The Codex Athous Laurae, designated by Ψ or 044 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), or δ 6 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament Manuscripts), is a manuscript of the New Testament written in Greek uncial letters on parchment. The manuscript has many gaps in the text, as well as containing handwritten notes (known as marginalia). Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeographically), the codex is dated to the 8th or 9th century.[1]
The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing 261 parchment leaves, which measure 21 by 15.3 centimetres (8.3 by 6.0 in),[2] with the text-block being 15 by 8.7 centimetres (5.9 by 3.4 in).[3] The text is written in small uncial letters, in one column of 31 lines per page.[1] These letters have breathings (utilised to designate vowel emphasis) and accents (used to indicate voiced pitch changes).[4] The codex contains a table of contents ("κεφαλαια" / kephalaia) before each book, the Ammonian Sections and Eusebian Canons (an early system of dividing the four Gospels into different sections), lectionary notes in the margin (for liturgical use), musical notes (neumes), and subscriptions.[4] It is considered one of the oldest manuscripts with musical notes.
The General epistles are in an unusual order (1-2 Peter, James, 1-3 John, and Jude; James usually comes before 1 Peter). There is also a shorter ending to the Gospel of Mark before the longer version.[5] This is similar to the ending found in other Greek New Testament manuscripts, such as Codex Regius and all other Greek codices in which the general epistles appear.[5][6]: 84–85
History
The manuscript was seen by biblical scholar C. R. Gregory on August 26, 1886. He described it as the first of its kind. In 1892, the biblical scholar J. Rendel Harris did not examine the codex even though he was on a visit to Mount Athos, as he was only inspecting the Septuagint (a early Greek translation of the Old Testament) manuscripts there. Von Goltz and Protestant theologian Georg Wobbermin had collated the text of Acts, the general epistles, and Pauline epistles for biblical scholar Hermann von Soden. The codex was examined by biblical scholar Kirsopp Lake in 1899, who thoroughly examined the Gospel of Mark and collated the text of the gospels of Luke and John. He did not examine the text of Acts and the epistles because, according to Soden, their text was ordinary. In 1903, Lake published the text of the Gospel of Mark 9:5-16:20, and a collation of the gospels of Luke, John, and the Epistle to the Colossians in Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica.[3]
Textual variants
The Greek text of this codex is described as representative of the Byzantine text-type, but with a large portion of Alexandrian readings, as well as some Western readings.[5]: 291–292 The text-types are groups of different manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups, which are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.[6]: 205–230
Despite being an unusually mixed text, Von Soden lists it as generally Alexandrian due to the Gospel of Mark and the General Epistles being mostly in-line with the Alexandrian text-type. In the Gospel of Luke and John, the Byzantine element is predominate, but with a larger proportion of Alexandrian readings than in Codex Sangallensis 48.[6]: 84–85 The text of the General Epistles appeared to be the same type as found in Codex Alexandrinus, Minuscule 33, Minuscule 81, and Minuscule 436. Biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed the text of the codex in Category III in the Gospels, Acts, Pauline Epistles, and its text of the General Epistles in Category II of his New Testament manuscript text classification system.[1] Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified",[1]: 335 and Category II manuscripts as those "of a special quality, i.e., manuscripts with a considerable proportion of the early text, but which are marked by alien influences. These influences are usually of smoother, improved readings, and in later periods by infiltration by the Byzantine text."[1]: 335
Mark 11:26 and Mark 15:28, along with John 7:53–8:11 (the Pericope Adulterae), are omitted.[4]: 273
Some textual variants
Mark 9:49
καὶ πᾶσα θυσία ἀναλωθήσεται (and every sacrifice shall be consumed) - Ψ
καὶ πᾶσα θυσία ἁλὶ ἁλισθήσεται (and every sacrifice salted with salt) - Majority of manuscripts
γράψαντης ἐπιστολήν διὰ χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἔχουσαν τὸν τύπον τοῦτον (with a written letter by their hand, having the following contents:) - Ψ
γράψαντες διὰ χειρὸς αὐτῶν (being written by their hand) – 𝔓45𝔓74א* ABbo
γράψαντες διὰ χειρὸς αὐτῶν τάδε (having written this by their hand) – אcE (33) Majority of manuscripts syh
γράψαντης διὰ χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐπιστολήν περιέχουσαν τάδε (having written by their hand a letter, containing this:) – C ar c gigw geo
γράψαντης ἐπιστολήν διὰ χειρὸς αὐτῶν περιέχουσαν τάδε (having written a letter by their hand, containing this:) – Dd
γράψαντες διὰ χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐπιστολήν καὶ πέμψαντες περιέχουσαν τάδε (having written a letter by their hand, and sent it containing this:) – 614[7]: 366
Acts 18:26
τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ὁδὸν (the way of God) – ΨP0490142104330451 1241 1877 2127 2492 Majority of manuscripts Lect
τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ θεοῦ (the way of God) – 𝔓74אAB33 614 1175 vg[8]: 491
Acts 20:15
μείναντες εἰς τὸ Γυλλίον· τῇ ἐχομένῃ (remaining within Gullion. On the next day) - Ψ
καὶ μείναντες ἐν Τρωγυλλίῳ, τῇ ἐχομένῃ (and remained in Trogyllium, on the next day) - Majority of manuscripts
τῇ δὲ ἐχομένῃ (and on the next day) - 𝔓41𝔓74אABCE33 453 1175 1739 1891 2818 vgbo[8]: 498
Κλαύδην (Klaudan) – L 323. 1241 Majority of manuscripts[7]: 384
Acts 28:29
καὶ ταῦτα αὐτοῦ εἰπόντος, ἀπῆλθον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι, πολλὴν ἔχοντες ἐν ἑαυτοῖς συζήτησιν (And when he had said these words, the Jews departed and had a great dispute among themselves)
Ἰησοῦ, μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσιν (of Jesus, not living according to [the] flesh) – ΨADbMinuscule 81629 2127 vg
Ἰησοῦ (of Jesus) – א*BDG 1739 1881 itd, gsabo eth
Ἰησοῦ, μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ πνεῦμα (of Jesus, not living according to [the] flesh, but according to [the] Spirit) – אcDcK P 33 88 104181326330 (436 omit μη) 4566146301241 1877 1962 1984 1985 2492 2495 Majority of manuscripts Lect[8]: 548
omit. - 𝔓46D2 Majority of manuscripts r MarcionT[7]: 516
1 Timothy 3:16
θεὸς ἐφανερώθη (God was manifest) – Ψאc3AcCc2Dc2KLP81104 630. 1241. 1505. 1739. 1881 Majority of manuscripts vgms[4]
ὃς ἐφανερώθη (Who was manifest) – א* A* C* FG33 365 1175; Did Epiph[7]: 545 [n 2]
1 Peter 4:14
κατὰ μὲν αὐτοὺς βλασφημεῖται, κατὰ δὲ ὑμᾶς δοξάζεται (indeed by them He is insulted, but by you He is glorified) – ΨKLP 1448 1611 Majority of manuscipts it vgwwsyh**samssbomsCyp
Hermann von Soden, Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer altesten erreibaren Textgestalt, I, III (Berlin, 1910), pp. 1664,-1666, 1841, 1921, 1928.
M.-J. Lagrange, La critique rationnelle (Paris, 1935), pp. 109 f.
August 22, 2023
codex, athous, lavrensis, codex, athous, laurae, designated, gregory, aland, numbering, testament, manuscripts, soden, numbering, testament, manuscripts, manuscript, testament, written, greek, uncial, letters, parchment, manuscript, many, gaps, text, well, con. The Codex Athous Laurae designated by PS or 044 in the Gregory Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts or d 6 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament Manuscripts is a manuscript of the New Testament written in Greek uncial letters on parchment The manuscript has many gaps in the text as well as containing handwritten notes known as marginalia Using the study of comparative writing styles palaeographically the codex is dated to the 8th or 9th century 1 Uncial 044New Testament manuscriptNameAthous LauraeSignPSTextGospels Acts Pauline epistles General EpistlesDate8th 9th centuryScriptGreekFound1886 GregoryNow atAthosSize21 x 15 3 cmTypemixed Alexandrian ByzantineCategoryIII IINotemarginaliaThe codex is currently kept in the Great Lavra monastery B 52 on the Athos peninsula 1 Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 Textual variants 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingDescription EditThe manuscript is a codex precursor to the modern book containing 261 parchment leaves which measure 21 by 15 3 centimetres 8 3 by 6 0 in 2 with the text block being 15 by 8 7 centimetres 5 9 by 3 4 in 3 The text is written in small uncial letters in one column of 31 lines per page 1 These letters have breathings utilised to designate vowel emphasis and accents used to indicate voiced pitch changes 4 The codex contains a table of contents kefalaia kephalaia before each book the Ammonian Sections and Eusebian Canons an early system of dividing the four Gospels into different sections lectionary notes in the margin for liturgical use musical notes neumes and subscriptions 4 It is considered one of the oldest manuscripts with musical notes Textual overviewThe codex originally contained the entire New Testament except for the Book of Revelation with several gaps at both the beginning and end The Gospel of Matthew the Gospel of Mark 1 1 9 4 5 and one leaf from the Hebrews with text 8 11 9 19 have subsequently been lost The order of the codex s books are as follows the four Gospels the Acts of the Apostles the General epistles the Pauline epistlesThe General epistles are in an unusual order 1 2 Peter James 1 3 John and Jude James usually comes before 1 Peter There is also a shorter ending to the Gospel of Mark before the longer version 5 This is similar to the ending found in other Greek New Testament manuscripts such as Codex Regius and all other Greek codices in which the general epistles appear 5 6 84 85 History EditThe manuscript was seen by biblical scholar C R Gregory on August 26 1886 He described it as the first of its kind In 1892 the biblical scholar J Rendel Harris did not examine the codex even though he was on a visit to Mount Athos as he was only inspecting the Septuagint a early Greek translation of the Old Testament manuscripts there Von Goltz and Protestant theologian Georg Wobbermin had collated the text of Acts the general epistles and Pauline epistles for biblical scholar Hermann von Soden The codex was examined by biblical scholar Kirsopp Lake in 1899 who thoroughly examined the Gospel of Mark and collated the text of the gospels of Luke and John He did not examine the text of Acts and the epistles because according to Soden their text was ordinary In 1903 Lake published the text of the Gospel of Mark 9 5 16 20 and a collation of the gospels of Luke John and the Epistle to the Colossians in Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica 3 Textual variants EditThe Greek text of this codex is described as representative of the Byzantine text type but with a large portion of Alexandrian readings as well as some Western readings 5 291 292 The text types are groups of different manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings which then differ from each other group and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups which are then used to determine the original text as published there are three main groups with names Alexandrian Western and Byzantine 6 205 230 Despite being an unusually mixed text Von Soden lists it as generally Alexandrian due to the Gospel of Mark and the General Epistles being mostly in line with the Alexandrian text type In the Gospel of Luke and John the Byzantine element is predominate but with a larger proportion of Alexandrian readings than in Codex Sangallensis 48 6 84 85 The text of the General Epistles appeared to be the same type as found in Codex Alexandrinus Minuscule 33 Minuscule 81 and Minuscule 436 Biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed the text of the codex in Category III in the Gospels Acts Pauline Epistles and its text of the General Epistles in Category II of his New Testament manuscript text classification system 1 Category III manuscripts are described as having a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings with a considerable encroachment of Byzantine readings and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified 1 335 and Category II manuscripts as those of a special quality i e manuscripts with a considerable proportion of the early text but which are marked by alien influences These influences are usually of smoother improved readings and in later periods by infiltration by the Byzantine text 1 335 Mark 11 26 and Mark 15 28 along with John 7 53 8 11 the Pericope Adulterae are omitted 4 273 Some textual variantsMark 9 49 kaὶ pᾶsa 8ysia ἀnalw8hsetai and every sacrifice shall be consumed PS kaὶ pᾶsa 8ysia ἁlὶ ἁlis8hsetai and every sacrifice salted with salt Majority of manuscripts omit B L D 0274 ƒ1 ƒ13 28 700 sys sa bopt 7 121 Mark 10 7 kaὶ proskollh8hsetai prὸs tὴn gynaῖka aὐtoῦ and be joined to his wife omit PS א B 892 ℓ 48 sys goth incl Majority of manuscripts 8 164 dd Mark 10 19 mὴ ἀposterhsῃs do not defraud omit PS B K W D ƒ1 ƒ13 28 579 700 1010 1079 1242 1546 2148 ℓ 10 ℓ 950 ℓ 1642 ℓ 1761 sys arm geo incl Bc2 Majority of manuscripts 8 165 dd Luke 9 35 ὁ ἀgaphtos ἐn ᾧ eὐdokhsa the beloved in Whom I am well pleased PS C3 D ℓ 19 ℓ 31 ℓ 47 ℓ 48 ℓ 49 ℓ 49m ℓ 183 ℓ 183m ℓ 211m ὁ ἐklelegmenos the chosen 𝔓45 𝔓75 א B L 3 892 1241 ὁ ἀgaphtos the beloved Majority of manuscripts 8 246 n 1 John 20 31 zwὴn aἰwnion eternal life PS א C D L 0100 ƒ13 it vgmss syp h sa bo zwὴn eternal life Majority of manuscripts 7 317 Acts 12 25 ἀpὸ Ἰeroysalὴm from Jerusalem PS D 181 436 614 2412 ℓ 147 ℓ 809 ℓ 1021 ℓ 1141 ℓ 1364 ℓ 1439 ar d gig vg Chrysostom eἰs Ἰeroysalὴm to Jerusalem א B H L P 049 056 0142 81 88 326 330 451 629 1241 1505 1877 2492 2495 Majority of manuscripts Lect ἐ3 Ἰeroysalὴm from Jerusalem 𝔓74 A 33 69 630 2127 eἰs Ἀntioxeian to Antioch 97mg 110 328 424mg 425c eἰs tὴn Ἀntioxeian to Antioch ℓ 38 ἀpὸ Ἰeroysalὴm eἰs Ἀntioxeian from Jerusalem to Antioch E 322 323 ἐ3 Ἰeroysalὴm eἰs Ἀntioxeian from Jerusalem to Antioch 429 945 1739 e p syp sa geo eἰs Ἰeroysalὴm eἰs Ἀntioxeian to Jerusalem to Antioch 104 samss 7 357 Acts 15 23 grapsanths ἐpistolhn diὰ xeirὸs aὐtῶn ἔxoysan tὸn typon toῦton with a written letter by their hand having the following contents PS grapsantes diὰ xeirὸs aὐtῶn being written by their hand 𝔓45 𝔓74 א A B bo grapsantes diὰ xeirὸs aὐtῶn tade having written this by their hand א c E 33 Majority of manuscripts syh grapsanths diὰ xeirὸs aὐtῶn ἐpistolhn periexoysan tade having written by their hand a letter containing this C ar c gig w geo grapsanths ἐpistolhn diὰ xeirὸs aὐtῶn periexoysan tade having written a letter by their hand containing this D d grapsantes diὰ xeirὸs aὐtῶn ἐpistolhn kaὶ pempsantes periexoysan tade having written a letter by their hand and sent it containing this 614 7 366 Acts 18 26 tὴn toῦ 8eoῦ ὁdὸn the way of God PS P 049 0142 104 330 451 1241 1877 2127 2492 Majority of manuscripts Lect tὴn ὁdὸn toῦ 8eoῦ the way of God 𝔓74 א A B 33 614 1175 vg 8 491 Acts 20 15 meinantes eἰs tὸ Gyllion tῇ ἐxomenῃ remaining within Gullion On the next day PS kaὶ meinantes ἐn Trwgylliῳ tῇ ἐxomenῃ and remained in Trogyllium on the next day Majority of manuscripts tῇ dὲ ἐxomenῃ and on the next day 𝔓41 𝔓74 א A B C E 33 453 1175 1739 1891 2818 vg bo 8 498 Acts 20 28 toῦ kyrioy of the Lord PS 𝔓74 A C D E 33 36 453 945 1739 1891 toῦ 8eoῦ of God א B 614 1175 1505 vg sy boms Cyr toῦ kyrioy kaὶ 8eoῦ of the Lord and God C3 Majority of manuscripts 7 384 Acts 27 16 Gaydhn Gauda PS Kaῦda Kauda 𝔓74 א c B 1175 lat syp Klaῦda Klauda א A vid 33 81 614 945 1505 1739 vgmss syh Klaydhn Klaudan L 323 1241 Majority of manuscripts 7 384 Acts 28 29 kaὶ taῦta aὐtoῦ eἰpontos ἀpῆl8on oἱ Ἰoydaῖoi pollὴn ἔxontes ἐn ἑaytoῖs syzhthsin And when he had said these words the Jews departed and had a great dispute among themselves omit PS 𝔓74 א A B E 048 33 81 1175 1739 2464 incl Majority of manuscripts 7 408 dd Romans 8 1 Ἰhsoῦ mὴ katὰ sarka peripatoῦsin of Jesus not living according to the flesh PS A Db Minuscule 81 629 2127 vg Ἰhsoῦ of Jesus א B D G 1739 1881 itd g sa bo eth Ἰhsoῦ mὴ katὰ sarka peripatoῦsin ἀllὰ katὰ pneῦma of Jesus not living according to the flesh but according to the Spirit א c Dc K P 33 88 104 181 326 330 436 omit mh 456 614 630 1241 1877 1962 1984 1985 2492 2495 Majority of manuscripts Lect 8 548 Romans 16 25 27 insert after Romans 14 23 PS L 0209 181 326 330 451 460 614 1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495 insert after Romans 15 33 𝔓46 8 576 577 1 Corinthians 2 1 martyrion witness PS B D G P 33 81 104 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Majority of manuscripts Lect it vg syh sa arm eth mysthrion mystery 𝔓46 vid א A C ar r syp bo Hipp BasA Ambst swthrion salvation 489 ℓ 598pt ℓ 599 8 581 1 Corinthians 7 5 tῇ proseyxῇ prayer PS 𝔓11 𝔓46 א A B C D G P 6 33 81 104 181 629 630 1739 1877 1881 1962 it vg cop arm eth tῇ nhsteiᾳ kaὶ tῇ proseyxῇ fasting and prayer א 2 K L 365 1241 1505 Majority of manuscripts sy tῇ proseyxῇ kaὶ nhsteiᾳ prayer and fasting 230 451 JoDam 7 450 8 591 1 Corinthians 12 9 xarismata ἰamatwn ἐn tῷ ἑnὶ pneymati gifts of healing by the one Spirit PS A B 33 81 104 436 630 1739 omits tῷ 1881 it vg xarismata ἰamatwn ἐn tῷ aὐtῷ pneymati gifts of healing by his Spirit א C3 D G K P 0201 88 181 330 451 614 629 1241 1877 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Majority of manuscripts Lect xarismata ἰamatwn ἐn tῷ pneymati gifts of healing by the Spirit 𝔓46 xarismata ἰamatwn gifts of healing C 7 461 Philippians 1 14 toῦ 8eoῦ of God PS א A B D P 33 81 104 326 365 629 1175 1241 2464 kyrioy of the Lord F G Cyp omit 𝔓46 D2 Majority of manuscripts r MarcionT 7 516 1 Timothy 3 16 8eὸs ἐfanerw8h God was manifest PS א c3 Ac Cc2 Dc2 K L P 81 104 630 1241 1505 1739 1881 Majority of manuscripts vgms 4 ὃs ἐfanerw8h Who was manifest א A C F G 33 365 1175 Did Epiph 7 545 n 2 1 Peter 4 14 katὰ mὲn aὐtoὺs blasfhmeῖtai katὰ dὲ ὑmᾶs do3azetai indeed by them He is insulted but by you He is glorified PS K L P 1448 1611 Majority of manuscipts it vgww syh samss boms Cyp omit 𝔓72 א A vid B 049 33 81 323 614 630 945 1241 1739 vg syp bo 7 606 See also EditList of New Testament uncials Textual criticism Biblical manuscriptNotes Edit For more details of the variants of this verse see Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke For more textual variants of this verse see Textual variants in the First Epistle to Timothy References Edit a b c d e f Aland Kurt Aland Barbara 1995 The Text of the New Testament An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism Erroll F Rhodes trans Grand Rapids Michegan William B Eerdmans Publishing Company p 118 ISBN 978 0 8028 4098 1 Liste Handschriften Munster Institute for New Testament Textual Research Retrieved 16 March 2013 a b Lake Kirsopp 1903 Texts from Mount Athos Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica Oxford University of Oxford Press 5 2 94 ISBN 9781592445066 a b c d Gregory Caspar Rene 1900 Textkritik des Neuen Testaments Vol 1 Leipzig J C Hinrichs p 94 a b c d Lake Kirsopp 1900 The Text of Codex PS in St Mark Journal of Theological Studies London Macmillan amp Co 1 1 290 a b c Metzger Bruce Manning Ehrman Bart D 2005 The Text of the New Testament Its Transmission Corruption and Restoration 4th ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 516667 1 a b c d e f g h i j k l Aland Kurt Black Matthew Martini Carlo Maria Metzger Bruce M Wikgren Allen eds 1981 Nestle Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 26 ed Stuttgart Deutsche Bibelstiftung ISBN 3 438 051001 NA26 a b c d e f g h i Aland Kurt Black Matthew Martini Carlo Maria Metzger Bruce Manning Wikgren Allen eds 1983 The Greek New Testament 3rd ed Stuttgart United Bible Societies ISBN 9783438051103 UBS3 Further reading EditHermann von Soden Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer altesten erreibaren Textgestalt I III Berlin 1910 pp 1664 1666 1841 1921 1928 M J Lagrange La critique rationnelle Paris 1935 pp 109 f Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Codex Athous Lavrensis amp oldid 1154111335, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
