra 23 McConnachie describes the zesty 10 of the Khajuraho sculptures as the apogee of erotic art Twisting broad hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels These fleshy apsaras run riot across the surface of the stone putting on make up washing their hair playing games dancing and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles Beside the heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins guardian deities and most notoriously extravagantly interlocked maithunas or lovemaking couples Informational Edit The Pioneer plaque Educational Edit Studies of the human body Edit See also Model art In art a study is a drawing sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece or as visual notes 24 Painting and drawing studies life drawing sketching and anatomy were part of the artist s education Studies are used by artists to understand the problems involved in execution of the artists subjects and the disposition of the elements of the artist work such as the human body depicted using light color form perspective and composition 25 Studies can be traced back as long ago as the Italian Renaissance for example Leonardo da Vinci s and Michelangelo s studies Anatomical studies of the human body were also executed by medical doctors The physician Andreas Vesalius work of anatomical studies De humani corporis fabrica On the fabric of the human body published 1543 was a pioneering work of human anatomy illustrated by Titian s pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar The Fabrica emphasized the priority of dissection and what has come to be called the anatomical view of the body seeing human internal functioning as an essentially corporeal structure filled with organs arranged in three dimensional space In this work Vesalius also becomes the first person to describe mechanical ventilation 26 It is largely this achievement that has resulted in Vesalius being incorporated into the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists college arms and crest Sketching is generally a prescribed part of the studies of art students who need to develop their ability to quickly record impressions through sketching from a live model 27 The sketch is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished work 28 The sketch may serve a number of purposes it might record something that the artist sees it might record or develop an idea for later use or it might be used as a quick way of graphically demonstrating an image idea or principle 27 A sketch usually implies a quick and loosely drawn work while related terms such as study and preparatory drawing usually refer to more finished drawings to be used for a final work Most visual artists use to a greater or lesser degree the sketch as a method of recording or working out ideas The sketchbooks of some individual artists have become very well known 28 including those of Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo and Edgar Degas which have become art objects in their own right with many pages showing finished studies as well as sketches 29 Study of naked man by Michelangelo Study of male anatomy by Leonardo da Vinci Anatomical study from Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica Young artists studying sculpture in Tel Aviv 1946 ContrappostoSexual education Edit Depictions of nudity sometimes sexually explicit are allowed in the context of sex education as appropriate for the age of the students Ethnographic photography Edit Nude young woman in the African Great Lakes region between 1906 and 1918 What is generally called ethnographic nudity has appeared both in serious research works on ethnography and anthropology as well as in commercial documentaries and in the National Geographic magazine in the United States In some cases media outlets may show nudity that occurs in a natural or spontaneous setting in news programs or documentaries while blurring out or censoring the nudity in a dramatic work 30 The ethnographic focus provided an exceptional framework for photographers to depict peoples whose nudity was or still is acceptable within the mores or within certain specific settings of their traditional culture 31 32 33 Detractors of ethnographic nudity often dismiss it as merely the colonial gaze preserved in the guise of scientific documentation However the works of some ethnographic painters and photographers including Herb Ritts David LaChappelle Bruce Weber Irving Penn Casimir Zagourski Hugo Bernatzik and Leni Riefenstahl have received worldwide acclaim for preserving a record of the mores of what are perceived as paradises threatened by the onslaught of average modernity 34 See also Edit Nudity portalAcademy figure Artistic freedom Pubic hair in art Tableau vivant Striptease Nude art Breast imagingReferences Edit Hollander Anne 1978 Seeing Through Clothes New York Viking Press ISBN 0140110844 a b Eck Beth A Dec 2001 Nudity and Framing Classifying Art Pornography Information and Ambiguity Sociological Forum Springer 16 4 603 632 doi 10 1023 A 1012862311849 JSTOR 684826 S2CID 143370129 Licht Fred 1979 Goya the origins of the modern temper in art New York Universe Books p 83 ISBN 0 87663 294 0 Yoder Brian K Nudity in Art A Virtue or Vice Archived from the original on April 7 2022 Retrieved April 19 2022 Maurice Brock Bronzino Paris Flammarion London Thames amp Hudson 2002 Deborah Parker Bronzino Renaissance Painter as Poet Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press 2000 Art Then and Now Henry Scott Tuke 3 May 2016 Archived from the original on 16 April 2017 Retrieved January 7 2017 Gordon Mary 1996 Sexualizing Children Thoughts on Sally Mann Salmagundi Skidmore College 111 144 145 JSTOR 40535995 Doherty Brian May 1998 Photo flap Reason Archived from the original on April 12 2019 Retrieved February 12 2012 Obscenity Case Is Settled The New York Times May 19 1998 Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved February 15 2017 Panel Rejects Pornography Case The New York Times Sep 15 1991 Archived from the original on November 14 2013 Retrieved February 15 2017 Kincaid James R 31 January 2000 Is this child pornography Archived from the original on 2012 04 14 Retrieved 2012 04 25 Powell Lynn 2010 Framing Innocence A Mother s Photographs a Prosecutor s Zeal and a Small Town s Response The New Press ISBN 978 1595585516 Akil Hatem N 2016 Colonial Gaze Native Bodies In Akil Hatem N ed The Visual Divide between Islam and the West Image Perception within Cross Cultural Contexts New York Palgrave Macmillan US pp 57 86 ISBN 978 1 137 56582 2 Archived from the original on 2022 06 10 Retrieved 2022 05 17 Hudovernik Robert Age Beauties The Lost Collection of Ziegfeld Photographer Alfred Cheney Johnston New York NY Universe Publishing Rizzoli International Publications 2006 HB 272pp Calogero R M 2004 A Test Of Objectification Theory The Effect Of The Male Gaze On Appearance Concerns In College Women Psychology of Women Quarterly 28 16 21 doi 10 1111 j 1471 6402 2004 00118 x S2CID 144979328 Top 10 Nude Magazine Covers Time 2012 Archived from the original on February 28 2012 Retrieved 2013 01 19 Lake Bell Naked for New York Magazine August 11 2013 Archived from the original on October 22 2013 Retrieved November 3 2013 Stars Naked Magazine Covers E Online Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 Retrieved November 3 2013 a b Kielletyt kuvat vanhaa eroottista taidetta Japanista Forbjudna bilder gammal erotisk konst fran Japan Forbidden Images Erotic art from Japan s Edo Period Helsingin kaupungin taidemuseon julkaisuja Vol 75 Helsinki Finland Helsinki City Art Museum 2002 pp 23 28 ISBN 951 8965 53 6 Kornicki Peter F 2001 The Book in Japan A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century Honolulu University of Hawaii Press pp 331 53 ISBN 0 8248 2337 0 Chopra Rajesh This is a typical erotic posture from Khajuraho Gallery 9 www liveindia com Archived from the original on 2013 12 17 Retrieved 2014 01 21 Kamasutra Book PDF planetreports blogspot in Archived from the original on 2014 02 03 Retrieved 2014 01 21 Gurney James James Gurney Interview Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 Retrieved 28 November 2012 Adams Steven 1994 The Barbizon School amp the Origins of Impressionism London Phaidon Press pp 31 32 103 ISBN 0 7418 2919 3 Vallejo Manzur F et al 2003 The resuscitation greats Andreas Vesalius the concept of an artificial airway Resuscitation 56 1 3 7 doi 10 1016 S0300 9572 02 00346 5 PMID 12505731 a b Cf Sue Bleiweiss The Sketchbook Challenge Potter Craft 2012 pp 10 13 a b Diana Davies editor Harrap s Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists Harrap Books Limited 1990 ISBN 0 245 54692 8 Cf Richard Brereton Sketchbooks The Hidden Art of Designers Illustrators amp Creatives Laurence King repr ed 2012 Become an Ethnographic Photographer Archived from the original on 2012 10 31 Casimir Zagourski L Afrique Qui Disparait Disappearing Africa Library yale edu Archived from the original on 2020 02 21 Retrieved 2011 12 10 Mlauzi Linje M Reading Modern Ethnographic Photography Archived from the original on 24 December 2012 Retrieved 27 October 2012 Fresh Blood Anyone Breakfast with the Suris of Surma in Ethiopia PhotoSafari 24 September 2014 Archived from the original on 15 April 2021 Retrieved 20 October 2021 Artist Hugo Bernatzik Michael Hoppen Gallery Archived from the original on 2011 11 29 Retrieved 2011 12 10 Further reading EditCordwell Justine M Schwarz Ronald A eds 1973 The Fabrics of Culture the Anthropology of Clothing and Adornment Chicago International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Depictions of nudity amp oldid 1148673612, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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