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Commercial broadcasting

January 01, 1970

"Commercial radio" redirects here. For the radio broadcasting company in Hong Kong, see Commercial Radio Hong Kong.
"Commercial television" redirects here. For the defunct television station in Hong Kong, see Commercial Television (Hong Kong TV station).

Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship, for example. It was the United States' first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, until the 1980s.

Features edit

Advertising edit

Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.

In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exists in the form of community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).

Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.[1]

edit

Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.

The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:

  • Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
  • They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship
  • They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
  • They provided limited broadcast access for non-profit and civic organizations
  • They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.[1]

Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.[2]

Ratings edit

Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven—particularly during periods such as sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries.

Global commercial broadcasting edit

Americas edit

Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators."[3]

The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC television networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services include DirecTV and Dish Network.

In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.

Europe edit

In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licences, public donations or government grants).

In the UK, Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.

Asia edit

The best-known commercial services in Asia are a South Korean radio and television network SBS along with Hong Kong television network, TVB.

List of major commercial broadcasters edit

Contemporary hit radio in bold.

Americas edit

Argentina edit

Bolivia edit

Brazil edit

Canada edit

English language edit
French language edit

Chile edit

Colombia edit

Costa Rica edit

Ecuador edit

El Salvador edit

Guatemala edit

Honduras edit

Mexico edit

Panama edit

Paraguay edit

Peru edit

United States edit

English language edit
Spanish language edit

Uruguay edit

Venezuela edit

Asia edit

Hong Kong edit

India edit

Indonesia edit

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    • PT Media Nusantara Citra Tbk (MNC Media)
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      • XY-Kids! Online
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      • Parapuan.id
      • Foto Kita
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      • OtoSeken.id
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      • Suar.id
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      • Idea
      • Sosok.id
      • Stylo.id
      • Wiken.id
      • Kitchenesia
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      • PT Magentic Network Indonesia (KG Radio Network)
        • PT Radio Sonora (Sonora FM)
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  • PT Rajawali Corpora
    • PT Metropolitan Televisindo (RTV)
  • PT NT Corp
    • PT Nusantara Media Mandiri (Nusantara TV)
    • PT Harum Terang Sehati (Harum TV)
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  • PT Digdaya Media Nusantara
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  • PT Bersatu Universe Digital Indonesia (B Universe)
    • PT First Media News (BTV)
    • PT Investor Televisi Indonesia (IDTV)
    • PT Koran Media Investor Indonesia (Investor Daily)
    • PT Media Investor Indonesia (Investor)
    • PT Beritasatu Media (BeritaSatu.com)
    • PT Jakarta Globe Media (JakartaGlobe.id)
    • PT Digital Media Investor Indonesia (Investor.id)
  • Jawa Pos Group
    • PT Jawa Pos Multimedia (JPM)
  • PT Tempo Inti Media Tbk
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    • Cantika
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  • PT Mahaka Media (MahakaX)
    • Mahaka Radio Integra
      • PT Radio Attahiriyah (Gen FM)
      • PT Radio Suara Irama Indah (Jak FM)
      • PT Radio Merpati Darmawangsa (Hot FM)
      • PT Radio Ramako Jaya Raya (Most FM)
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      • PT Radio Kirana Insan Suara (Kis FM)
      • Noice
      • Rayya Channel
  • PT Masima Radio Network
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  • Kiss Network
    • PT Radio Kidung Indah Selaras Suara (Kiss FM Medan)

Japan (key stations) edit

Malaysia edit

Philippines edit

ABS-CBN Corporation edit

GMA Network Inc. edit

TV5 Network, Inc. edit

Minor Broadcast Networks edit

International edit

Singapore edit

South Korea edit

Taiwan edit

Thailand edit

Europe edit

Norway edit

Denmark edit

Sweden edit

Finland edit

Republic of Ireland edit

United Kingdom edit

France edit

Italy edit

Germany edit

Luxembourg edit

Netherlands edit

Spain edit

Portugal edit

Poland edit

Oceania edit

Australia edit

New Zealand edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Boddy, William. Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-252-06299-5
  2. ^ Fleming, Heather (31 March 1997). "PSA slice shrinks as commercial pie grows". Broadcasting & Cable. 127 (13). New York: 19–22. ProQuest 225346067.
  3. ^ Hilmes, Michele (2004). "The Origins of the Commercial Broadcasting System of the United States". Jahrbuch Medien und Geschichte. 4: 73–81.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
commercial, broadcasting, commercial, radio, redirects, here, radio, broadcasting, company, hong, kong, commercial, radio, hong, kong, commercial, television, redirects, here, defunct, television, station, hong, kong, commercial, television, hong, kong, statio. Commercial radio redirects here For the radio broadcasting company in Hong Kong see Commercial Radio Hong Kong Commercial television redirects here For the defunct television station in Hong Kong see Commercial Television Hong Kong TV station Commercial broadcasting also called private broadcasting is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media as opposed to state sponsorship for example It was the United States first model of radio and later television during the 1920s in contrast with the public television model during the 1930s 1940s and 1950s which prevailed worldwide except in the United States Mexico and Brazil until the 1980s Contents 1 Features 1 1 Advertising 1 2 Paid programming 1 3 Ratings 2 Global commercial broadcasting 2 1 Americas 2 2 Europe 2 3 Asia 3 List of major commercial broadcasters 3 1 Americas 3 1 1 Argentina 3 1 2 Bolivia 3 1 3 Brazil 3 1 4 Canada 3 1 4 1 English language 3 1 4 2 French language 3 1 5 Chile 3 1 6 Colombia 3 1 7 Costa Rica 3 1 8 Ecuador 3 1 9 El Salvador 3 1 10 Guatemala 3 1 11 Honduras 3 1 12 Mexico 3 1 13 Panama 3 1 14 Paraguay 3 1 15 Peru 3 1 16 United States 3 1 16 1 English language 3 1 16 2 Spanish language 3 1 17 Uruguay 3 1 18 Venezuela 3 2 Asia 3 2 1 Hong Kong 3 2 2 India 3 2 3 Indonesia 3 2 4 Japan key stations 3 2 5 Malaysia 3 2 6 Philippines 3 2 7 ABS CBN Corporation 3 2 8 GMA Network Inc 3 2 9 TV5 Network Inc 3 2 10 Minor Broadcast Networks 3 2 11 International 3 2 12 Singapore 3 2 13 South Korea 3 2 14 Taiwan 3 2 15 Thailand 3 3 Europe 3 3 1 Norway 3 3 2 Denmark 3 3 3 Sweden 3 3 4 Finland 3 3 5 Republic of Ireland 3 3 6 United Kingdom 3 3 7 France 3 3 8 Italy 3 3 9 Germany 3 3 10 Luxembourg 3 3 11 Netherlands 3 3 12 Spain 3 3 13 Portugal 3 3 14 Poland 3 4 Oceania 3 4 1 Australia 3 4 2 New Zealand 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksFeatures editAdvertising edit Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit This is in contrast to public broadcasting which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show During pledge drives some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations In the United States non commercial educational NCE television and radio exists in the form of community radio however premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in house mainly music programming Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials As time went on however advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio in television it was planned due to commercial radio s success Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission FCC to control commercial broadcasting 1 Paid programming edit Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television radio and satellite television Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access Other programming particularly on cable television is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising funded commercial broadcasters and they and often the local cable provider sell commercial time in a similar manner The FCC s interest in program control began with the chain broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s culminating in the Blue Book of 1946 Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees The Blue Book differentiated between mass appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored sustaining programs offered by the radio networks This sustained programming according to the Blue Book had five features serving the public interest Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule supplementing the soap operas and popular music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors They allowed for the broadcast of programs which by their controversial or sensitive nature were unsuitable for sponsorship They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences They provided limited broadcast access for non profit and civic organizations They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation shielded from the pressures of short run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor 1 Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows For example ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds 2 Ratings edit Programming on commercial stations is more ratings driven particularly during periods such as sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries Global commercial broadcasting editAmericas edit Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators 3 The best known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC CBS Fox and NBC television networks based in the United States Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast Charter Communications and Cox Communications Direct broadcast satellite DBS services include DirecTV and Dish Network In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting a disadvantage of commercial radio and television Europe edit In Europe commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licences public donations or government grants In the UK Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available Asia edit The best known commercial services in Asia are a South Korean radio and television network SBS along with Hong Kong television network TVB List of major commercial broadcasters editContemporary hit radio in bold Americas edit Argentina edit America Paramount Networks Americas Telefe El Nueve El Trece Net TV Bravo TV Bolivia edit ATB Canal 11 Bolivision Red UNO Brazil edit Band Globo RecordTV RedeTV SBT CNT Canada edit English language edit CTV Citytv Global Television Network French language edit TVA Noovo Chile edit UCV Television Canal 13 Paramount Networks Americas Chilevision Mega La Red Telecanal Colombia edit RCN Television Caracol Television Channel 1 Canal A Costa Rica edit Teletica Repretel Ecuador edit Ecuavisa Gamavision Teleamazonas TC Television Canal Uno El Salvador edit Telecorporacion Salvadorena Canal 12 Megavision Guatemala edit Canal 3 Honduras edit Televicentro Mexico edit Televisa TV Azteca Imagen Television Grupo Multimedios MVS Comunicaciones Quiero TV Panama edit Telemetro TVN Paraguay edit Paravision SNT Trece Unicanal Peru edit America Television Global Television ATV Latina Television Panamericana Television La Tele United States edit English language edit ABC CBS NBC Fox MyNetworkTV The CW The CW Plus NPR Spanish language edit Estrella TV Telemundo Univision UniMas Uruguay edit Canal 4 Canal 10 Teledoce Venezuela edit Venevision Televen Globovision Meridiano Television Vale TV Asia edit Hong Kong edit Fantastic Television Limited 奇妙電視 FTV Hong Kong China 76HD HOY International Business Channel 香港國際財經台 Hong Kong Hong Kong English 77HD HOY TV Hong Kong Hong Kong Cantonese 78HD HOY Infotainment HOY資訊台 Hong Kong Hong Kong Cantonese HK Television Entertainment Ltd 香港電視娛樂有限公司 HKTVE Hong Kong China 96HD ViuTVsix Hong Kong Hong Kong English 97HD ViuTV Hong Kong Hong Kong Cantonese Television Broadcasts Limited 電視廣播有限公司 無綫電視 TVB Hong Kong China 81HD TVB Jade 無線電視翡翠台 Hong Kong Hong Kong Cantonese 82HD TVB J2 Hong Kong Contemporary Teenager Youth Teen Channel 83HD TVB News Channel 無線新聞台 Hong Kong 24 hour clock News Channel 84HD TVB Pearl 無線電視明珠台 Hong Kong Hong Kong English 85HD TVB Finance Sports amp Information Channel 無綫財經 體育 資訊台 Hong Kong 24 hour clock Finance Sport and Information Channel Commercial Radio Hong Kong 香港商業電台 Supercharged 881 雷霆881 88 1 89 5 FM Ultimate 903 叱咤903 90 3 92 1 FM AM864 豁達864 864 AM Metro Broadcast Corporation 新城電台 Metro Info 新城知訊台 99 7 102 1 FM Metro Finance 新城財經台 102 4 106 3 FM Metro Plus 新城采訊台 1044 AM India edit Paramount Networks EMEAA Colors TV Zee Entertainment Enterprises Zee TV The Walt Disney Company India Star Plus Culver Max Entertainment Sony 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on 1 May 2016 7 years ago 2016 05 01 Prambors Radio Makassar 105 1 FM officially open took place on 18 March 2003 21 years ago 2003 03 18 PT Radio Kayu Manis FeMale Radio PT Radio Delta Insani Delta FM PT Radio Terik Matahari Bahana Pembangunan Bahana FM PT Elshinta Media Group PT Radio Elshinta Elshinta Radio Network Fit Radio Kiss Network PT Radio Kidung Indah Selaras Suara Kiss FM Medan Japan key stations edit Tokyo TV Asahi 東京テレビ朝日 EX Tokyo Fuji TV 東京フジテレビ CX Tokyo InterFM 東京InterFM DW Tokyo J Wave 東京J WAVE AV Tokyo Nippon Broadcasting System 東京ニッポン放送 LF Tokyo Nippon Cultural Broadcasting 東京文化放送 QR Tokyo Nippon Television Network 東京日本テレビ放送網 AX Tokyo Broadcasting System Radio 東京TBSラジオ KR Tokyo Broadcasting System Television 東京TBSテレビ RX Tokyo FM 東京エフエム AU TV Tokyo テレビ東京 TX Malaysia edit Commercial Radio Malaysia Hitz Hitz Urban Hitz Dance Hitz Tik Tok Hitz Throwback Hitz Chillest Hitz Stage Hitz Top 40 Hitz Local Hitz K Pop Lite Lite Your 70 Favourite Lite 80 Sing Along Lite Acoustic Mix Mix Dance Mix 90 Mix Tape Mix Lovesongs Era Era Sabah Sabah only Era Sarawak Sarawak only Era Flow Era Cintan Era K Hit Era Nusantera Era Throwbaek Era Erathon Era Nurock Era Indie Synchrosound Studio Sdn Bhd Hot FM Sinar Sinar Rock Sinar Jiwang Sinar Irama 70 Sinar Irama 80 Sinar Iramalaysia Sinar Popyehyeh Sinar Sinema Sinar i Musik Suria Melody Melody Chinese Classics 70s Melody Chinese Classics 80s Melody Chinese Classics Love Melody Chinese Classics 90s Melody Chinese Classics OST My My Sabah Sabah only My Sarawak Sarawak only My Chinese Drop The Beat My Chinese Pop My Chinese Rock My Chinese Kara My Chinese Love Uu My Chinese Positive One FM Radio Sdn Bhd Eight FM BFM 89 9 Max Airplay Sdn Bhd Fly FM KK12FM Best FM Gegar Gegar Hoh Btabuh Gegar Tradisi Gegar Hindi Gegar Maghi Gelek Kool 101 Radio Sdn Bhd Kool 101 Molek FM Radio Sdn Bhd Molek FM Manis FM Zayan Zayan Almusika Zayan Nasyeed Zayan Surah Zayan Adam Zayan Hawa 988 FM City Plus FM goXuan goXuan Chinese Trending goXuan K Pop goXuan Chinese OST goXuan Chinese Tik Tok TEA FM Raaga Raaga Isaimazhai Raaga Bolly 4U Raaga 80s Evergreen Raaga 90S Hits Raaga Nambe Area Bapakku FM RADIOROSAK Cats FM IM4U FM 107 9 Kupi Kupi FM VOKFM Media Prima Media Prima Television Networks Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad TV3 Natseven TV Sdn Bhd NTV7 Metropolitan TV Sdn Bhd 8TV Ch 9 Media Sdn Bhd TV9 Wow Shop Drama Sangat Media Prima Audio Synchrosound Studio Sdn Bhd Hot FM Max Airplay Sdn Bhd Fly FM One FM Radio Sdn Bhd Eight FM Kool 101 Radio Sdn Bhd Kool 101 Molek FM Radio Sdn Bhd Molek FM Audio SuperDeals Primeworks Studios Primeworks Distribution Monkey Bone 8unit New Straits Times Press New Straits Times Berita Harian Harian Metro Hijab amp Heels FullAMark Mind Campus Big Tree Kurnia Outdoor UPD The Right Channel Gotcha Big Tree Seni Jaya Astro Malaysia Holdings Astro Malaysia Measat Broadcast Network Systems Sdn Bhd Astro B yond Astro IPTV Astro NJOI Fetch TV Astro Channels Astro AEC Astro AOD Astro Arena Astro Arena 2 Astro Arena Bola Astro Arena Bola 2 Astro Aura Astro Awani Astro Best VOD Astro Box Office Astro Box Office Thangathirai Astro Ceria Astro Citra Astro Cricket Astro First VOD Astro Hua Hee Dai Astro Oasis Astro Premier Astro Prima Astro QJ HD Astro Rania Astro Ria Astro SuperSport Astro SuperSport 2 Astro SuperSport 3 Astro SuperSport 4 Astro Tutor TV Astro UHD Astro Vaanavil Astro Vellithirai Astro Vinmeen HD Astro Wah Lai Toi On Demand Astro Warna Astro Xiao Tai Yang On Demand BOO Go Shop GO Shop Chinese GO Shop Baaru GO Shop Ruuma Showcase Astro Shaw Astro Radio Era Era Sabah Sabah only Era Sarawak Sarawak only Era Flow Era Cintan Era K Hit Era Nusantera Era Throwbaek Era Erathon Era Nurock Era Indie Gegar Gegar Hoh Btabuh Gegar Tradisi Gegar Hindi Gegar Maghi Gelek goXuan goXuan Chinese Trending goXuan K Pop goXuan Chinese OST goXuan Chinese Tik Tok Hitz Hitz Sabah Sabah only Hitz Sarawak Sarawak only Hitz Urban Hitz Dance Hitz Tik Tok Hitz Throwback Hitz Chillest Hitz Workout Hitz Top 40 Hitz Local Hitz K Pop Lite Lite Your 70 Favourite Lite 80 Sing Along Lite Acoustic Melody Melody Chinese Classics 70s Melody Chinese Classics 80s Melody Chinese Classics Love Melody Chinese Classics 90s Melody Chinese Classics OST Mix Mix Dance Mix 90 Mix Tape Mix Lovesongs My My Sabah Sabah only My Sarawak Sarawak only My Chinese Drop The Beat My Chinese Pop My Chinese Rock My Chinese Kara My Chinese Love Uu My Chinese Positive Raaga Raaga Isaimazhai Raaga Bolly 4U Raaga 80s Evergreen Raaga 90S Hits Raaga Nambe Area Sinar Sinar Rock Sinar Jiwang Sinar Irama 70 Sinar Irama 80 Sinar Iramalaysia Sinar Popyehyeh Sinar Sinema Sinar i Musik Zayan Zayan Almusika Zayan Nasyeed Zayan Surah Zayan Adam Zayan Hawa Syok Syok Bayu Syok Gold Syok India Beat Syok Jazz Syok Kenyalang Syok Opus Syok Osai Syok Classic Rock Tayangan Unggul Go Shop Star Media Group Berhad The Star Star Media Radio Group Suria 988 FM Awesome Media Network Berhad Awesome TV Philippines edit ABS CBN 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TV Maria UNTV UNTV SD UNTV HD UNTV Manila UNTV Vigan UNTV Laoag UNTV Tuguegarao UNTV Angeles UNTV San Carlos UNTV Cebu International edit TFC TFC HD Myx Myx America GMA Pinoy TV Kapatid International Singapore edit Astro Malaysia Holdings Astro Sensasi SPH Media Trust 96 3 Hao FM UFM100 3 Money FM 89 3 Kiss 92 One FM 91 3 So Drama Entertainment 883Jia Power 98 South Korea edit Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation MBC MBC TV MBC Drama MBC Sports MBC every1 MBC M MBC On Channel M MBC FM4U MBC Standard FM MBC C amp I MBC Plus MBC Voice Acting Division Vlending joint venture with SBS Seoul Broadcasting System SBS SBS TV SBS Plus SBS Sports SBS Biz SBS F L SBS funE SBS Golf SBS M SBS Love FM SBS Power FM SBS V Radio Korea New Network KNN Taegu Broadcasting Corporation TBC Kwangju Broadcasting Corporation KBC Taejon Broadcasting Corporation TJB Ulsan Broadcasting Corporation UBC Jeonju Television JTV Cheongju Broadcasting CJB Gangwon No 1 Broadcasting G1 Jeju Free International City Broadcasting System JIBS Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company JTBC JTBC JTBC2 JTBC Golf amp Sports JTBC4 JTBC Golf CJ E amp M Mnet tvN tvN Drama tvN Show tvN Story tvN Sports OCN OCN Movies OCN Thrills Chunghwa TV Tooniverse OBS Gyeongin TV Taiwan edit TVBS Media Inc TVBS Main Channel TVBS Entertainment Channel TVBS NEWS Taiwan Television 臺灣電視公司 台視 TTV TTV Main Channel TTV Finance TTV Variety TTV News Channel China Television 中國電視公司 中視 CTV CTV Main Channel CTV News Channel CTV Classic CTV Bravo Chinese Television System 中華電視公司 華視 CTS CTS Main Channel CTS News and Info Formosa Television 民間全民電視公司 民視 FTV FTV Main Channel FTV Taiwan FTV News FTV One Thailand edit Amarin Television Amarin TV 34 Bangkok Media Broadcasting PPTV HD 36 BEC Multimedia Channel 3 HD 33 GMM Grammy GMM Channel under GMM Grammy Bangkok GMM 25 25 The One Enterprise ONE 31 31 Atime Media Green Wave 106 5 FM EFM 94 MONO Next MONO29 29 RS Public Company Limited RS Vision Company Limited Channel 8 27 Tero Entertainment Public Company Limited Tero Radio Hitz 955 95 5 MHz Eazy FM 105 5 105 5 MHz Thairath under Triple V Broadcast Company Limited Thairath TV 32 TrueVisions True Korean More True Select True4U 24 True Chinese More True Asian More True Film HD1 True Film HD2 True Film Asia True Inside True Plook Panya True Reality True Series True Spark Play True Spark Jump True Sport 1 True Sport 2 True Sport 3 True Tennis HD True Sport 5 True Sport 6 True Sport 7 True Sport HD1 True Sport HD2 True Sport HD3 True Sport HD4 True Thai Film True X Zyte True Shopping True Explore Wild True Explore Life True Explore Sci True Movie Hits True Music TNN 16 TNN 2 Workpoint Entertainment Workpoint TV 23 Europe edit Norway edit TV 2 Group TV 2 Direkte TV 2 Zebra TV 2 Nyheter TV 2 Sport TV 2 Sport Premium TV 2 Livsstil Viaplay Group TV3 Norway TV3 Norway TV6 Norway Warner Bros Discovery Norway TVNorge FEM REX VOX Denmark edit Viaplay Group TV3 Denmark TV3 TV3 Puls TV3 Max TV3 Sport See Warner Bros Discovery Denmark Kanal 4 Kanal 5 6 eren Canal 9 Sweden edit TV4 AB TV4 Sjuan TV12 TV4 Fakta TV4 Film TV4 Guld TV4 Hits TV4 Stars SF kanalen TV4 Sportkanalen TV4 Fotboll TV4 Hockey TV4 Motor TV4 Tennis TV4 Sport Live Viaplay Group TV3 TV6 TV8 TV10 Warner Bros Discovery Sweden Kanal 5 Kanal 9 Kanal 11 Finland edit MTV Oy MTV3 MTV Sub MTV Ava MTV Aitio MTV Viihde MTV Max MTV Juniori MTV Urheilu 1 MTV Urheilu 2 Nelonen Media Nelonen Jim Liv Hero Warner Bros Discovery Finland TV5 Kutonen Frii TLC Republic of Ireland edit Virgin Media Television Virgin Media One SD HD amp 1 Virgin Media Two SD amp HD Virgin Media Three SD amp HD Virgin Media Four SD amp HD Virgin Media More SD amp HD Bauer Media Audio Ireland Newstalk Today FM United Kingdom edit Paramount Networks UK amp Australia Channel 5 5Action 5Select 5Star 5USA ITV plc ITV1 STV Northern and Central Scotland UTV Northern Ireland ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 ITVBe Sky UK Blaze Challenge Crime amp Investigation Sky Arts Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Sky Comedy Sky Crime Sky Documentaries Sky History Sky History 2 Sky Kids Sky Max Sky Mix Sky Nature Sky News Sky Replay Sky Sci Fi Sky Showcase Sky Sports Sky Sports Box Office Sky Sports F1 Sky Sports News Sky Sports Racing Sky Witness Global Media amp Entertainment Capital Capital UK Capital Dance Capital Xtra Capital Xtra Reloaded Capital Cymru Capital Liverpool Capital London Capital Manchester and Lancashire Capital Mid Counties Capital Midlands Capital North East Capital North West and Wales Capital Scotland Capital South Capital South Wales Capital Yorkshire Classic FM Gold Heart Heart Dance Heart UK Heart 70s Heart 80s Heart 90s Heart East Heart Hertfordshire Heart London Heart North East Heart North Wales Heart North West Heart Scotland Heart South Heart South Wales Heart West Heart West Midlands Heart Yorkshire LBC LBC News Radio X Smooth Radio Smooth Chill Smooth Country Smooth Extra Smooth East Midlands Smooth Lake District Smooth London Smooth North East Smooth North West Smooth Scotland Smooth Wales Smooth West Midlands Bauer Media Audio UK Absolute Radio Network Absolute Radio Absolute Radio 60s Absolute Radio 70s Absolute Radio 80s Absolute Radio 90s Absolute Radio 00s Absolute Radio 10s Absolute Radio 20s Absolute Radio Classic Rock Absolute Radio Country Greatest Hits Radio Hits Radio Hits Radio UK Hits Radio Pride Hits Radio London Hits Radio Manchester Hits Radio South Coast Jazz FM Kerrang Radio Kerrang Radio Unleashed Klassic Kerrang Radio Kiss Network Kiss Kisstory Kiss Fresh Kiss Bliss Kiss Dance Kiss Garage Magic Magic Chilled Magic Mellow Magic Soul Magic Workout Magic at the Musicals Magic 100 Christmas Planet Rock Scala Radio News Broadcasting Talksport Talksport 2 Talkradio Times Radio Virgin Radio UK Virgin Radio Anthems Virgin Radio Chilled Virgin Radio Groove France edit TF1 Group TF1 TMC TFX TF1 Series Films LCI M6 Group 48 6 M6 W9 6ter Gulli Paris Premiere Teva M6 Music TiJi Canal J Fun Radio RTL RTL 2 RTL Group Fun Radio RTL RTL 2 Canal Group Canal Canal 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classics Sky Deutschland Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Sky Comedy Sky Crime Sky Documentaries Sky Krimi Sky Nature Sky One Sky Replay Sky Showcase Sky Sport Luxembourg edit RTL Group RTL Tele Letzebuerg RTL Zwee RTL Radio Letzebuerg Netherlands edit RTL Nederland RTL 4 RTL 5 RTL 7 RTL 8 RTL Z RTL Crime RTL Lounge RTL Telekids Talpa Network Talpa TV Net5 SBS6 Veronica Viaplay TV TV 538 Talpa Radio Radio 538 Radio 10 Sky Radio Radio Veronica Spain edit Atresmedia Antena 3 La Sexta Neox Nova Mega Atreseries Mediaset Espana Telecinco Cuatro FDF Divinity Energy Boing Be Mad TV HD Portugal edit SIC SIC SIC Noticias SIC Mulher SIC Radical SIC K SIC Caras SIC Internacional TVI TVI TVI Ficcao TVI Reality CNN Portugal TVI Africa TVI Internacional Poland edit Telewizja Polsat Polsat Polsat 1 Polsat 2 Super Polsat TV4 TV6 Polsat Comedy Central Extra Polsat X Polsat Rodzina Polsat News Polsat News 2 Polsat News Polityka Wydarzenia 24 Polsat Sport Polsat Sport 1 Polsat Sport 2 Polsat Sport 3 Polsat Sport Fight Polsat Sport Premium Polsat Sport Premium PPV Polsat Games Eleven Sports Polsat Film Polsat Film 2 Polsat Cafe Polsat Play Nowa TV Polsat Reality Polsat JimJam Polsat Doku Fokus TV Polsat Viasat Nature Polsat Viasat History Polsat Viasat Explore Crime Investigation Polsat 4FUN TV 4FUN Dance 4FUN Kids Polsat Music Disco Polo Music Eska TV Eska TV Extra Eska Rock TV Polo TV Vox Music TV TV Okazje TVN Warner Bros Discovery TVN TVN 7 TVN24 TVN24 BiS TVN Fabula TVN Meteo TVN Style TVN Turbo iTVN iTVN Extra Metro TTV Animal Planet Cartoon Network Cartoonito Cinemax Cinemax 2 Discovery Channel Discovery Science Discovery Historia Discovery Life DTX Eurosport Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Food Network HBO HBO 2 HBO 3 HGTV Investigation Discovery TLC Travel Channel WarnerTV Oceania edit Australia edit Seven West Media Seven Network ATN Sydney HSV Melbourne BTQ Brisbane SAS Adelaide TVW Perth STQ Regional Queensland CBN Southern NSW amp ACT 7two 7mate 7flix 7Bravo 7plus Racing com Nine Entertainment Nine Network TCN Sydney GTV Melbourne QTQ Brisbane NWS Adelaide STW Perth 9Gem 9Go 9Life 9Rush 9Now Nine Radio 2GB 873 Sydney 3AW 693 Melbourne 4BC 882 Brisbane 6PR 882 Perth 2UE 954 Sydney 4BH 1116 Brisbane Magic 1278 Melbourne Paramount Networks UK amp Australia Network 10 TEN Sydney ATV Melbourne TVQ Brisbane ADS Adelaide NEW Perth 10 Peach 10 Bold Nickelodeon 10 Play Paramount Southern Cross Austereo Southern Cross Seven Southern Cross 10 CTC Southern NSW amp ACT Hit Network SAFM Adelaide Hit91 9 Bendigo Hit104 9 The Border B105 FM Brisbane 90 9 Sea FM Gold Coast Hit 100 9 Hobart SAFM 96 1 Limestone Coast Fox FM Melbourne Hit106 9 Newcastle Mix 94 5 Perth Hit93 1 Riverina South Queensland 2Day FM Sydney Hit103 1 Townsville Hit Western Australia Buddha Hits RnB Fridays Dance Hits Easy 80s Hits Kids Hits Oldskool 90s Hits Triple M Triple M Adelaide Triple M Bendigo Triple M The Border Triple M Brisbane Triple M Central Coast Triple M Central Queensland Triple M Central West Triple M Darling Downs Triple M Dubbo Triple M Gippsland Triple M Gold Coast Triple M Goulburn Valley Triple M Hobart Triple M Mackay amp The Whitsundays Triple M Melbourne Triple M Newcastle Triple M Perth Triple M Riverina Triple M Riverina MIA Triple M Southwest Triple M Sunraysia Triple M Sydney Triple M Townsville Triple M 90s Triple M Classic Rock Triple M Country Triple M Hard n Heavy Triple M Soft Rock Australian Radio Network KIIS Network KIIS 101 1 Melbourne KIIS 106 5 Sydney 96FM Perth 97 3 FM Brisbane Mix 102 3 Adelaide 96FM 80s 96FM 90s KIIS 80s KIIS 90s Mix 80s Mix 90s Pure Gold Network 4KQ Brisbane Cruise 1323 Adelaide Gold 104 3 Melbourne WSFM 101 7 Sydney Gold 80s WSFM 80s CADA New Zealand edit Warner Bros Discovery New Zealand Three ThreePlus1 Bravo Bravo Plus 1 Rush Eden HGTV TLC Living Investigation Discovery Discovery Discovery Turbo Animal Planet Cartoon Network CNN International MediaWorks New Zealand George FM Mai FM Magic More FM The Breeze The Edge The Rock The Sound Today FM Wandr New Zealand Media and Entertainment New Zealand Herald Weekend Herald Herald on Sunday The Northern Advocate Rotorua Daily Post Bay of Plenty Times Hawke s Bay Today Whanganui Chronicle Wairarapa Times Age Hamilton News Taupo and Turangi Weekender Bay News Whangamata Coastal News Katikati Advertiser Waihi Leader Whakatane News Central Hawke s Bay Mail Havelock North Village Press Horowhenua Chronicle Kapiti News Manawatu Guardian Wairarapa Midweek Coast Flava Hokonui Mix Radio Hauraki The Hits ZM ZM Whangarei ZM Auckland ZM Waikato ZM Wellington ZM Christchurch Newstalk ZB Radio Sport nzherald co nz GrabOne Driven YUDU Sky Sky Open Sky 5 Sky Box Sets Sky Arts Sky Movies Premiere Sky Movies Comedy Sky Movies Action Sky Movies Greats Sky Movies Classics Sky Movies Collection Sky Movies Family Sky Sport Select Sky Sport 1 Sky Sport 2 Sky Sport 3 Sky Sport 4 Sky Sport 5 Sky Sport 6 Sky Sport 7 beIN Sports Sky Sport 8 Sky Sport 9 Sky Sport Pop Up Sky Box Office Sky Arena Sky Digital MusicSee also editBroadcast clock Broadcast network Citizen media Digital broadcasting Leonard PluggeReferences edit a b Boddy William Fifties Television the Industry and Its Critics University of Illinois Press 1992 ISBN 978 0 252 06299 5 Fleming Heather 31 March 1997 PSA slice shrinks as commercial pie grows Broadcasting amp Cable 127 13 New York 19 22 ProQuest 225346067 Hilmes Michele 2004 The Origins of the Commercial Broadcasting System of the United States Jahrbuch Medien und Geschichte 4 73 81 External links editVideo permanent dead link audio interview with Ray Fitzwalter on commercial TV in Britain The rise and fall of ITV Frontline Club London May 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Commercial broadcasting amp oldid 1220899005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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