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Xanthium

February 15, 2024

Xanthium (cocklebur) is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae, native to the Americas and eastern Asia and some parts of south Asia.[2][3][4]

Xanthium
Xanthium strumarium
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Subtribe: Ambrosiinae
Genus: Xanthium
L.
Type species
Xanthium strumarium[1][2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Xanthium sect. Euxanthium DC.
  • Acanthoxanthium (DC.) Fourr.
  • Xanthium sect. Acanthoxanthium DC.

Description edit

Cockleburs are coarse, herbaceous annual plants growing to 50–120 cm (20–47 in) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, with deeply toothed margins. Some species, notably Xanthium spinosum, are also very thorny with long, slender spines at the leaf bases.[5]

The flower heads are of two types; One, in short terminal branches, produces only pollen. The other, in clusters in the axils of the leaves, produces seed.[5]

Unlike many other members of the family Asteraceae, whose seeds are airborne with a plume of silky hairs resembling miniature parachutes, cocklebur seeds are produced in a hard, spiny, globose or oval double-chambered, single-seeded bur 8–20 mm (0.32–0.79 in) long. It is covered with stiff, hooked spines, which stick to fur and clothing and can be quite difficult to detach. These burs are carried long distances from the parent plant during seed dispersal by help of animals (zoochorous).[6]

Biology edit

Cockleburs are short-day plants, meaning they only initiate flowering when the days are getting shorter in the late summer and fall, typically from July to October in the Northern Hemisphere. They can also flower in the tropics where the daylength is constant.[citation needed]

Diversity edit

Over 200 names have been proposed for species, subspecies, and varieties within the genus. Most of these are regarded as synonyms of highly variable species. Some recognize as few as two or three species in the genus. The Global Compositae Checklist recognizes the following.

Accepted species[3]
formerly included[3]

Legal status edit

The cocklebur is legally listed as a noxious weed in the states of Arkansas and Iowa in the United States of America.[citation needed]

Toxicity and uses edit

The common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a native of North America. It has become an invasive species worldwide. It invades agricultural lands and can be poisonous to livestock, including horses, cattle, and sheep. Some domestic animals will avoid consuming the plant if other forage is present, but less discriminating animals, such as pigs, will consume the plants and then sicken and die. The seedlings and seeds are the most toxic parts of the plants. Symptoms usually occur within a few hours, producing unsteadiness and weakness, depression, nausea and vomiting, twisting of the neck muscles, rapid and weak pulse, difficulty breathing, and eventually death.[citation needed]

The plant also has been used for making yellow dye, hence the name of the genus (Greek xanthos means 'yellow'). The many species of this plant, which can be found in many areas, may actually be varieties of two or three species. The seed oil is edible.[citation needed]

Xanthium strumarium is known as cang er zi (苍耳子) in traditional Chinese medicine. Xanthium is also used to treat nasal and sinus congestion.[7]

The spines and seeds of this fruit are rich in a chemical called carboxyatractyloside (CAT), formerly referred to as xanthostrumarin, which is the chemical that is responsible for most of the adverse effects from the use of cang er zi. CAT has been shown to be a growth inhibitor in Xanthium and other plants, serving two functions, delaying seed germination and inhibiting the growth of other plants. Most of the chemical is concentrated in the spines. When the bur is prepared as an herbal remedy, the spines are usually removed, reducing the CAT content of the finished product.[8]

In literature edit

In the O. Henry novel Cabbages and Kings cockleburrs (spelt thus) are used as a plot device in the chapters Shoes and Ships to persuade the normally barefooted inhabitants of a town in the fictitious banana republic of Anchuria to buy shoes.

Gallery edit

  •  
    X. strumarium
  •  
    X. italicum
  •  
    X. spinosum
  •  
    X. albinum
  •  
    Unidentified Xanthium

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ lectotype designated by J.P. Fourreau, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon ser. 2 17: 110 (1869)
  2. ^ a b Tropicos, Xanthium L.
  3. ^ a b c d Flann, C (ed) 2009+ "Global Compositae Checklist"
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 987 in Latin
  5. ^ a b Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 19, Lampourde, Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 424. 1754.
  6. ^ Flora of China Vol. 20–21 Page 4, 6, 852, 875 苍耳属 cang er shu Xanthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.
  7. ^ English, J. (2010). "Natural Allergy Relief". Nutrition Review. 4 (2). Retrieved 2012-01-03.
  8. ^ Cutler, H. G. and R. J. Cole. (1983). "Carboxyatractyloside: A compound from Xanthium strumarium and Atractylis gummifera with plant growth inhibiting properties". Journal of Natural Products 46(5) 609-13.

Further reading edit

  • Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L.; Little, C.R. (2007). Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 0-89672-614-2

February 15, 2024
xanthium, cocklebur, genus, flowering, plants, tribe, heliantheae, within, family, asteraceae, native, americas, eastern, asia, some, parts, south, asia, strumariumscientific, classificationkingdom, plantaeclade, tracheophytesclade, angiospermsclade, eudicotsc. Xanthium cocklebur is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae native to the Americas and eastern Asia and some parts of south Asia 2 3 4 XanthiumXanthium strumariumScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder AsteralesFamily AsteraceaeSubfamily AsteroideaeTribe HeliantheaeSubtribe AmbrosiinaeGenus XanthiumL Type speciesXanthium strumarium 1 2 L Synonyms 3 Xanthium sect Euxanthium DC Acanthoxanthium DC Fourr Xanthium sect Acanthoxanthium DC Contents 1 Description 2 Biology 3 Diversity 4 Legal status 5 Toxicity and uses 6 In literature 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingDescription editCockleburs are coarse herbaceous annual plants growing to 50 120 cm 20 47 in tall The leaves are spirally arranged with deeply toothed margins Some species notably Xanthium spinosum are also very thorny with long slender spines at the leaf bases 5 The flower heads are of two types One in short terminal branches produces only pollen The other in clusters in the axils of the leaves produces seed 5 Unlike many other members of the family Asteraceae whose seeds are airborne with a plume of silky hairs resembling miniature parachutes cocklebur seeds are produced in a hard spiny globose or oval double chambered single seeded bur 8 20 mm 0 32 0 79 in long It is covered with stiff hooked spines which stick to fur and clothing and can be quite difficult to detach These burs are carried long distances from the parent plant during seed dispersal by help of animals zoochorous 6 Biology editCockleburs are short day plants meaning they only initiate flowering when the days are getting shorter in the late summer and fall typically from July to October in the Northern Hemisphere They can also flower in the tropics where the daylength is constant citation needed Diversity editOver 200 names have been proposed for species subspecies and varieties within the genus Most of these are regarded as synonyms of highly variable species Some recognize as few as two or three species in the genus The Global Compositae Checklist recognizes the following Accepted species 3 Xanthium albinum Widd Scholz amp Sukopp Mongolia Xanthium argenteum Widder Chile Xanthium catharticum Kunth Chile Bolivia Argentina Xanthium cavanillesii Shouw Argentina Xanthium inaequilaterum DC China India Southeast Asia Xanthium mongolicum Kitag Mongolia Xanthium orientale L Europe North Africa Middle East Xanthium pungens Wallr Australia naturalized in Eurasia Xanthium saccharosum Xanthium spinosum L spiny cocklebur burreed Bathurst burr very widespread nearly cosmopolitan Xanthium strumarium L clotbur rough cocklebur large cocklebur common cocklebur very widespread nearly cosmopolitanformerly included 3 see Ambrosia Xanthium artemisioides Ambrosia arborescens Xanthium fruticosum Ambrosia arborescensLegal status editThe cocklebur is legally listed as a noxious weed in the states of Arkansas and Iowa in the United States of America citation needed Toxicity and uses editThe common cocklebur Xanthium strumarium is a native of North America It has become an invasive species worldwide It invades agricultural lands and can be poisonous to livestock including horses cattle and sheep Some domestic animals will avoid consuming the plant if other forage is present but less discriminating animals such as pigs will consume the plants and then sicken and die The seedlings and seeds are the most toxic parts of the plants Symptoms usually occur within a few hours producing unsteadiness and weakness depression nausea and vomiting twisting of the neck muscles rapid and weak pulse difficulty breathing and eventually death citation needed The plant also has been used for making yellow dye hence the name of the genus Greek xanthos means yellow The many species of this plant which can be found in many areas may actually be varieties of two or three species The seed oil is edible citation needed Xanthium strumarium is known as cang er zi 苍耳子 in traditional Chinese medicine Xanthium is also used to treat nasal and sinus congestion 7 The spines and seeds of this fruit are rich in a chemical called carboxyatractyloside CAT formerly referred to as xanthostrumarin which is the chemical that is responsible for most of the adverse effects from the use of cang er zi CAT has been shown to be a growth inhibitor in Xanthium and other plants serving two functions delaying seed germination and inhibiting the growth of other plants Most of the chemical is concentrated in the spines When the bur is prepared as an herbal remedy the spines are usually removed reducing the CAT content of the finished product 8 In literature editIn the O Henry novel Cabbages and Kings cockleburrs spelt thus are used as a plot device in the chapters Shoes and Ships to persuade the normally barefooted inhabitants of a town in the fictitious banana republic of Anchuria to buy shoes Gallery edit nbsp X strumarium nbsp X italicum nbsp X spinosum nbsp X albinum nbsp Unidentified XanthiumSee also editList of beneficial weeds List of companion plants List of plants poisonous to equinesReferences edit lectotype designated by J P Fourreau Ann Soc Linn Lyon ser 2 17 110 1869 a b Tropicos Xanthium L a b c d Flann C ed 2009 Global Compositae Checklist Linnaeus Carl von 1753 Species Plantarum 2 987 in Latin a b Flora of North America Vol 21 Page 19 Lampourde Xanthium Linnaeus Sp Pl 2 987 1753 Gen Pl ed 5 424 1754 Flora of China Vol 20 21 Page 4 6 852 875 苍耳属 cang er shu Xanthium Linnaeus Sp Pl 2 987 1753 English J 2010 Natural Allergy Relief Nutrition Review 4 2 Retrieved 2012 01 03 Cutler H G and R J Cole 1983 Carboxyatractyloside A compound from Xanthium strumarium and Atractylis gummifera with plant growth inhibiting properties Journal of Natural Products 46 5 609 13 Further reading editEveritt J H Lonard R L Little C R 2007 Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico Lubbock Texas Tech University Press ISBN 0 89672 614 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Xanthium amp oldid 1181906805, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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