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Dalmatian Italians

January 30, 2023

Dalmatian Italians are the historical Italian national minority living in the region of Dalmatia, now part of Croatia and Montenegro. Since the middle of the 19th century, the community, counting according to some sources nearly 20% of all Dalmatian population in 1840, suffered from a constant trend of decreasing presence[1] and now, as a result of the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, numbers only around 1,000–4,000 people. Throughout history, though small in numbers in the last two centuries, it exerted a vast and significant influence on the region.

Dalmatian Italians
Dalmati italiani
Talijani u Dalmaciji
Regions with significant populations
Dalmatia, former Venetian Albania, Italy
Languages
Primarily Italian and Croatian, Venetian, formerly Dalmatian
Religion
Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
Istrian Italians, Croats, Italians

They are currently represented in Croatia and Montenegro by the Italian National Community (Italian: Comunità Nazionale Italiana) (CNI). The Italo-Croatian minorities treaty recognizes the Italian Union (Unione Italiana) as the political party officially representing the CNI in Croatia.[2] The Italian Union represents the 30,000 ethnic Italians of former Yugoslavia, living mainly in Istria and in the city of Rijeka (Fiume). Following the positive trend observed during the last decade (i.e., after the dissolution of Yugoslavia), the number of Dalmatian Italians in Croatia adhering to the CNI has risen to around one thousand. In Dalmatia the main operating centers of the CNI are in Split, Zadar, and Kotor.[3]

History

Main article: History of Dalmatia

Roman Dalmatia and the Middle Ages

 
Map of Dalmatia and Istria with the ancient domains of the Republic of Venice (indicated in fuchsia. Dashed diagonally, the territories that belonged occasionally)

Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the Western Roman Empire disappeared[4] During the Barbarian Invasions, Avars allied with certain Slavic tribes, invaded and plundered Byzantine Illyria. This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans.[5] The original Roman population endured within the coastal cities and in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps. The Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and language in cities such as Zadar, Split and Dubrovnik. Their own Vulgar Latin, developed into Dalmatian, a now extinct Romance language. These coastal cities (politically part of the Byzantine Empire) maintained political, cultural and economic links with Italy, through the Adriatic Sea. On the other side communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp orography of Dalmatia, even communications between the different Dalmatian cities, occurred mainly through the sea. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the mostly Slavicized mainland.

 
Map of the Venetian Republic, c. 1000. The Republic is in dark red, borders in light red.

In 997 AD the Venetian Doge Pietro Orseolo II, following repeated complaints by the Dalmatian city-states, commanded the Venetian fleet that attacked the Narentine pirates. On the Ascension Day in 998, Pietro Orseolo assumed the title of "Dux Dalmatianorum" (Duke of the Dalmatians), associating it with his son Giovanni Orseolo. This was the beginning of the Venetian influence in Dalmatia, however, while Venetian influence could always be felt, actual political rule over the province often changed hands between Venice and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia, and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Venetians could afford to concede relatively generous terms because their own principal aims was not the control of the territory sought by Hungary, but the economic suppression of any potential commercial competitors on the eastern Adriatic. This aim brought on the necessity of enforced economic stagnation for the Dalmatian city-states, while the Hungarian feudal system promised greater political and commercial autonomy.[6][7]

In the Dalmatian city states, there were almost invariably two opposed political factions, each ready to oppose any measure advocated by its antagonist.[7] The origin of this division seems here to have been economic.[7] The farmers and the merchants who traded in the interior naturally favoured Hungary, their most powerful neighbour on land; while the seafaring community looked to Venice as mistress of the Adriatic.[7] In return for protection, the cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain, and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind.[7] The citizens clung to their municipal privileges, which were reaffirmed after the conquest of Dalmatia in 1102–1105 by Coloman of Hungary.[7] Subject to the royal assent they might elect their own chief magistrate, bishop and judges. Their Roman law remained valid.[7] They were even permitted to conclude separate alliances. No alien, not even a Hungarian, could reside in a city where he was unwelcome; and the man who disliked Hungarian dominion could emigrate with all his household and property.[7] In lieu of tribute, the revenue from customs was in some cases shared equally by the king, chief magistrate, bishop and municipality.[7] These rights and the analogous privileges granted by Venice were, however, too frequently infringed, Hungarian garrisons being quartered on unwilling towns, while Venice interfered with trade, with the appointment of bishops, or with the tenure of communal domains. Consequently, the Dalmatians remained loyal only while it suited their interests, and insurrections frequently occurred.[7] Zadar was no exception, and four outbreaks are recorded between 1180 and 1345, although Zadar was treated with special consideration by its Venetian masters, who regarded its possession as essential to their maritime ascendancy.[7]

The doubtful allegiance of the Dalmatians tended to protract the struggle between Venice and Hungary, which was further complicated by internal discord due largely to the spread of the Bogomil heresy; and by many outside influences, such as the vague suzerainty still enjoyed by the Eastern emperors during the 12th century; the assistance rendered to Venice by the armies of the Fourth Crusade in 1202; and the Tatar invasion of Dalmatia forty years later (see Trogir).[7]

Republic of Venice (1420–1796)

Main article: Venetian Dalmatia
 
Dalmatian possessions of the Venetian Republic and the Republic of Ragusa in 1560.

In 1409, during the 20-year Hungarian civil war between King Sigismund and the Neapolitan house of Anjou, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples, sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for a meager sum of 100,000 ducats. The more centralized merchant republic took control of the cities by the year 1420 (with the exception of the Republic of Ragusa), they were to remain under Venetian rule for a period of 377 years (1420–1797).[8] The southernmost area of Dalmatia (now part of coastal Montenegro) was called Venetian Albania during that time.

In these centuries a process of gradual assimilation took place among the native population. The Romance Dalmatians of the cities were the most susceptible because of their similar culture and were completely assimilated. Venetian, which was already the lingua franca of the Adriatic area, was adopted by the Latin Dalmatians of the cities (speakers of the Dalmatian), as their own vernacular language. This process was aided by the constant migration between the Adriatic cities and involved even the independent Dubrovnik (Ragusa) and the port of Rijeka (Fiume).

The Slavic population (mainly Croats) was only partially assimilated, because of the linguistic unsimilarity and because the Slavs were mostly situated in the hinterland and the islands. Dalmatian, however, had already influenced the Dalmatian dialect of Croatian, the Chakavian dialect, with the Venetian dialect influencing Albanian.[9] Starting from the 15th century, Italian replaced Latin as the language of culture in the Venetian Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa. On the other hand, more and more Slavs (Catholic and Orthodox) were pushed into Venetian Dalmatia, to escape the Ottomans. This resulted in an increase of the Slavic presence in the cities.

Napoleonic era (1797–1815)

 
1807: Dalmatia inside the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy

In 1797, during the Napoleonic wars, the Republic of Venice was dissolved. The former Venetian Dalmatia was included in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy from 1805 to 1809 (for some years also the Republic of Ragusa was included, since 1808), and successively in the Illyrian Provinces from 1809.

The census of 1808 found that Venetians (Italian speaking) made up about 33% of Dalmatians, and resided mostly in urban areas. After the final defeat of Napoleon, the entire territory was granted to the Austrian Empire by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

This marked the beginning of 100 years (1815–1918) of Austrian rule in Dalmatia and the beginning of the disappearance of the Dalmatian Italians (who were reduced from nearly 30% in 1815 to just 3% at the end of WW1, due to persecutions, assimilation policies and emigration).

Austrian Empire (1815–1918)

During the period of the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Dalmatia was a separate administrative unit. After the revolutions of 1848 and after the 1860s, as a result of the romantic nationalism, two factions appeared. The Autonomist Party, whose political goals of which varied from autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to a political union with Italy.

 
"Distribution of Races in Austria–Hungary" from the Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911.

The Croatian faction (later called Unionist faction or "Puntari"), led by the People's Party and, to a lesser extent, the Party of Rights, both of which advocated the union of Dalmatia with the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which was under Hungarian administration. The political alliances in Dalmatia shifted over time. At the beginning, the Unionists and Autonomists were allied together, against the centralism of Vienna. After a while, when the national question came to prominence, they split.

Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy. However, after 1866, when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy, Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic.

This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral, Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia.[10] During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:[11]

Her Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol, Dalmatia and Littoral for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.

— Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866[10][12]
 
Proportion of Italians in districts of Dalmatia in 1910, per the Austro-Hungarian census

In 1867, the Empire was reorganized as the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fiume (Rijeka) and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia were assigned to the Hungarian part of the Empire, while Dalmatia and Istria remained in the Austrian part. The Unionist faction won the elections in Dalmatia in 1870, but they were prevented from following through with the merge with Croatia and Slavonia due to the intervention of the Austrian imperial government. The Austrian century was a time of decline for the Dalmatian Italians. Starting from the 1840s, large numbers of the Italian minority were passively croatized, or had emigrated as a consequence of the unfavorable economic situation.

The Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli calculated that Italian was the primary spoken language by 33% of the Dalmatian population in 1803.[13][14] Bartoli's evaluation was followed by other claims that Auguste de Marmont, the French Governor General of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces commissioned a census in 1814–1815 which found that Dalmatian Italians comprised 29 percent of the total population of Dalmatia. According to Austrian censuses, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865,[15] but this was reduced to 2.8% in 1910.[16]

In 1909, Italian lost its status as the official language of Dalmatia in favor of Croatian only (previously both languages were recognized): thus Italian could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.[17]

The interwar period (1918–1941)

 
 
On the left, a map of the Kingdom of Italy before the First World War, on the right, a map of the Kingdom of Italy after the First World War.

Following the conclusion of World War I and the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, the vast majority of Dalmatia became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia).

Italy entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915, after the secret London Pact, which granted to Italy a large portion of Dalmatia. The pact was nullified in the Treaty of Versailles due to the objections of American president Woodrow Wilson and the South Slavic delegations. However, in 1920 the Kingdom of Italy managed to get after the Treaty of Rapallo, most of the Austrian Littoral, part of Inner Carniola, some border areas of Carinthia, the city of Zadar along with the island and Lastovo. A large number of Italians (allegedly nearly 20,000) moved from the areas of Dalmatia assigned to Yugoslavia and resettled in Italy (mainly in Zara).

Relations with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were severely affected and constantly remained tense, because of the dispute over Dalmatia and because of the lengthy dispute over the city-port of Rijeka (Fiume), which according to the Treaty of Rapallo had to become a free state according to the League of Nations, but was annexed to Italy on 16 March according to the Treaty of Rome.

In 1922 Fascism came to power in Italy. The fascist policies included strong nationalistic policies. Minority rights were severely reduced. This included the shutting down of educational facilities in Slavic languages, forced Italianization of citizen's names, and the brutal persecution of dissenters.

In Zara most Croats left, due to these oppressive policies of the fascist government. The same happened with the Italian minority in Yugoslavia. Although, the matter was not entirely reciprocal: the Italian minority in Yugoslavia had some degree of protection, according to the Rapallo Treaty (such as Italian citizenship and primary instruction).

All this increased the intense resentment between the two ethnic groups. Where in the 19th century there was conflict only on the upper classes, there was now an increasing mutual hatred present in varying degrees among the entire population.

World War II and post-war

 
Map of Italian Governatorate of Dalmatia (1941–1943) showing the province of Zara, the province of Spalato and the province of Cattaro
 
Flag of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Wehrmacht in 1941 and parts of Dalmatia were annexed to Italy as the Governatorate of Dalmatia with Zadar as its capital. The local population was subject to violent forced italianization by the fascist government. Several concentration camps were established by Italian authorities to house these "enemies of the state", including the infamous Gonars and Rab concentration camps. The Italian authorities were not able to maintain full control over the hinterland and the interior of the islands, however, and they were partially controlled by the Yugoslav Partisans after 1943.

Following the Italian capitulation of 1943, the German Army took over the occupation after a short period of Partisan control (officially, the Governorship of Dalmatia was handed to the control of the puppet Independent State of Croatia). During this period a large proportion of the coastal city population volunteered to join the Partisans (most notably that of Split, where a third of the total population left the city), while many Italian garrisons deserted to fight as Partisan units and still others were forced to surrender their weapons and equipment. As Soviet troops advanced in the Balkans in 1944, a small-scale evacuation took place in Zadar, while Marshall Josip Broz Tito's Partisans (since 1942 recognized as Allied troops) simultaneously moved to liberate the remainder of Axis-occupied Dalmatia. Split was henceforth the provisional capital of Allied-liberated Croatia.

In 1943–44 the city of Zadar suffered 54 air raids by the Allies and it was severely damaged, with heavy civilian casualties. Many civilians had already escaped to Italy when the Partisans controlled the city.

After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new SFR Yugoslavia. This was followed by a further emigration, referred to as the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, of nearly all the remaining Italians in Dalmatia. Italian-language schools in Zadar were closed in 1953, due to a dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia over Trieste.

In 2010 a kindergarten for the small Italian community of Zadar was going to be opened, promoted by the local Italian association, but the local Croatian authorities refused to open the school because the number of attending children was too small. Indeed, the issue was of administrative nature because the administration claimed that the Italian ethnicity had to be proved by the ownership of an Italian passport. Due to the restrictions imposed to the double nationality of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia after 1945, this requirement could only be met by a limited number of children. This administrative difficulty has been solved in 2012 and the opening of the kindergarten took place in 2013.

Population decline

Overview

 
Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where Slavs were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians were the majority of the population. The boundaries of Venetian Dalmatia in 1797 are delimited with blue dots.

Italian in Dalmatia was spoken as mother tongue in the following percentages:[18]

Year Number of native Italian speakers Percentage Population (total)
1803 92,500 33.0% 280,300
1809 75,100 29.0% 251,100
1845 60,770 19.7% 310,000
1865 55,020 12.5% 440,160
1869 44,880 10.8% 415,550
1880 27,305 5.8% 470,800
1890 16,000 3.1% 516,130
1900 15,279 2.6% 587,600
1910 18,028 2.7% 677,700

Reasons

There are several reasons for the decrease of the Dalmatian Italian population following the rise of European nationalism in the 19th century:[19]

  • The conflict with the Austrian rulers caused by the Italian "Risorgimento".
  • The emergence of Croatian nationalism and Italian irredentism (see Risorgimento), and the subsequent conflict of the two.
  • The emigration of many Dalmatians toward the growing industrial regions of northern Italy before World War I and North and South America.
  • Multi generational assimilation of anyone who married out of their social class and/or nationality – as perpetuated by similarities in education, religion, dual linguistic distribution, mainstream culture and economical output.

Stages

The process of the decline had various stages:[20]

  • Under the Austrian starting from the 1840s, as a result of the age of Nationalism, the birth of Italian irredentism, and the resulting conflict with the Croatian majority and the Austrian rulers.
  • After World War I, as a result of the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (where all Dalmatia was included, save Zadar and some northern Dalmatian islands), there was an emigration of a large number of Dalmatian Italians, mainly toward Zadar.
  • During World War II, Italy occupied large chunks of the Yugoslav coast and created the Governorship of Dalmatia (1941–1943), with three Italian provinces, Zadar, Split and Kotor. Zadar was bombed by the Allies and heavily damaged in 1943–44, with numerous civilian casualties. Most of the population moved to Italy.
  • After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new SFR Yugoslavia. This was followed by a massive emigration of nearly all the remaining Dalmatian Italians participating in the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus from former territories of the Kingdom of Italy. Some have become world-renowned, such as the fashion designer Ottavio Missoni, the writer Enzo Bettiza and the industrial tycoon Giorgio Luxardo, founder of the Maraschino liquor distillery.

Decline of Dalmatian Italians since the 19th century

 
Antonio Bajamonti, the last Italian mayor of Split.[21]

To evaluate the variation in the number of Italian Dalmatians some local data relating to the language used in specific Dalmatian municipalities are indicative:[22]

  • Krk
    • 1890: Italian 1,449 (71.1%), Serbo-Croatian 508 (24.9%), German 19, Slovene 16, other 5, total 2,037
    • 1900: Italian 1,435 (69.2%), Serbo-Croatian 558 (26.9%), German 28, Slovenian 22, total 2,074
    • 1910: Italian 1,494 (68%), Serbo-Croatian 630 (28.7%), German 19, Slovene 14, other 2, foreign 37, total 2,196
  • Zadar
    • 1890: Italian 7,423 (64.6%), Serbo-Croatian 2,652 (23%), German 561, other 164, total 11,496
    • 1900: Italian 9,018 (69.3%), Serbo-Croatian 2,551 (19.6%), German 581, other 150, total 13,016
    • 1910: Italian 9,318 (66.3%), Serbo-Croatian 3,532 (25.1%), German 397, other 191, foreign 618, total 14,056
  • Šibenik
    • 1890: Italian 1,018 (14.5%), Serbo-Croatian 5,881 (83.8%), German 17, other 5, total 7,014
    • 1900: Italian 858 (8.5%), Serbo-Croatian 9,031 (89.6%), German 17, other 28, total 10,072
    • 1910: Italian 810 (6.4%), Serbo-Croatian 10,819 (85.9%), German 249 (2%), other 129, foreign 581, total 12,588
  • Split
    • 1890: Italian 1,969 (12.5%), Serbo-Croatian 12,961 (82.5%), German 193 (1.2%), other 63, total 15,697
    • 1900: Italian 1,049 (5.6%), Serbo-Croatian 16,622 (89.6%), German 131 (0.7%), other 107, total 18,547
    • 1910: Italian 2,082 (9.7%), Serbo-Croatian 18,235 (85.2%), German 92 (0.4%), other 127, foreign 871, total 21,407
  • Dubrovnik
    • 1890: Italian 331 (4.6%), Serbo-Croatian 5,198 (72.8%), German 249 (3.5%), other 73, total 7,143
    • 1900: Italian 548 (6.5%), Serbo-Croatian 6,100 (72.3%), German 254 (3%), other 247, total 8,437
    • 1910: Italian 409 (4.6%), Serbo-Croatian 6,466 (72.2%), German 322 (3.6%), other 175, foreign 1,586, total 8,958
  • Kotor
    • 1890: Italian 623 (18.7%), Serbo-Croatian 1,349 (40.5%), German 320 (9.6%), other 598, total 3,329
    • 1900: Italian 338 (11.2%), Serbo-Croatian 1,498 (49.6%), German 193 (6.4%), other 95, total 3,021
    • 1910: Italian 257 (8%), Serbo-Croatian 1,489 (46.8%), German 152 (4.8%), other 73, foreign 1 207, total 3,178

In other Dalmatian localities, according to the Austrian censuses, the Italians experienced an even more sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910 alone, in the municipality of Rab they went from 225 to 151, in Vis from 352 to 92, in Pag from 787 to 23, in Risan from 70 to 26, disappearing completely in almost all inland locations.[22]

Modern-day presence in Dalmatia

The Dalmatian Italians were a fundamental presence in Dalmatia, when the process of political unification of the Italians, Croats and Serbs started at the beginning of the 19th century. The 1816 Austro-Hungarian census registered 66,000 Italian speaking people between the 301,000 inhabitants of Dalmatia, or 22% of the total Dalmatian population.[23]

The main communities are located in the following coastal cities:

Following the Italian emigration from Dalmatia and the events [24] following World War II, the Dalmatian Italian communities were drastically reduced in their numbers. Today according to the official censuses, only a few hundred citizens in Croatia and Montenegro declared themselves ethnically Italian.

It has been claimed by the Italian Communities in Dalmatia that the official census of 2001 underestimated the real number of Italian Dalmatians – because several thousand Croatian citizens of Italian descent might not have declared their real ethnicity for various reasons. While this claim remains difficult to assess, it has been a subject of a controversy regarding the Italian Community of Zadar. Currently it counts 500+ members and yet only has 109 registered residence declared Italian (as per 2001 census).

It has been suggested that this could be due to unresolved legal disputes over property that was nationalised under Yugoslavia's Stanarsko Pravo initiative and nominally returned (with protected tenants) after the 1990s Croatian Independence (under the new legal term Zaštićeno Najmoprimstvo). The implied property rights as stipulated by the Croatian Law gives credence to the idea that owners of property with protected tenants have a stronger case claiming back vacant possession if they were:

  • Residence of Croatia (hence holders of a Croatian Identity Card)
  • Ethnic Croats (by way of self declaration)
  • Pillars of the Community and its Business Network (with ties to the local power structure)

Regardless of the above, it could therefore be argued that the local Italians, Croatian Lombards, Istro-Romanians and the Regionalist Dalmatians & Istrians remain unprotected as minorities; (right under the nose of the European Union). Furthermore, it could be added that without consenting to rules and regulations of assimilation (that essentially discredit an individual's rights to his/her own nationality in both Croatia and the wider European Union, credential accreditation towards legal representation become subject to local judgements and interpretations that seem to separate from the legal views of the Supreme Court of Croatia. In that sense we could speculate that claiming to be Italian could be seen as a form of a rebellion against Croatia; something that creates complications in legal disputes where the government (with enforced protected tenants on private land) already remains complicit.

Croatian Venetists

A contemporary reaction to both the Italian irredentist movement and the inadequate legal representation of Italians in Croatia by the Republic of Croatia (and hence the European Union), appears to have spawned a number of self identifying markers among the descendants of (both titled & untitled) former merchant classes of mixed Croatian (mostly Istrian and/or Dalmatian) and North Italian (mostly Venetian, and/or Friulian) extractions. The two most popular self identifications of this kind remain; Croatian Venetists, and Venetian Lombards (most of which explicitly self identify as Croatian, and implicitly as mentioned above).

How they perceive Italy and the general Italian ethnicity remains unclear. However, while its historical context, in part by the colonial elements of the Republic of Venice, Italian unification & the legacy of two world wars, remains a controversial issue at best, it does suggest a much larger presence of people of Italian and Venetian descent in Croatia than previously thought.

Since Croatia's much talked about adoption of Italian as one of the national languages of Croatia (particularly in Istria), curtailing language rights for Venetian speakers however, may have triggered conflicting identity issues of cultural affiliations between Italians of various regions of Italy, and Croatia. Particular note of reference point towards the Venetian independence referendum, 2014, and Venetian autonomy referendum, 2017 in Italy, which may have weakened the Italian in the northern Adriatic Basin since.

Main Dalmatian Italian associations

 
Mali Lošinj port

In contemporary Dalmatia there are several associations of Dalmatian Italians, mainly located in important coastal cities:

  • The Italian Community of Zadar (Comunità Italiana di Zara). Founded in 1991 in Zadar, with an Assembly of around 500 members. The current president is Rina Villani (who has been recently elected [25] in the Zadar county, or Županija). The former president of the CI, Dr. Libero Grubišić, started the first Italian courses in the city after the close of all the Italian school in Zadar in 1953. The actual vice president, Silvio Duiella, has promoted the creation of an Italian Choral of Zadar under the direction of Adriana Grubelić. In the new offices, the CI has a library and organizes several courses of Italian and conferences.[26] The office of the community was the target of a criminal fire in 2004.
  • The Italian Community of Split (Comunità Italiana di Spalato). Was created in 1993 in Split, with an office near the city's trademark Riva seashore. The president is Eugenio Dalmas and the legal director is Mladen Dalbello. In the office, the CI organises Italian language courses and conferences.[27] This CI has 97 members.
  • The Italian Community of Mali Lošinj (Comunità Italiana di Lussinpiccolo). Created in 1990 in the northern Dalmatian island of Lošinj. This CI was founded thanks to Stelio Cappelli (first president) in this little island, that was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1918 to 1947. It has 461 members under the actual leadership of Anna Maria Saganici, Livia Andrijčić and Andrino Maglievaz. The activities are run in a place offered by the local authorities. The library has been donated by the local Rotary Club.[28]
  • The Italian Community of Kotor (Comunità Italiana di Cattaro), in Kotor is being registered officially (with the "Unione Italiana") as the Italian Community of Montenegro (Comunità degli Italiani del Montenegro). In connection with this registration, the "Center for Dalmatian Cultural Research" (Centro di Ricerche Culturali Dalmate) has opened in 2007 the Venetian house in Kotor to celebrate the Venetian heritage in coastal Montenegro.
  • The "Dante Alighieri" Association. The "Dante Alighieri" is an Italian government organization that promotes Italian in the world with the help of the Italian speaking communities outside Italy. In Dalmatia is actually present in:
  • Zadar [29]
  • Split [30]
  • Dubrovnik [31]
  • Kotor [32]

Culture

 
The city gates to Zadar features the Lion of Saint Mark of the Republic of Venice.

The British Encyclopedia states that[citation needed]:

"....The monuments left in Dalmatia by the Romans are numerous and precious. They are chiefly confined to the cities; for the civilization of the country was always urban, just as its history is a record of isolated city-states rather than of a united nation. Beyond the walls of its larger towns, little was spared by the barbarian Goths, Avars and Slavs; and the battered fragments of Roman work which mark the sites of Salona, near, and of many other ancient cities, are of slight antiquarian interest and slighter artistic value. Among the monuments of the Roman period, by far the most noteworthy in Dalmatia, and, indeed, in the whole Balkan Peninsula, is the Palace of Diocletian at Split. Dalmatian architecture was influenced by Constantinople in its general character from the 6th century until the close of the tenth. The oldest memorials of this period are the vestiges of three basilicas, excavated in Salona, and dating from the first half of the 7th century at latest. Then from Italy came the Romanesque. The belfry of S. Maria, at Zadar, erected in 1105, is first in a long list of Romanesque buildings. At Rab there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to the 12th century; but the finest example in this style is the cathedral of Trail. The 14th century Dominican and Franciscan convents in Dubrovnik are also noteworthy. Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian Gothic in the early years of the 15th century. The influence of Venice was then at its height. Even in the relatively hostile Republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the custom-house and Rectors' palace is combined with Venetian Gothic, while the graceful balconies and ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian models. In 1441 Giorgio Orsini of Zadar, summoned from Venice to design the cathedral of Šibenik, brought with him the influence of the Italian Renaissance. The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and developed by other architects, until the period of decadence – which virtually concludes the history of Dalmatian art – set in during the latter half of the 17th century. Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork, embroideries and plate preserved in many churches. The silver statuette and the reliquary of St. Blaise at Dubrovnik, and the silver ark of St. Simeon at Zadar, are fine specimens of Italian jewelers' work, ranging in date from the 11th or 12th to the 17th century ...".

In the 19th century the cultural influence from Italy originated the editing in Zadar of the first Dalmatian newspaper, in Italian and Croatian: Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin, founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806.

The Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin was stamped in the typography of Antonio Luigi Battara and was the first done in Croatian.

The Dalmatian Italians contributed to the cultural development of theater and opera in Dalmatia. The Verdi Theater in Zadar was their main symbol until 1945.[33]

Notable Dalmatian Italians

Across the centuries Dalmatian Italians made with their life and their works a large influence on Dalmatia. However, it would somehow arbitrary to attribute a nationality to the Dalmatians living before the Napoleonic time. Indeed, only at the beginning of the 19th century the concept of national identity started to build up. For this reason, hereafter are reported some notable Dalmatian Italians who are considered Croat too, in chronological order of birth.

Scientists

Artists

Writers

Politicians

Cinema

Sport

Military members

Business

Organizations and periodicals

Many Dalmatian Italians are organized in associations such as:

  • Associazione nazionale Venezia Giulia e Dalmazia[34]
  • Comunità di Lussinpiccolo.[35]
  • Comunità chersina nel mondo [36]
  • Libero Comune di Zara in esilio (Free Commune of Zadar in exile)
  • Società Dalmata di Storia Patria[37]

The most popular periodical for Dalmatian Italians is Il Dalmata, published in Trieste by Renzo de' Vidovich.[25]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

  1. ^ For example in the Austrian Census of 1857 the Dalmatian Italians were only 45,000 -or nearly 15% of the Dalmatia without the Quarner islands (read [1]
  2. ^ "Comunità Nazionale Italiana, Unione Italiana". Unione-italiana.hr. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on May 4, 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  4. ^ Theodor Mommsen in his book "The Provinces of the Roman Empire"
  5. ^ Florin Curta (31 August 2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
  6. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Illyria" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 325–327.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). "Dalmatia" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 772–776.
  8. ^ "WHKMLA : History of Croatia, 1301–1526". Zum.de. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  9. ^ Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia
  10. ^ a b Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971
  11. ^ Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)
  12. ^ Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop (1993). Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung (in German). p. 279. ISBN 3484311347.
  13. ^ Bartoli, Matteo (1919). Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia (in Italian). Tipografia italo-orientale. p. 16.[ISBN unspecified]
  14. ^ Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925. Methuen. p. 107. ISBN 9780416189407.
  15. ^ Peričić, Šime (2003-09-19). "O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća". Radovi Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru (in Croatian) (45): 342. ISSN 1330-0474.
  16. ^ (in German). Archived from the original on 2013-05-29.
  17. ^ "Dalmazia", Dizionario enciclopedico italiano (in Italian), vol. III, Treccani, 1970, p. 730
  18. ^ Š.Peričić, O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća, in Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, n. 45/2003, p. 342
  19. ^ Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925. pp. 47–48
  20. ^ Colella, Amedeo. L'esodo dalle terre adriatiche. Rilevazioni statistiche. p. 54
  21. ^ "La fontana di Bajamonti, ultimo sindaco italiano di Spalato" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  22. ^ a b Guerrino Perselli, I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936, Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno, 1993
  23. ^ Montani, Carlo. Venezia Giulia, Dalmazia – Sommario Storico – An Historical Outline
  24. ^ Petacco, Arrigo. L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia
  25. ^ a b "Fondazione scientifico culturale Eugenio e Maria Rustia Traine". Dalmaziaeu.it. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  26. ^ . Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
  27. ^ . Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
  28. ^ [2][dead link]
  29. ^ . Ladante.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  30. ^ . Ladante.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  31. ^ . Ladante.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  32. ^ . Ladante.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  33. ^ "Comunita degli Italiani di Zara Zajednica Talijana Zadar" (PDF). Italianidizara.eu. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  34. ^ "Home". Anvgd.it. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  35. ^ "Lussinpiccolo : Home". Lussinpiccolo-italia.net. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  36. ^ . Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  37. ^ . Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2010.

Bibliography

  • Bartoli, Matteo. Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919.
  • Colella, Amedeo. L'esodo dalle terre adriatiche. Rilevazioni statistiche. Edizioni Opera per Profughi. Roma, 1958
  • Čermelj, Lavo. Sloveni e Croati in Italia tra le due guerre. Editoriale Stampa Triestina, Trieste, 1974.
  • Montani, Carlo. Venezia Giulia, Dalmazia – Sommario Storico – An Historical Outline. terza edizione ampliata e riveduta. Edizioni Ades. Trieste, 2002
  • Monzali, Luciano. The Italians of Dalmatia: from Italian Unification to World War I, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2009.
  • Monzali, Luciano (2016). "A Difficult and Silent Return: Italian Exiles from Dalmatia and Yugoslav Zadar/Zara after the Second World War". Balcanica (47): 317–328. doi:10.2298/BALC1647317M.
  • Perselli, Guerrino. I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936. Centro di ricerche storiche – Rovigno, Trieste – Rovigno 1993.
  • Petacco, Arrigo. L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia, Mondadori, Milano, 1999.
  • Pupo, Raoul; Spazzali, Roberto. Foibe. Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2003.
  • Rocchi, Flaminio. L'esodo dei 350.000 giuliani, fiumani e dalmati. Difesa Adriatica editore. Roma, 1970
  • Seton-Watson, "Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925", John Murray Publishers, Londra 1967.
  • Tomaz, Luigi, Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia, Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2007.
  • Tomaz Luigi, In Adriatico nel secondo millennio, Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2010.
  • Ezio e Luciano Giuricin (2015) Mezzo secolo di collaborazione (1964-2014) Lineamenti per la storia delle relazioni tra la Comunità italiana in Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia e la Nazione madre

External links

  • Italians of Dalmatia

January 30, 2023
dalmatian, italians, historical, italian, national, minority, living, region, dalmatia, part, croatia, montenegro, since, middle, 19th, century, community, counting, according, some, sources, nearly, dalmatian, population, 1840, suffered, from, constant, trend. Dalmatian Italians are the historical Italian national minority living in the region of Dalmatia now part of Croatia and Montenegro Since the middle of the 19th century the community counting according to some sources nearly 20 of all Dalmatian population in 1840 suffered from a constant trend of decreasing presence 1 and now as a result of the Istrian Dalmatian exodus numbers only around 1 000 4 000 people Throughout history though small in numbers in the last two centuries it exerted a vast and significant influence on the region Dalmatian ItaliansDalmati italianiTalijani u DalmacijiRegions with significant populationsDalmatia former Venetian Albania ItalyLanguagesPrimarily Italian and Croatian Venetian formerly DalmatianReligionRoman CatholicRelated ethnic groupsIstrian Italians Croats ItaliansThey are currently represented in Croatia and Montenegro by the Italian National Community Italian Comunita Nazionale Italiana CNI The Italo Croatian minorities treaty recognizes the Italian Union Unione Italiana as the political party officially representing the CNI in Croatia 2 The Italian Union represents the 30 000 ethnic Italians of former Yugoslavia living mainly in Istria and in the city of Rijeka Fiume Following the positive trend observed during the last decade i e after the dissolution of Yugoslavia the number of Dalmatian Italians in Croatia adhering to the CNI has risen to around one thousand In Dalmatia the main operating centers of the CNI are in Split Zadar and Kotor 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Roman Dalmatia and the Middle Ages 1 2 Republic of Venice 1420 1796 1 3 Napoleonic era 1797 1815 1 4 Austrian Empire 1815 1918 1 5 The interwar period 1918 1941 1 6 World War II and post war 2 Population decline 2 1 Overview 2 2 Reasons 2 3 Stages 2 4 Decline of Dalmatian Italians since the 19th century 3 Modern day presence in Dalmatia 3 1 Croatian Venetists 3 2 Main Dalmatian Italian associations 4 Culture 5 Notable Dalmatian Italians 5 1 Scientists 5 2 Artists 5 3 Writers 5 4 Politicians 5 5 Cinema 5 6 Sport 5 7 Military members 5 8 Business 6 Organizations and periodicals 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8 1 Notes 8 2 References 9 Bibliography 10 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Dalmatia Roman Dalmatia and the Middle Ages Edit Map of Dalmatia and Istria with the ancient domains of the Republic of Venice indicated in fuchsia Dashed diagonally the territories that belonged occasionally Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the Western Roman Empire disappeared 4 During the Barbarian Invasions Avars allied with certain Slavic tribes invaded and plundered Byzantine Illyria This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans 5 The original Roman population endured within the coastal cities and in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps The Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and language in cities such as Zadar Split and Dubrovnik Their own Vulgar Latin developed into Dalmatian a now extinct Romance language These coastal cities politically part of the Byzantine Empire maintained political cultural and economic links with Italy through the Adriatic Sea On the other side communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps Due to the sharp orography of Dalmatia even communications between the different Dalmatian cities occurred mainly through the sea This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture despite the mostly Slavicized mainland Map of the Venetian Republic c 1000 The Republic is in dark red borders in light red In 997 AD the Venetian Doge Pietro Orseolo II following repeated complaints by the Dalmatian city states commanded the Venetian fleet that attacked the Narentine pirates On the Ascension Day in 998 Pietro Orseolo assumed the title of Dux Dalmatianorum Duke of the Dalmatians associating it with his son Giovanni Orseolo This was the beginning of the Venetian influence in Dalmatia however while Venetian influence could always be felt actual political rule over the province often changed hands between Venice and other regional powers namely the Byzantine Empire the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary The Venetians could afford to concede relatively generous terms because their own principal aims was not the control of the territory sought by Hungary but the economic suppression of any potential commercial competitors on the eastern Adriatic This aim brought on the necessity of enforced economic stagnation for the Dalmatian city states while the Hungarian feudal system promised greater political and commercial autonomy 6 7 In the Dalmatian city states there were almost invariably two opposed political factions each ready to oppose any measure advocated by its antagonist 7 The origin of this division seems here to have been economic 7 The farmers and the merchants who traded in the interior naturally favoured Hungary their most powerful neighbour on land while the seafaring community looked to Venice as mistress of the Adriatic 7 In return for protection the cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind 7 The citizens clung to their municipal privileges which were reaffirmed after the conquest of Dalmatia in 1102 1105 by Coloman of Hungary 7 Subject to the royal assent they might elect their own chief magistrate bishop and judges Their Roman law remained valid 7 They were even permitted to conclude separate alliances No alien not even a Hungarian could reside in a city where he was unwelcome and the man who disliked Hungarian dominion could emigrate with all his household and property 7 In lieu of tribute the revenue from customs was in some cases shared equally by the king chief magistrate bishop and municipality 7 These rights and the analogous privileges granted by Venice were however too frequently infringed Hungarian garrisons being quartered on unwilling towns while Venice interfered with trade with the appointment of bishops or with the tenure of communal domains Consequently the Dalmatians remained loyal only while it suited their interests and insurrections frequently occurred 7 Zadar was no exception and four outbreaks are recorded between 1180 and 1345 although Zadar was treated with special consideration by its Venetian masters who regarded its possession as essential to their maritime ascendancy 7 The doubtful allegiance of the Dalmatians tended to protract the struggle between Venice and Hungary which was further complicated by internal discord due largely to the spread of the Bogomil heresy and by many outside influences such as the vague suzerainty still enjoyed by the Eastern emperors during the 12th century the assistance rendered to Venice by the armies of the Fourth Crusade in 1202 and the Tatar invasion of Dalmatia forty years later see Trogir 7 Republic of Venice 1420 1796 Edit Main article Venetian Dalmatia Dalmatian possessions of the Venetian Republic and the Republic of Ragusa in 1560 In 1409 during the 20 year Hungarian civil war between King Sigismund and the Neapolitan house of Anjou the losing contender Ladislaus of Naples sold his rights on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for a meager sum of 100 000 ducats The more centralized merchant republic took control of the cities by the year 1420 with the exception of the Republic of Ragusa they were to remain under Venetian rule for a period of 377 years 1420 1797 8 The southernmost area of Dalmatia now part of coastal Montenegro was called Venetian Albania during that time In these centuries a process of gradual assimilation took place among the native population The Romance Dalmatians of the cities were the most susceptible because of their similar culture and were completely assimilated Venetian which was already the lingua franca of the Adriatic area was adopted by the Latin Dalmatians of the cities speakers of the Dalmatian as their own vernacular language This process was aided by the constant migration between the Adriatic cities and involved even the independent Dubrovnik Ragusa and the port of Rijeka Fiume The Slavic population mainly Croats was only partially assimilated because of the linguistic unsimilarity and because the Slavs were mostly situated in the hinterland and the islands Dalmatian however had already influenced the Dalmatian dialect of Croatian the Chakavian dialect with the Venetian dialect influencing Albanian 9 Starting from the 15th century Italian replaced Latin as the language of culture in the Venetian Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa On the other hand more and more Slavs Catholic and Orthodox were pushed into Venetian Dalmatia to escape the Ottomans This resulted in an increase of the Slavic presence in the cities Napoleonic era 1797 1815 Edit 1807 Dalmatia inside the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy In 1797 during the Napoleonic wars the Republic of Venice was dissolved The former Venetian Dalmatia was included in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy from 1805 to 1809 for some years also the Republic of Ragusa was included since 1808 and successively in the Illyrian Provinces from 1809 The census of 1808 found that Venetians Italian speaking made up about 33 of Dalmatians and resided mostly in urban areas After the final defeat of Napoleon the entire territory was granted to the Austrian Empire by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 This marked the beginning of 100 years 1815 1918 of Austrian rule in Dalmatia and the beginning of the disappearance of the Dalmatian Italians who were reduced from nearly 30 in 1815 to just 3 at the end of WW1 due to persecutions assimilation policies and emigration Austrian Empire 1815 1918 Edit During the period of the Austrian Empire the Kingdom of Dalmatia was a separate administrative unit After the revolutions of 1848 and after the 1860s as a result of the romantic nationalism two factions appeared The Autonomist Party whose political goals of which varied from autonomy within the Austro Hungarian Empire to a political union with Italy Distribution of Races in Austria Hungary from the Historical Atlas by William R Shepherd 1911 The Croatian faction later called Unionist faction or Puntari led by the People s Party and to a lesser extent the Party of Rights both of which advocated the union of Dalmatia with the Kingdom of Croatia Slavonia which was under Hungarian administration The political alliances in Dalmatia shifted over time At the beginning the Unionists and Autonomists were allied together against the centralism of Vienna After a while when the national question came to prominence they split Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy However after 1866 when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy Dalmatia remained part of the Austro Hungarian Empire together with other Italian speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento as a consequence the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia 10 During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence 11 Her Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and appropriately occupying the posts of public judicial masters employees as well as with the influence of the press work in South Tyrol Dalmatia and Littoral for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances with energy and without any regard His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established Franz Joseph I of Austria Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866 10 12 Proportion of Italians in districts of Dalmatia in 1910 per the Austro Hungarian census In 1867 the Empire was reorganized as the Austro Hungarian Empire Fiume Rijeka and the Kingdom of Croatia Slavonia were assigned to the Hungarian part of the Empire while Dalmatia and Istria remained in the Austrian part The Unionist faction won the elections in Dalmatia in 1870 but they were prevented from following through with the merge with Croatia and Slavonia due to the intervention of the Austrian imperial government The Austrian century was a time of decline for the Dalmatian Italians Starting from the 1840s large numbers of the Italian minority were passively croatized or had emigrated as a consequence of the unfavorable economic situation The Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli calculated that Italian was the primary spoken language by 33 of the Dalmatian population in 1803 13 14 Bartoli s evaluation was followed by other claims that Auguste de Marmont the French Governor General of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces commissioned a census in 1814 1815 which found that Dalmatian Italians comprised 29 percent of the total population of Dalmatia According to Austrian censuses the Dalmatian Italians formed 12 5 of the population in 1865 15 but this was reduced to 2 8 in 1910 16 In 1909 Italian lost its status as the official language of Dalmatia in favor of Croatian only previously both languages were recognized thus Italian could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere 17 The interwar period 1918 1941 Edit On the left a map of the Kingdom of Italy before the First World War on the right a map of the Kingdom of Italy after the First World War Following the conclusion of World War I and the disintegration of Austria Hungary the vast majority of Dalmatia became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Italy entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915 after the secret London Pact which granted to Italy a large portion of Dalmatia The pact was nullified in the Treaty of Versailles due to the objections of American president Woodrow Wilson and the South Slavic delegations However in 1920 the Kingdom of Italy managed to get after the Treaty of Rapallo most of the Austrian Littoral part of Inner Carniola some border areas of Carinthia the city of Zadar along with the island and Lastovo A large number of Italians allegedly nearly 20 000 moved from the areas of Dalmatia assigned to Yugoslavia and resettled in Italy mainly in Zara Relations with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were severely affected and constantly remained tense because of the dispute over Dalmatia and because of the lengthy dispute over the city port of Rijeka Fiume which according to the Treaty of Rapallo had to become a free state according to the League of Nations but was annexed to Italy on 16 March according to the Treaty of Rome In 1922 Fascism came to power in Italy The fascist policies included strong nationalistic policies Minority rights were severely reduced This included the shutting down of educational facilities in Slavic languages forced Italianization of citizen s names and the brutal persecution of dissenters In Zara most Croats left due to these oppressive policies of the fascist government The same happened with the Italian minority in Yugoslavia Although the matter was not entirely reciprocal the Italian minority in Yugoslavia had some degree of protection according to the Rapallo Treaty such as Italian citizenship and primary instruction All this increased the intense resentment between the two ethnic groups Where in the 19th century there was conflict only on the upper classes there was now an increasing mutual hatred present in varying degrees among the entire population World War II and post war Edit Map of Italian Governatorate of Dalmatia 1941 1943 showing the province of Zara the province of Spalato and the province of Cattaro Flag of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Wehrmacht in 1941 and parts of Dalmatia were annexed to Italy as the Governatorate of Dalmatia with Zadar as its capital The local population was subject to violent forced italianization by the fascist government Several concentration camps were established by Italian authorities to house these enemies of the state including the infamous Gonars and Rab concentration camps The Italian authorities were not able to maintain full control over the hinterland and the interior of the islands however and they were partially controlled by the Yugoslav Partisans after 1943 Following the Italian capitulation of 1943 the German Army took over the occupation after a short period of Partisan control officially the Governorship of Dalmatia was handed to the control of the puppet Independent State of Croatia During this period a large proportion of the coastal city population volunteered to join the Partisans most notably that of Split where a third of the total population left the city while many Italian garrisons deserted to fight as Partisan units and still others were forced to surrender their weapons and equipment As Soviet troops advanced in the Balkans in 1944 a small scale evacuation took place in Zadar while Marshall Josip Broz Tito s Partisans since 1942 recognized as Allied troops simultaneously moved to liberate the remainder of Axis occupied Dalmatia Split was henceforth the provisional capital of Allied liberated Croatia In 1943 44 the city of Zadar suffered 54 air raids by the Allies and it was severely damaged with heavy civilian casualties Many civilians had already escaped to Italy when the Partisans controlled the city After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new SFR Yugoslavia This was followed by a further emigration referred to as the Istrian Dalmatian exodus of nearly all the remaining Italians in Dalmatia Italian language schools in Zadar were closed in 1953 due to a dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia over Trieste In 2010 a kindergarten for the small Italian community of Zadar was going to be opened promoted by the local Italian association but the local Croatian authorities refused to open the school because the number of attending children was too small Indeed the issue was of administrative nature because the administration claimed that the Italian ethnicity had to be proved by the ownership of an Italian passport Due to the restrictions imposed to the double nationality of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia after 1945 this requirement could only be met by a limited number of children This administrative difficulty has been solved in 2012 and the opening of the kindergarten took place in 2013 Population decline EditOverview Edit Austrian linguistic map from 1896 In green the areas where Slavs were the majority of the population in orange the areas where Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians were the majority of the population The boundaries of Venetian Dalmatia in 1797 are delimited with blue dots Italian in Dalmatia was spoken as mother tongue in the following percentages 18 Year Number of native Italian speakers Percentage Population total 1803 92 500 33 0 280 3001809 75 100 29 0 251 1001845 60 770 19 7 310 0001865 55 020 12 5 440 1601869 44 880 10 8 415 5501880 27 305 5 8 470 8001890 16 000 3 1 516 1301900 15 279 2 6 587 6001910 18 028 2 7 677 700Reasons Edit There are several reasons for the decrease of the Dalmatian Italian population following the rise of European nationalism in the 19th century 19 The conflict with the Austrian rulers caused by the Italian Risorgimento The emergence of Croatian nationalism and Italian irredentism see Risorgimento and the subsequent conflict of the two The emigration of many Dalmatians toward the growing industrial regions of northern Italy before World War I and North and South America Multi generational assimilation of anyone who married out of their social class and or nationality as perpetuated by similarities in education religion dual linguistic distribution mainstream culture and economical output Stages Edit The process of the decline had various stages 20 Under the Austrian starting from the 1840s as a result of the age of Nationalism the birth of Italian irredentism and the resulting conflict with the Croatian majority and the Austrian rulers After World War I as a result of the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where all Dalmatia was included save Zadar and some northern Dalmatian islands there was an emigration of a large number of Dalmatian Italians mainly toward Zadar During World War II Italy occupied large chunks of the Yugoslav coast and created the Governorship of Dalmatia 1941 1943 with three Italian provinces Zadar Split and Kotor Zadar was bombed by the Allies and heavily damaged in 1943 44 with numerous civilian casualties Most of the population moved to Italy After World War II Italy ceded all remaining Italian areas in Dalmatia to the new SFR Yugoslavia This was followed by a massive emigration of nearly all the remaining Dalmatian Italians participating in the Istrian Dalmatian exodus from former territories of the Kingdom of Italy Some have become world renowned such as the fashion designer Ottavio Missoni the writer Enzo Bettiza and the industrial tycoon Giorgio Luxardo founder of the Maraschino liquor distillery Decline of Dalmatian Italians since the 19th century Edit Antonio Bajamonti the last Italian mayor of Split 21 To evaluate the variation in the number of Italian Dalmatians some local data relating to the language used in specific Dalmatian municipalities are indicative 22 Krk 1890 Italian 1 449 71 1 Serbo Croatian 508 24 9 German 19 Slovene 16 other 5 total 2 037 1900 Italian 1 435 69 2 Serbo Croatian 558 26 9 German 28 Slovenian 22 total 2 074 1910 Italian 1 494 68 Serbo Croatian 630 28 7 German 19 Slovene 14 other 2 foreign 37 total 2 196 Zadar 1890 Italian 7 423 64 6 Serbo Croatian 2 652 23 German 561 other 164 total 11 496 1900 Italian 9 018 69 3 Serbo Croatian 2 551 19 6 German 581 other 150 total 13 016 1910 Italian 9 318 66 3 Serbo Croatian 3 532 25 1 German 397 other 191 foreign 618 total 14 056 Sibenik 1890 Italian 1 018 14 5 Serbo Croatian 5 881 83 8 German 17 other 5 total 7 014 1900 Italian 858 8 5 Serbo Croatian 9 031 89 6 German 17 other 28 total 10 072 1910 Italian 810 6 4 Serbo Croatian 10 819 85 9 German 249 2 other 129 foreign 581 total 12 588 Split 1890 Italian 1 969 12 5 Serbo Croatian 12 961 82 5 German 193 1 2 other 63 total 15 697 1900 Italian 1 049 5 6 Serbo Croatian 16 622 89 6 German 131 0 7 other 107 total 18 547 1910 Italian 2 082 9 7 Serbo Croatian 18 235 85 2 German 92 0 4 other 127 foreign 871 total 21 407 Dubrovnik 1890 Italian 331 4 6 Serbo Croatian 5 198 72 8 German 249 3 5 other 73 total 7 143 1900 Italian 548 6 5 Serbo Croatian 6 100 72 3 German 254 3 other 247 total 8 437 1910 Italian 409 4 6 Serbo Croatian 6 466 72 2 German 322 3 6 other 175 foreign 1 586 total 8 958 Kotor 1890 Italian 623 18 7 Serbo Croatian 1 349 40 5 German 320 9 6 other 598 total 3 329 1900 Italian 338 11 2 Serbo Croatian 1 498 49 6 German 193 6 4 other 95 total 3 021 1910 Italian 257 8 Serbo Croatian 1 489 46 8 German 152 4 8 other 73 foreign 1 207 total 3 178In other Dalmatian localities according to the Austrian censuses the Italians experienced an even more sudden decrease in the twenty years 1890 1910 alone in the municipality of Rab they went from 225 to 151 in Vis from 352 to 92 in Pag from 787 to 23 in Risan from 70 to 26 disappearing completely in almost all inland locations 22 Modern day presence in Dalmatia Edit Zadar Cathedral Split The Dalmatian Italians were a fundamental presence in Dalmatia when the process of political unification of the Italians Croats and Serbs started at the beginning of the 19th century The 1816 Austro Hungarian census registered 66 000 Italian speaking people between the 301 000 inhabitants of Dalmatia or 22 of the total Dalmatian population 23 The main communities are located in the following coastal cities in Croatia Zadar Split Trogir and Sibenik in Montenegro Kotor Perast and Budva Following the Italian emigration from Dalmatia and the events 24 following World War II the Dalmatian Italian communities were drastically reduced in their numbers Today according to the official censuses only a few hundred citizens in Croatia and Montenegro declared themselves ethnically Italian It has been claimed by the Italian Communities in Dalmatia that the official census of 2001 underestimated the real number of Italian Dalmatians because several thousand Croatian citizens of Italian descent might not have declared their real ethnicity for various reasons While this claim remains difficult to assess it has been a subject of a controversy regarding the Italian Community of Zadar Currently it counts 500 members and yet only has 109 registered residence declared Italian as per 2001 census It has been suggested that this could be due to unresolved legal disputes over property that was nationalised under Yugoslavia s Stanarsko Pravo initiative and nominally returned with protected tenants after the 1990s Croatian Independence under the new legal term Zasticeno Najmoprimstvo The implied property rights as stipulated by the Croatian Law gives credence to the idea that owners of property with protected tenants have a stronger case claiming back vacant possession if they were Residence of Croatia hence holders of a Croatian Identity Card Ethnic Croats by way of self declaration Pillars of the Community and its Business Network with ties to the local power structure Regardless of the above it could therefore be argued that the local Italians Croatian Lombards Istro Romanians and the Regionalist Dalmatians amp Istrians remain unprotected as minorities right under the nose of the European Union Furthermore it could be added that without consenting to rules and regulations of assimilation that essentially discredit an individual s rights to his her own nationality in both Croatia and the wider European Union credential accreditation towards legal representation become subject to local judgements and interpretations that seem to separate from the legal views of the Supreme Court of Croatia In that sense we could speculate that claiming to be Italian could be seen as a form of a rebellion against Croatia something that creates complications in legal disputes where the government with enforced protected tenants on private land already remains complicit Croatian Venetists Edit A contemporary reaction to both the Italian irredentist movement and the inadequate legal representation of Italians in Croatia by the Republic of Croatia and hence the European Union appears to have spawned a number of self identifying markers among the descendants of both titled amp untitled former merchant classes of mixed Croatian mostly Istrian and or Dalmatian and North Italian mostly Venetian and or Friulian extractions The two most popular self identifications of this kind remain Croatian Venetists and Venetian Lombards most of which explicitly self identify as Croatian and implicitly as mentioned above How they perceive Italy and the general Italian ethnicity remains unclear However while its historical context in part by the colonial elements of the Republic of Venice Italian unification amp the legacy of two world wars remains a controversial issue at best it does suggest a much larger presence of people of Italian and Venetian descent in Croatia than previously thought Since Croatia s much talked about adoption of Italian as one of the national languages of Croatia particularly in Istria curtailing language rights for Venetian speakers however may have triggered conflicting identity issues of cultural affiliations between Italians of various regions of Italy and Croatia Particular note of reference point towards the Venetian independence referendum 2014 and Venetian autonomy referendum 2017 in Italy which may have weakened the Italian in the northern Adriatic Basin since Main Dalmatian Italian associations Edit Mali Losinj port Kotor In contemporary Dalmatia there are several associations of Dalmatian Italians mainly located in important coastal cities The Italian Community of Zadar Comunita Italiana di Zara Founded in 1991 in Zadar with an Assembly of around 500 members The current president is Rina Villani who has been recently elected 25 in the Zadar county or Zupanija The former president of the CI Dr Libero Grubisic started the first Italian courses in the city after the close of all the Italian school in Zadar in 1953 The actual vice president Silvio Duiella has promoted the creation of an Italian Choral of Zadar under the direction of Adriana Grubelic In the new offices the CI has a library and organizes several courses of Italian and conferences 26 The office of the community was the target of a criminal fire in 2004 The Italian Community of Split Comunita Italiana di Spalato Was created in 1993 in Split with an office near the city s trademark Riva seashore The president is Eugenio Dalmas and the legal director is Mladen Dalbello In the office the CI organises Italian language courses and conferences 27 This CI has 97 members The Italian Community of Mali Losinj Comunita Italiana di Lussinpiccolo Created in 1990 in the northern Dalmatian island of Losinj This CI was founded thanks to Stelio Cappelli first president in this little island that was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1918 to 1947 It has 461 members under the actual leadership of Anna Maria Saganici Livia Andrijcic and Andrino Maglievaz The activities are run in a place offered by the local authorities The library has been donated by the local Rotary Club 28 The Italian Community of Kotor Comunita Italiana di Cattaro in Kotor is being registered officially with the Unione Italiana as the Italian Community of Montenegro Comunita degli Italiani del Montenegro In connection with this registration the Center for Dalmatian Cultural Research Centro di Ricerche Culturali Dalmate has opened in 2007 the Venetian house in Kotor to celebrate the Venetian heritage in coastal Montenegro The Dante Alighieri Association The Dante Alighieri is an Italian government organization that promotes Italian in the world with the help of the Italian speaking communities outside Italy In Dalmatia is actually present in Zadar 29 Split 30 Dubrovnik 31 Kotor 32 Culture Edit The city gates to Zadar features the Lion of Saint Mark of the Republic of Venice The British Encyclopedia states that citation needed The monuments left in Dalmatia by the Romans are numerous and precious They are chiefly confined to the cities for the civilization of the country was always urban just as its history is a record of isolated city states rather than of a united nation Beyond the walls of its larger towns little was spared by the barbarian Goths Avars and Slavs and the battered fragments of Roman work which mark the sites of Salona near and of many other ancient cities are of slight antiquarian interest and slighter artistic value Among the monuments of the Roman period by far the most noteworthy in Dalmatia and indeed in the whole Balkan Peninsula is the Palace of Diocletian at Split Dalmatian architecture was influenced by Constantinople in its general character from the 6th century until the close of the tenth The oldest memorials of this period are the vestiges of three basilicas excavated in Salona and dating from the first half of the 7th century at latest Then from Italy came the Romanesque The belfry of S Maria at Zadar erected in 1105 is first in a long list of Romanesque buildings At Rab there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to the 12th century but the finest example in this style is the cathedral of Trail The 14th century Dominican and Franciscan convents in Dubrovnik are also noteworthy Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian Gothic in the early years of the 15th century The influence of Venice was then at its height Even in the relatively hostile Republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the custom house and Rectors palace is combined with Venetian Gothic while the graceful balconies and ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian models In 1441 Giorgio Orsini of Zadar summoned from Venice to design the cathedral of Sibenik brought with him the influence of the Italian Renaissance The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and developed by other architects until the period of decadence which virtually concludes the history of Dalmatian art set in during the latter half of the 17th century Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork embroideries and plate preserved in many churches The silver statuette and the reliquary of St Blaise at Dubrovnik and the silver ark of St Simeon at Zadar are fine specimens of Italian jewelers work ranging in date from the 11th or 12th to the 17th century In the 19th century the cultural influence from Italy originated the editing in Zadar of the first Dalmatian newspaper in Italian and Croatian Il Regio Dalmata Kraglski Dalmatin founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806 The Il Regio Dalmata Kraglski Dalmatin was stamped in the typography of Antonio Luigi Battara and was the first done in Croatian The Dalmatian Italians contributed to the cultural development of theater and opera in Dalmatia The Verdi Theater in Zadar was their main symbol until 1945 33 Notable Dalmatian Italians EditAcross the centuries Dalmatian Italians made with their life and their works a large influence on Dalmatia However it would somehow arbitrary to attribute a nationality to the Dalmatians living before the Napoleonic time Indeed only at the beginning of the 19th century the concept of national identity started to build up For this reason hereafter are reported some notable Dalmatian Italians who are considered Croat too in chronological order of birth Scientists Edit Ottavio Missoni Niccolo Tommaseo Arturo Colautti Enzo Bettiza Ida Quaiatti Xenia Valderi Giorgio Baglivi Dubrovnik physician Roger Joseph Boscovich Dubrovnik astronomer physicist philosopher who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat Silvio Ballarin Zadar mathematician Francesco Carrara Split archaeologist Roberto de Visiani Sibenik botanist Spiridon Brusina Zadar malacologist Simone Stratigo Zadar mathematician Carlo Viola Zadar geologist Angelo Antonio Frari Sibenik physician Luigi Frari Sibenik medical doctorArtists Edit Giorgio da Sebenico or Giorgio Orsini or Juraj Dalmatinac Zadar sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat Luciano Laurana Vrana architect Francesco Laurana or Frane Vranjanin Vrana sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat Giovanni Dalmata or Ivan Duknovic Vinisce sculptor who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat Andrea Schiavone or Andrea Meldolla or Andrija Medulic Zadar painter Tullio Crali Igalo painter Luciano Morpurgo Split photographer Roberto Ferruzzi Sibenik painter Tino Pattiera Cavtat tenor Mila Schon Trogir stilist Antonio Pini Corsi Zadar operatic baritone Ida Quaiatti Split lyric sopranoWriters Edit Anselmo Banduri Dubrovnik archaeologist Serafino Cerva Dubrovnik historian Sebastiano Dolci or Sebastijan Slade Dubrovnik linguist and historian who is considered Dalmatian Italian and Dalmatian Croat Bernardo Zamagna Dubrovnik writer Pier Alessandro Paravia Zadar writer Niccolo Tommaseo Sibenik linguist journalist and essayist Aldo Duro Zadar linguist and lexicographer Adolf Mussafia Split philologist Nino Nutrizio Trogir journalist Arturo Colautti Zadar journalist writer and opera composer Alessandro Dudan Vrlika historian Giorgio Politeo Split philosopher Enzo Bettiza Split journalist and international writer Renzo de Vidovich Zadar writer journalist and director of Il Dalmata Carlo Tivaroni Zadar historian Riccardo Forster Zadar poet Arnolfo Bacotich Split historian and journalist Ivo Lapenna Split law professorPoliticians Edit Vincenzo Duplancich Zadar deputy in the Diet of Dalmatia Antonio Bajamonti Split Italian mayor of Split Federico Seismit Doda Dubrovnik minister in Kingdom of Italy Nicolo Trigari Zadar mayor of Zadar Lovro Monti Knin last Italian mayor of Knin and deputy in the Diet of Dalmatia Enrico Tivaroni Zadar magistrate and senator in Senate of the Kingdom of Italy Luigi Ziliotto Zadar Italian irredentist podesta of Zadar and senator of Italian Kingdom Roberto Ghiglianovich Zadar senator of Italian Kingdom Francesco Salata Osor senator of Italian Kingdom and ambassador Antonio Cippico Zadar senator of Italian Kingdom Antonio Tacconi Split fascist senator and last Italian mayor or podesta of Split Antonio De Berti Pag Italian irredentist and deputy in Chamber of Deputies Kingdom of Italy Lucio Toth Zadar senator in Senate of the Republic Italy Cinema Edit Gianni Garko Zadar actor Tullio Carminati Zadar actor Gastone Medin Split art director Xenia Valderi Split actressSport Edit Gabre Gabric Imotski Athlete Armando Marenzi Sibenik football manager Giovanni Rosso Split Former footballer for the Croatian national team Latino Galasso Zadar rower Bernarda Pera Zadar tennis player Ivan Santini Zadar footballer Carlo Toniatti Zadar rower Sergio Vatta Zadar footballer Antonio Calebotta Split basketball player Vinko Cuzzi Split footballer Deni Fiorentini Split water polo player Goran Fiorentini Split water polo player Ante Nardelli Split water polo player Ante Palaversa Split footballer Romeo Romanutti Split basketball player Enzo Sovitti Zadar basketball coachMilitary members Edit Attilio Bandiera Split Italian patriot Francesco Rismondo Split awarded military volunteer Furio Lauri Zadar naval officer Luigi Missoni Gruz awarded military Antonio Varisco Zadar carabinierBusiness Edit Girolamo Manfrin Zadar entrepreneur Ottavio Missoni Dubrovnik the founder of Italian luxury fashion house Missoni Franco Luxardo Zadar manager in Girolamo Luxardo SpA Ana Grepo Split model and entrepreneur Pascual Baburizza Kolocep entrepreneur based in ChileOrganizations and periodicals EditMany Dalmatian Italians are organized in associations such as Associazione nazionale Venezia Giulia e Dalmazia 34 Comunita di Lussinpiccolo 35 Comunita chersina nel mondo 36 Libero Comune di Zara in esilio Free Commune of Zadar in exile Societa Dalmata di Storia Patria 37 The most popular periodical for Dalmatian Italians is Il Dalmata published in Trieste by Renzo de Vidovich 25 See also EditDalmatia History of Dalmatia Istrian Dalmatian exodus Istrian Italians Italian language in Croatia Italianization Italian Governatorate of DalmatiaNotes and references EditNotes Edit References Edit For example in the Austrian Census of 1857 the Dalmatian Italians were only 45 000 or nearly 15 of the Dalmatia without the Quarner islands read 1 Comunita Nazionale Italiana Unione Italiana Unione italiana hr Retrieved 8 February 2016 Le Comunita degli Italiani Archived from the original on May 4 2010 Retrieved November 18 2010 Theodor Mommsen in his book The Provinces of the Roman Empire Florin Curta 31 August 2006 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 1250 Cambridge University Press pp 2 ISBN 978 0 521 81539 0 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Illyria Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 14 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 325 327 a b c d e f g h i j k l Jayne Kingsley Garland 1911 Dalmatia In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 7 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 772 776 WHKMLA History of Croatia 1301 1526 Zum de Retrieved 2016 04 21 Bartoli Matteo Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia a b Die Protokolle des Osterreichischen Ministerrates 1848 1867 V Abteilung Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff VI Abteilung Das Ministerium Belcredi Wien Osterreichischer Bundesverlag fur Unterricht Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971 Die Protokolle des Osterreichischen Ministerrates 1848 1867 V Abteilung Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff VI Abteilung Das Ministerium Belcredi Wien Osterreichischer Bundesverlag fur Unterricht Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971 vol 2 p 297 Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali Italiani di Dalmazia Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra Le Lettere Firenze 2004 p 69 Jurgen Baurmann Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop 1993 Homo scribens Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung in German p 279 ISBN 3484311347 Bartoli Matteo 1919 Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia in Italian Tipografia italo orientale p 16 ISBN unspecified Seton Watson Christopher 1967 Italy from Liberalism to Fascism 1870 1925 Methuen p 107 ISBN 9780416189407 Pericic Sime 2003 09 19 O broju Talijana talijanasa u Dalmaciji XIX stoljeca Radovi Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru in Croatian 45 342 ISSN 1330 0474 Spezialortsrepertorium der osterreichischen Lander I XII Wien 1915 1919 in German Archived from the original on 2013 05 29 Dalmazia Dizionario enciclopedico italiano in Italian vol III Treccani 1970 p 730 S Pericic O broju Talijana talijanasa u Dalmaciji XIX stoljeca in Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru n 45 2003 p 342 Seton Watson Italy from Liberalism to Fascism 1870 1925 pp 47 48 Colella Amedeo L esodo dalle terre adriatiche Rilevazioni statistiche p 54 La fontana di Bajamonti ultimo sindaco italiano di Spalato in Italian Retrieved 3 January 2022 a b Guerrino Perselli I censimenti della popolazione dell Istria con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune citta della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936 Centro di Ricerche Storiche Rovigno Unione Italiana Fiume Universita Popolare di Trieste Trieste Rovigno 1993 Montani Carlo Venezia Giulia Dalmazia Sommario Storico An Historical Outline Petacco Arrigo L esodo la tragedia negata degli italiani d Istria Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia a b Fondazione scientifico culturale Eugenio e Maria Rustia Traine Dalmaziaeu it Retrieved 8 February 2016 Unione Italiana Talijanska unija Italijanska Unija Archived from the original on June 11 2008 Retrieved February 24 2008 Unione Italiana Talijanska unija Italijanska Unija Archived from the original on April 1 2008 Retrieved February 24 2008 2 dead link LE NOSTRE SEDI Ladante it Archived from the original on 2016 03 05 Retrieved 2016 04 21 LE NOSTRE SEDI Ladante it Archived from the original on 2016 03 06 Retrieved 2016 04 21 LE NOSTRE SEDI Ladante it Archived from the original on 2016 03 16 Retrieved 2016 04 21 LE NOSTRE SEDI Ladante it Archived from the original on 2016 03 15 Retrieved 2016 04 21 Comunita degli Italiani di Zara Zajednica Talijana Zadar PDF Italianidizara eu Retrieved 2016 04 21 Home Anvgd it Retrieved 8 February 2016 Lussinpiccolo Home Lussinpiccolo italia net Retrieved 8 February 2016 Comunitachersina com Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved February 8 2016 SOCIETA DALMATA di STORIA PATRIA chi siamo Archived from the original on March 10 2009 Retrieved November 17 2010 Bibliography EditBartoli Matteo Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia Tipografia italo orientale Grottaferrata 1919 Colella Amedeo L esodo dalle terre adriatiche Rilevazioni statistiche Edizioni Opera per Profughi Roma 1958 Cermelj Lavo Sloveni e Croati in Italia tra le due guerre Editoriale Stampa Triestina Trieste 1974 Montani Carlo Venezia Giulia Dalmazia Sommario Storico An Historical Outline terza edizione ampliata e riveduta Edizioni Ades Trieste 2002 Monzali Luciano The Italians of Dalmatia from Italian Unification to World War I University of Toronto Press Toronto 2009 Monzali Luciano 2016 A Difficult and Silent Return Italian Exiles from Dalmatia and Yugoslav Zadar Zara after the Second World War Balcanica 47 317 328 doi 10 2298 BALC1647317M Perselli Guerrino I censimenti della popolazione dell Istria con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune citta della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936 Centro di ricerche storiche Rovigno Trieste Rovigno 1993 Petacco Arrigo L esodo la tragedia negata degli italiani d Istria Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia Mondadori Milano 1999 Pupo Raoul Spazzali Roberto Foibe Bruno Mondadori Milano 2003 Rocchi Flaminio L esodo dei 350 000 giuliani fiumani e dalmati Difesa Adriatica editore Roma 1970 Seton Watson Italy from Liberalism to Fascism 1870 1925 John Murray Publishers Londra 1967 Tomaz Luigi Il confine d Italia in Istria e Dalmazia Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri Think ADV Conselve 2007 Tomaz Luigi In Adriatico nel secondo millennio Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri Think ADV Conselve 2010 Ezio e Luciano Giuricin 2015 Mezzo secolo di collaborazione 1964 2014 Lineamenti per la storia delle relazioni tra la Comunita italiana in Istria Fiume e Dalmazia e la Nazione madreExternal links EditItalians of Dalmatia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dalmatian Italians amp oldid 1136125585, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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