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Christ (title)

May 01, 2023

Christ,[note 1] used by Christians as both a name and a title, unambiguously refers to Jesus.[5][6][7] It is also used as a title, in the reciprocal use "Christ Jesus", meaning "the Messiah Jesus", and independently as "the Christ".[8] The Pauline epistles, the earliest texts of the New Testament,[9] often refer to Jesus as "Christ Jesus" or "Christ".[10]

The oldest known icon of Christ Pantocrator – Saint Catherine's Monastery. The halo is a representation of the divine Logos of Christ, and the two different facial expressions on either side emphasize Christ's dual nature as both divine and human.[1][2]

The concept of the Christ in Christianity originated from the concept of the messiah in Judaism. Christians believe that Jesus is the messiah foretold in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Although the conceptions of the messiah in each religion are similar, for the most part they are distinct from one another due to the split of early Christianity and Judaism in the 1st century.

Although the original followers of Jesus believed Jesus to be the Jewish messiah, e.g. in the Confession of Peter, Jesus was usually referred to as "Jesus of Nazareth" or "Jesus, son of Joseph",[11] Jesus came to be called "Jesus Christ" (meaning "Jesus the Khristós", i.e. "Jesus the Messiah" or "Jesus the Anointed") by Christians, who believe that his crucifixion and resurrection fulfill the messianic prophecies of the Old Testament.

Etymology

Christ comes from the Greek word χριστός (chrīstós), meaning "anointed one". The word is derived from the Greek verb χρίω (chrī́ō), meaning "to anoint."[12] In the Greek Septuagint, χριστός was a semantic loan used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Mašíaḥ, messiah), meaning "⁠[one who is] anointed".[13]

Usage

See also: Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament and Holy Name of Jesus

The word Christ (and similar spellings) appears in English and in most European languages. English-speakers now often use "Christ" as if it were a name, one part of the name "Jesus Christ", though it was originally a title ("the Messiah"). Its usage in "Christ Jesus" emphasizes its nature as a title.[8][14] Compare the usage "the Christ".[15]

The spelling Christ in English became standardized in the 18th century, when, in the spirit of the Enlightenment, the spelling of certain words changed to fit their Greek or Latin origins. Prior to this, scribes writing in Old and Middle English usually used the spelling Crist—the i being pronounced either as /iː/, preserved in the names of churches such as St Katherine Cree, or as a short /ɪ/, preserved in the modern pronunciation of "Christmas". The spelling "Christ" in English is attested from the 14th century.[16]

In modern and ancient usage, even in secular terminology, "Christ" usually refers to Jesus, based on the centuries-old tradition of such usage. Since the Apostolic Age, the

... use of the definite article before the word Christ and its gradual development into a proper name show the Christians identified the bearer with the promised Messias of the Jews.[17]

Background and New Testament references

 
First page of Mark, by Sargis Pitsak (14th century): "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God".

Pre-New Testament references

In the Old Testament, anointing was a ceremonial reserved to the Kings of Israel (1 Kings 19:16; 24:7), Psalms 17 (18):51), to Cyrus the Great (Isaiah 45:1), to the High Priest of Israel, the patriarchs (Psalms 104(105):15 and to the prophets.[18][12]

In the Septuagint text of the deuterocanonical books, the term "Christ" (Χριστός, translit. Christós) is found in 2 Maccabees 1:10[19][20] (referring to the anointed High Priest of Israel) and in the Book of Sirach 46:19,[21][22] in relation to Samuel, prophet and institutor of the kingdom under Saul.

At the time of Jesus, there was no single form of Second Temple Judaism, and there were significant political, social, and religious differences among the various Jewish groups.[23] However, for centuries the Jews had used the term moshiach ("anointed") to refer to their expected deliverer.[17]

Opening lines of Mark and Matthew

Mark 1:1 ("The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God") identifies Jesus as both Christ and the Son of God. Matthew 1:1 uses Christ as a name and Matthew 1:16 explains it again with: "Jesus, who is called Christ". The use of the definite article before the word "Christ" and its gradual development into a proper name show that the Christians identified Jesus with the promised messiah of the Jews who fulfilled all the messianic predictions in a fuller and a higher sense than had been given them by the rabbis.[17]

Confession of Peter (Matthew, Mark and Luke)

The so-called Confession of Peter, recorded in the Synoptic Gospels as Jesus's foremost apostle Peter saying that Jesus was the Messiah, has become a famous proclamation of faith among Christians since the first century.[23]

Martha's statement (John)

In John 11:27 Martha told Jesus, "you are the Christ, the Son of God, who is coming into the world", signifying that both titles were generally accepted (yet considered distinct) among the followers of Jesus before the raising of Lazarus.[24]

Sanhedrin trial of Jesus (Matthew, Mark and Luke)

During the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus, it might appear from the narrative of Matthew that Jesus at first refused a direct reply to the high priest Caiaphas's question: "Are you the Messiah, the Son of God?", where his answer is given merely as Σὺ εἶπας (Su eipas, "You [singular] have said it").[25] Similarly but differently in Luke, all those present are said to ask Jesus: 'Are you then the Son of God?', to which Jesus reportedly answered: Ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι (Hymeis legete hoti ego eimi, "You [plural] say that I am".[26] In the Gospel of Mark, however, when asked by Caiaphas 'Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?', Jesus tells the Sanhedrin: Ἐγώ εἰμι (ego eimi, "I am").[27] There are instances from Jewish literature in which the expression "you have said it" is equivalent to "you are right".[28] The Messianic claim was less significant than the claim to divinity, which caused the high priest's horrified accusation of blasphemy and the subsequent call for the death sentence. Before Pilate, on the other hand, it was merely the assertion of his royal dignity which gave grounds for his condemnation.[28]

Pauline epistles

The word "Christ" is closely associated with Jesus in the Pauline epistles, which suggests that there was no need for the early Christians to claim that Jesus is Christ because it was considered widely accepted among them. Hence Paul can use the term Khristós with no confusion as to whom it refers, and he can use expressions such as "in Christ" to refer to the followers of Jesus, as in 1 Corinthians 4:15 and Romans 12:5.[29] Paul proclaimed him as the Last Adam, who restored through obedience what Adam lost through disobedience.[30] The Pauline epistles are a source of some key Christological connections; e.g., Ephesians 3:17–19 relates the love of Christ to the knowledge of Christ, and considers the love of Christ as a necessity for knowing him.[31]

There are also implicit claims to him being the Christ in the words and actions of Jesus.[28][clarification needed]

Use of Messias in John

The Hellenization Μεσσίας (Messías) is used twice to mean "Messiah" in the New Testament: by the disciple Andrew at John 1:41, and by the Samaritan woman at the well at John 4:25. In both cases, the Greek text specifies immediately after that this means "the Christ."[15]: 509 

Christology

Main article: Christology

Christology, literally "the understanding of Christ,"[32] is the study of the nature (person) and work (role in salvation) of Jesus in Christianity.[33][34][35][36] It studies Jesus Christ's humanity and divinity, and the relation between these two aspects;[37] and the role he plays in salvation.

From the second to the fifth centuries, the relation of the human and divine nature of Christ was a major focus of debates in the early church and at the first seven ecumenical councils. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 issued a formulation of the hypostatic union of the two natures of Christ, one human and one divine, "united with neither confusion nor division".[38] Most of the major branches of Western Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy subscribe to this formulation,[38] while many branches of Oriental Orthodox Churches reject it,[39][40][41] subscribing to miaphysitism.

According to the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas, in the singular case of Jesus, the word Christ has a twofold meaning, which stands for "both the Godhead anointing and the manhood anointed". It derives from the twofold human-divine nature of Christ (dyophysitism): the Son of man is anointed in consequence of His incarnated flesh, as well as the Son of God is anointing in consequence of the "Godhead which He has with the Father" (ST III, q. 16, a. 5).[42]

Symbols

See also: Christogram, Xian (abbreviation), and Xmas
 
The Chi Rho
 
Christ Pantocrator mosaic, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, showing use of ΧϹ digraph

The use of "Χ" as an abbreviation for "Christ" derives from the Greek letter Chi (χ), in the word Christós (Greek: Χριστός). An early Christogram is the Chi Rho symbol, formed by superimposing the first two Greek letters in Christ, chi (Χ) and rho (Ρ), to produce ☧.[43]

The centuries-old English word Χmas (or, in earlier form, XPmas) is an English form of χ-mas,[44] itself an abbreviation for Christ-mas. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and the OED Supplement have cited usages of "X-" or "Xp-" for "Christ-" as early as 1485. The terms "Xpian" and "Xren" have been used for "Christian", "Xst" for "Christ's" "Xρofer" for Christopher and Xmas, Xstmas, and Xtmas for Christmas. The OED further cites usage of "Xtianity" for "Christianity" from 1634.[note 2] According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, most of the evidence for these words comes from "educated Englishmen who knew their Greek".[46][47]

The December 1957 News and Views published by the Church League of America, a conservative organization founded in 1937,[48] attacked the use of "Xmas" in an article titled "X=The Unknown Quantity". Gerald L. K. Smith picked up the statements later, in December 1966, saying that Xmas was a "blasphemous omission of the name of Christ" and that "'X' is referred to as being symbolical of the unknown quantity."[49] More recently, American evangelist Franklin Graham and former CNN contributor Roland S. Martin publicly raised concerns. Graham stated in an interview that the use of "Xmas" is taking "Christ out of Christmas" and called it a "war against the name of Jesus Christ."[50] Roland Martin relates the use of "Xmas" to his growing concerns of increasing commercialization and secularization of what he says is one of Christianity's highest holy days.[51]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pronounced /kraɪst/. From Latin: Christus; from Greek: χριστός, translit. khristós, lit. "anointed, covered in oil"; a semantic loan of Imperial Aramaic: משיחא, romanized: məšīḥā or Hebrew: מָשִׁיחַ, romanized: māšîaḥ, lit. 'messiah'; from Imperial Aramaic: משח, romanized: məšaḥ or Hebrew: מָשַׁח, romanized: māšaḥ, lit. 'to anoint'.[3][4] Alternatively (Messiah or Messias): Latin: messias, from Greek: μεσσίας (alternative to χριστός), from the same Semitic word.
  2. ^ Viz. 1485 Rolls of Parliament VI.280/I The most famous, beloved, and Xren Prince. 1573 Baret Alv. s.v. V. "The long mistaking of this woorde Xps standing for Chrs by abbreuiation which fore lacke of knowledge in the greeke they tooke for x, p, and s, and so likewise Xpofer. 1598 Rowlands Betraying of Christ Hunter, Cl. 25 "Xpian the outward, the inward not at all"; 1634 Documents against Prynne, Camden, 33 "Such right...as your Xtianity, place, and function joyntly require." 1697 Aubrey Lives Milton (MS Aubrey 8, lf. 63) "He was so faire, that they called him the lady of Xts college."[45]

References

  1. ^ Schönborn, Christoph (1994). God's human face: the Christ-icon. p. 154. ISBN 0-89870-514-2.
  2. ^ Galey, John (1986). Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine. p. 92. ISBN 977-424-118-5.
  3. ^ Zanzig, Thomas (2000). Jesus of history, Christ of faith. p. 314. ISBN 0-88489-530-0.
  4. ^ "Etymology Online: messiah". Etymonline.com. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  5. ^ Prager, Edward (2005). A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations. p. 85. ISBN 0-521-82692-6.
  6. ^ Zanzig, Thomas (2000). Jesus of history, Christ of faith. p. 33. ISBN 0-88489-530-0.
  7. ^ Espin, Orlando (2007). n Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8146-5856-7.
  8. ^ a b Pannenberg, Wolfhart (1968). Jesus God and Man. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-664-24468-8.
  9. ^ Borg, Marcus (August 31, 2012). "A Chronological New Testament". The Huffington Post.
  10. ^ "Saint Paul, the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  11. ^ "Jesus Christ". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  12. ^ a b χριστός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  13. ^ Messiah Retrieved February 4, 2020
  14. ^ Doniger, Wendy (2000). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 212. ISBN 0-87779-044-2.
  15. ^ a b Bauer, Walter, et al., eds. (1957). "Μεσσίας, ου, ὁ". A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (1 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  16. ^ "Christ". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  17. ^ a b c Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  18. ^ "What Do 'Messiah' and 'Jesus Christ' Mean?. Both Christ and Messiah mean anointed or anointed one". January 26, 2011. from the original on June 22, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2018. anointing was a rite of kingship in Syria-Palestine in the fourteenth century BCE.
  19. ^ "1611 King James Bible, Second Book of Maccabees, chapter 1, verse 10". kingjamesbibleonline.org.
  20. ^ "Greek Septuagint and Wiki English Translation, Second Book of Maccabees, chapter 1". katabiblon.com (in English and Greek). from the original on October 4, 2018.
  21. ^ "1611 King James Bible, Book of Sirach, chapter 46, verse 19". kingjamesbibleonline.org.
  22. ^ "Greek Septuagint and Wiki English Translation, Book of Sirach, chapter 46". katabiblon.com (in English and Greek). from the original on October 5, 2018.
  23. ^ a b Ekstrand, Donald W. (2008). Christianity. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-1-60477-929-5.
  24. ^ Ekstrand, Donald W. (2008). Christianity. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-60477-929-5.
  25. ^ Matthew 26:63–64.
  26. ^ Luke 22:70.
  27. ^ Mark 14:61–62.
  28. ^ a b c Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Messiah" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  29. ^ Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. p. 99. ISBN 0-8028-3167-2.
  30. ^ Rahner, Karl (2004). Encyclopedia of theology: A concise Sacramentum mundi. pp. 730–739. ISBN 0-86012-006-6.
  31. ^ Barclay, William (2002). The letters to the Galatians and Ephesians. pp. 152–153. ISBN 0-664-22559-4.
  32. ^ Ehrman 2014, p. 108.
  33. ^ Ehrman 2014, p. 171.
  34. ^ O'Collins 2009, p. 1-3.
  35. ^ Ramm 1993, p. 15.
  36. ^ Bird, Evans & Gathercole 2014, p. 134, n.5.
  37. ^ Ehrman 2014, p. ch.6-9.
  38. ^ a b Davis 1990, p. 342.
  39. ^ Armentrout & Boak Slocum 2005, p. 81.
  40. ^ Espín & Nickoloff 2007, p. 217.
  41. ^ Beversluis 2000, p. 21–22.
  42. ^ Thomas Aquinas (1947). English translation of the "Summa Theologica", with Latin text. dhspriory.org (in Latin and English). Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Benziger Bros. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2019., with a quotation form the Epistle to Palestinians of Pope Leo I
  43. ^ Steffler, Alva William (2002). Symbols of the Christian faith. p. 66. ISBN 0-8028-4676-9.
  44. ^ Griffiths, Emma (December 22, 2004). "Why get cross about Xmas?". BBC News. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  45. ^ "X". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  46. ^ "Xmas" article, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, Merriam-Webster, 1994, p 968, ISBN 978-0-87779-132-4, retrieved via Google Books, December 27, 2008
  47. ^ O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2009). Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language. New York: Random House. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4000-6660-5.
  48. ^ "Subject Guide to Conservative and Libertarian Materials, in Manuscript Collections". University of Oregon.
  49. ^ Kominsky, Morris (1970). The Hoaxers: Plain Liars, Fancy Liars and Damned Liars. pp. 137–138. ISBN 0-8283-1288-5.
  50. ^ American Morning: A Conversation With Reverend Franklin Graham, CNN (December 16, 2005). Retrieved on December 29, 2009.
  51. ^ Martin, Roland (December 20, 2007). Commentary: You can't take Christ out of Christmas, CNN. Retrieved on December 29, 2009.

Further reading

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Christ (title).
 
Look up Christ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

May 01, 2023
christ, title, christ, note, used, christians, both, name, title, unambiguously, refers, jesus, also, used, title, reciprocal, christ, jesus, meaning, messiah, jesus, independently, christ, pauline, epistles, earliest, texts, testament, often, refer, jesus, ch. Christ note 1 used by Christians as both a name and a title unambiguously refers to Jesus 5 6 7 It is also used as a title in the reciprocal use Christ Jesus meaning the Messiah Jesus and independently as the Christ 8 The Pauline epistles the earliest texts of the New Testament 9 often refer to Jesus as Christ Jesus or Christ 10 The oldest known icon of Christ Pantocrator Saint Catherine s Monastery The halo is a representation of the divine Logos of Christ and the two different facial expressions on either side emphasize Christ s dual nature as both divine and human 1 2 The concept of the Christ in Christianity originated from the concept of the messiah in Judaism Christians believe that Jesus is the messiah foretold in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament Although the conceptions of the messiah in each religion are similar for the most part they are distinct from one another due to the split of early Christianity and Judaism in the 1st century Although the original followers of Jesus believed Jesus to be the Jewish messiah e g in the Confession of Peter Jesus was usually referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus son of Joseph 11 Jesus came to be called Jesus Christ meaning Jesus the Khristos i e Jesus the Messiah or Jesus the Anointed by Christians who believe that his crucifixion and resurrection fulfill the messianic prophecies of the Old Testament Contents 1 Etymology 2 Usage 3 Background and New Testament references 3 1 Pre New Testament references 3 2 Opening lines of Mark and Matthew 3 3 Confession of Peter Matthew Mark and Luke 3 4 Martha s statement John 3 5 Sanhedrin trial of Jesus Matthew Mark and Luke 3 6 Pauline epistles 3 7 Use of Messias in John 4 Christology 5 Symbols 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further readingEtymology EditChrist comes from the Greek word xristos christos meaning anointed one The word is derived from the Greek verb xriw chri ō meaning to anoint 12 In the Greek Septuagint xristos was a semantic loan used to translate the Hebrew מ ש יח Masiaḥ messiah meaning one who is anointed 13 Usage EditSee also Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament and Holy Name of Jesus The word Christ and similar spellings appears in English and in most European languages English speakers now often use Christ as if it were a name one part of the name Jesus Christ though it was originally a title the Messiah Its usage in Christ Jesus emphasizes its nature as a title 8 14 Compare the usage the Christ 15 The spelling Christ in English became standardized in the 18th century when in the spirit of the Enlightenment the spelling of certain words changed to fit their Greek or Latin origins Prior to this scribes writing in Old and Middle English usually used the spelling Crist the i being pronounced either as iː preserved in the names of churches such as St Katherine Cree or as a short ɪ preserved in the modern pronunciation of Christmas The spelling Christ in English is attested from the 14th century 16 In modern and ancient usage even in secular terminology Christ usually refers to Jesus based on the centuries old tradition of such usage Since the Apostolic Age the use of the definite article before the word Christ and its gradual development into a proper name show the Christians identified the bearer with the promised Messias of the Jews 17 Background and New Testament references Edit First page of Mark by Sargis Pitsak 14th century The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ the Son of God Pre New Testament references Edit In the Old Testament anointing was a ceremonial reserved to the Kings of Israel 1 Kings 19 16 24 7 Psalms 17 18 51 to Cyrus the Great Isaiah 45 1 to the High Priest of Israel the patriarchs Psalms 104 105 15 and to the prophets 18 12 In the Septuagint text of the deuterocanonical books the term Christ Xristos translit Christos is found in 2 Maccabees 1 10 19 20 referring to the anointed High Priest of Israel and in the Book of Sirach 46 19 21 22 in relation to Samuel prophet and institutor of the kingdom under Saul At the time of Jesus there was no single form of Second Temple Judaism and there were significant political social and religious differences among the various Jewish groups 23 However for centuries the Jews had used the term moshiach anointed to refer to their expected deliverer 17 Opening lines of Mark and Matthew Edit Mark 1 1 The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ the Son of God identifies Jesus as both Christ and the Son of God Matthew 1 1 uses Christ as a name and Matthew 1 16 explains it again with Jesus who is called Christ The use of the definite article before the word Christ and its gradual development into a proper name show that the Christians identified Jesus with the promised messiah of the Jews who fulfilled all the messianic predictions in a fuller and a higher sense than had been given them by the rabbis 17 Confession of Peter Matthew Mark and Luke Edit The so called Confession of Peter recorded in the Synoptic Gospels as Jesus s foremost apostle Peter saying that Jesus was the Messiah has become a famous proclamation of faith among Christians since the first century 23 Martha s statement John Edit In John 11 27 Martha told Jesus you are the Christ the Son of God who is coming into the world signifying that both titles were generally accepted yet considered distinct among the followers of Jesus before the raising of Lazarus 24 Sanhedrin trial of Jesus Matthew Mark and Luke Edit During the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus it might appear from the narrative of Matthew that Jesus at first refused a direct reply to the high priest Caiaphas s question Are you the Messiah the Son of God where his answer is given merely as Sὺ eἶpas Su eipas You singular have said it 25 Similarly but differently in Luke all those present are said to ask Jesus Are you then the Son of God to which Jesus reportedly answered Ὑmeῖs legete ὅti ἐgw eἰmi Hymeis legete hoti ego eimi You plural say that I am 26 In the Gospel of Mark however when asked by Caiaphas Are you the Messiah the Son of the Blessed One Jesus tells the Sanhedrin Ἐgw eἰmi ego eimi I am 27 There are instances from Jewish literature in which the expression you have said it is equivalent to you are right 28 The Messianic claim was less significant than the claim to divinity which caused the high priest s horrified accusation of blasphemy and the subsequent call for the death sentence Before Pilate on the other hand it was merely the assertion of his royal dignity which gave grounds for his condemnation 28 Pauline epistles Edit The word Christ is closely associated with Jesus in the Pauline epistles which suggests that there was no need for the early Christians to claim that Jesus is Christ because it was considered widely accepted among them Hence Paul can use the term Khristos with no confusion as to whom it refers and he can use expressions such as in Christ to refer to the followers of Jesus as in 1 Corinthians 4 15 and Romans 12 5 29 Paul proclaimed him as the Last Adam who restored through obedience what Adam lost through disobedience 30 The Pauline epistles are a source of some key Christological connections e g Ephesians 3 17 19 relates the love of Christ to the knowledge of Christ and considers the love of Christ as a necessity for knowing him 31 There are also implicit claims to him being the Christ in the words and actions of Jesus 28 clarification needed Use of Messias in John Edit The Hellenization Messias Messias is used twice to mean Messiah in the New Testament by the disciple Andrew at John 1 41 and by the Samaritan woman at the well at John 4 25 In both cases the Greek text specifies immediately after that this means the Christ 15 509 Christology EditMain article Christology Christology literally the understanding of Christ 32 is the study of the nature person and work role in salvation of Jesus in Christianity 33 34 35 36 It studies Jesus Christ s humanity and divinity and the relation between these two aspects 37 and the role he plays in salvation From the second to the fifth centuries the relation of the human and divine nature of Christ was a major focus of debates in the early church and at the first seven ecumenical councils The Council of Chalcedon in 451 issued a formulation of the hypostatic union of the two natures of Christ one human and one divine united with neither confusion nor division 38 Most of the major branches of Western Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy subscribe to this formulation 38 while many branches of Oriental Orthodox Churches reject it 39 40 41 subscribing to miaphysitism According to the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas in the singular case of Jesus the word Christ has a twofold meaning which stands for both the Godhead anointing and the manhood anointed It derives from the twofold human divine nature of Christ dyophysitism the Son of man is anointed in consequence of His incarnated flesh as well as the Son of God is anointing in consequence of the Godhead which He has with the Father ST III q 16 a 5 42 Symbols EditSee also Christogram Xian abbreviation and Xmas The Chi Rho Christ Pantocrator mosaic Church of the Holy Sepulchre showing use of XϹ digraph The use of X as an abbreviation for Christ derives from the Greek letter Chi x in the word Christos Greek Xristos An early Christogram is the Chi Rho symbol formed by superimposing the first two Greek letters in Christ chi X and rho R to produce 43 The centuries old English word Xmas or in earlier form XPmas is an English form of x mas 44 itself an abbreviation for Christ mas The Oxford English Dictionary OED and the OED Supplement have cited usages of X or Xp for Christ as early as 1485 The terms Xpian and Xren have been used for Christian Xst for Christ s Xrofer for Christopher and Xmas Xstmas and Xtmas for Christmas The OED further cites usage of Xtianity for Christianity from 1634 note 2 According to Merriam Webster s Dictionary of English Usage most of the evidence for these words comes from educated Englishmen who knew their Greek 46 47 The December 1957 News and Views published by the Church League of America a conservative organization founded in 1937 48 attacked the use of Xmas in an article titled X The Unknown Quantity Gerald L K Smith picked up the statements later in December 1966 saying that Xmas was a blasphemous omission of the name of Christ and that X is referred to as being symbolical of the unknown quantity 49 More recently American evangelist Franklin Graham and former CNN contributor Roland S Martin publicly raised concerns Graham stated in an interview that the use of Xmas is taking Christ out of Christmas and called it a war against the name of Jesus Christ 50 Roland Martin relates the use of Xmas to his growing concerns of increasing commercialization and secularization of what he says is one of Christianity s highest holy days 51 See also EditChrism Ichthys Dyophysitism Hypostatic union Kerigma Knowledge of Christ Masih Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran Perfection of Christ You are ChristNotes Edit Pronounced k r aɪ s t From Latin Christus from Greek xristos translit khristos lit anointed covered in oil a semantic loan of Imperial Aramaic משיחא romanized mesiḥa or Hebrew מ ש יח romanized masiaḥ lit messiah from Imperial Aramaic משח romanized mesaḥ or Hebrew מ ש ח romanized masaḥ lit to anoint 3 4 Alternatively Messiah or Messias Latin messias from Greek messias alternative to xristos from the same Semitic word Viz 1485 Rolls of Parliament VI 280 I The most famous beloved and Xren Prince 1573 Baret Alv s v V The long mistaking of this woorde Xps standing for Chrs by abbreuiation which fore lacke of knowledge in the greeke they tooke for x p and s and so likewise Xpofer 1598 Rowlands Betraying of Christ Hunter Cl 25 Xpian the outward the inward not at all 1634 Documents against Prynne Camden 33 Such right as your Xtianity place and function joyntly require 1697 Aubrey Lives Milton MS Aubrey 8 lf 63 He was so faire that they called him the lady of Xts college 45 References Edit Schonborn Christoph 1994 God s human face the Christ icon p 154 ISBN 0 89870 514 2 Galey John 1986 Sinai and the Monastery of St Catherine p 92 ISBN 977 424 118 5 Zanzig Thomas 2000 Jesus of history Christ of faith p 314 ISBN 0 88489 530 0 Etymology Online messiah Etymonline com Retrieved November 19 2010 Prager Edward 2005 A Dictionary of Jewish Christian Relations p 85 ISBN 0 521 82692 6 Zanzig Thomas 2000 Jesus of history Christ of faith p 33 ISBN 0 88489 530 0 Espin Orlando 2007 n Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies p 231 ISBN 978 0 8146 5856 7 a b Pannenberg Wolfhart 1968 Jesus God and Man pp 30 31 ISBN 0 664 24468 8 Borg Marcus August 31 2012 A Chronological New Testament The Huffington Post Saint Paul the Apostle Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved May 23 2013 Jesus Christ Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved May 23 2013 a b xristos Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Messiah Retrieved February 4 2020 Doniger Wendy 2000 Merriam Webster s Encyclopedia of World Religions Merriam Webster p 212 ISBN 0 87779 044 2 a b Bauer Walter et al eds 1957 Messias oy ὁ A Greek English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature 1 ed Chicago University of Chicago Press Christ Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required a b c Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company What Do Messiah and Jesus Christ Mean Both Christ and Messiah mean anointed or anointed one January 26 2011 Archived from the original on June 22 2016 Retrieved September 17 2018 anointing was a rite of kingship in Syria Palestine in the fourteenth century BCE 1611 King James Bible Second Book of Maccabees chapter 1 verse 10 kingjamesbibleonline org Greek Septuagint and Wiki English Translation Second Book of Maccabees chapter 1 katabiblon com in English and Greek Archived from the original on October 4 2018 1611 King James Bible Book of Sirach chapter 46 verse 19 kingjamesbibleonline org Greek Septuagint and Wiki English Translation Book of Sirach chapter 46 katabiblon com in English and Greek Archived from the original on October 5 2018 a b Ekstrand Donald W 2008 Christianity pp 147 150 ISBN 978 1 60477 929 5 Ekstrand Donald W 2008 Christianity p 81 ISBN 978 1 60477 929 5 Matthew 26 63 64 Luke 22 70 Mark 14 61 62 a b c Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Messiah Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Hurtado Larry W 2005 Lord Jesus Christ Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity p 99 ISBN 0 8028 3167 2 Rahner Karl 2004 Encyclopedia of theology A concise Sacramentum mundi pp 730 739 ISBN 0 86012 006 6 Barclay William 2002 The letters to the Galatians and Ephesians pp 152 153 ISBN 0 664 22559 4 Ehrman 2014 p 108 Ehrman 2014 p 171 O Collins 2009 p 1 3 Ramm 1993 p 15 Bird Evans amp Gathercole 2014 p 134 n 5 Ehrman 2014 p ch 6 9 a b Davis 1990 p 342 Armentrout amp Boak Slocum 2005 p 81 Espin amp Nickoloff 2007 p 217 Beversluis 2000 p 21 22 Thomas Aquinas 1947 English translation of the Summa Theologica with Latin text dhspriory org in Latin and English Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province Benziger Bros Archived from the original on October 21 2014 Retrieved July 26 2019 with a quotation form the Epistle to Palestinians of Pope Leo I Steffler Alva William 2002 Symbols of the Christian faith p 66 ISBN 0 8028 4676 9 Griffiths Emma December 22 2004 Why get cross about Xmas BBC News Retrieved April 22 2022 X Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Xmas article Merriam Webster s Dictionary of English Usage Merriam Webster 1994 p 968 ISBN 978 0 87779 132 4 retrieved via Google Books December 27 2008 O Conner Patricia T Kellerman Stewart 2009 Origins of the Specious Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language New York Random House p 77 ISBN 978 1 4000 6660 5 Subject Guide to Conservative and Libertarian Materials in Manuscript Collections University of Oregon Kominsky Morris 1970 The Hoaxers Plain Liars Fancy Liars and Damned Liars pp 137 138 ISBN 0 8283 1288 5 American Morning A Conversation With Reverend Franklin Graham CNN December 16 2005 Retrieved on December 29 2009 Martin Roland December 20 2007 Commentary You can t take Christ out of Christmas CNN Retrieved on December 29 2009 Further reading Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Christ title Look up Christ in Wiktionary the free dictionary Armentrout Donald S Boak Slocum Robert 2005 An Episcopal dictionary of the church ISBN 978 0 89869 211 2 Bird Michael F Evans Craig A Gathercole Simon 2014 Endnotes Chapter 1 How God Became Jesus The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus Divine Nature A Response to Bart Ehrman Zondervan ISBN 978 0 310 51961 4 Beversluis Joel Diederik 2000 Sourcebook of the world s religions ISBN 978 1 57731 121 8 Cullmann Oscar 1959 The Christology of the New Testament Louisville Westminster John Knox Press ISBN 978 0 664 24351 7 Davis Leo Donald 1990 The First Seven Ecumenical Councils 325 787 Their History and Theology Theology and Life Series 21 Collegeville MN Michael Glazier Liturgical Press ISBN 978 0 8146 5616 7 Ehrman Bart 2014 How Jesus became God The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee Harper Collins Espin Orlando O Nickoloff James B 2007 An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies ISBN 978 0 8146 5856 7 Fuller Reginald H 1965 The Foundations of New Testament Christology New York Scribners ISBN 0 684 15532 X Greene Colin J D 2004 Christology in Cultural Perspective Marking Out the Horizons Grand Rapids Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0 8028 2792 6 Kingsbury Jack Dean 1989 The Christology of Mark s Gospel Philadelphia Fortress Press ISBN 978 1 4514 1007 5 O Collins Gerald 2009 Christology A Biblical Historical and Systematic Study of Jesus Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 955787 5 Ramm Bernard L 1993 Christology at the Center An Evangelical Christology Ecumenic and Historic Regent College Publishing ISBN 9781573830089 Reeves Michael 2015 Rejoicing in Christ IVP ISBN 978 0 8308 4022 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Christ title amp oldid 1152245644, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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