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Jasus edwardsii

January 01, 1970

Jasus edwardsii, the southern rock lobster, red rock lobster, or spiny rock lobster, is a species of spiny lobster found throughout coastal waters of southern Australia and New Zealand including the Chatham Islands. It is commonly called crayfish in Australia and New Zealand and kōura in Māori.[3] They resemble lobsters, but lack the large characteristic pincers on the first pair of walking legs.

Jasus edwardsii
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Family: Palinuridae
Genus: Jasus
Species:
J. edwardsii
Binomial name
Jasus edwardsii
(Hutton, 1875)
Synonyms[2]
  • Jasus novaehollandiae Holthuis, 1963
  • Palinurus edwardsii Hutton, 1875

Spiny rock lobsters are carnivorous, leaving their rock cover to venture out to feed during the night. They live in and around reefs at depths ranging from 5–200 metres (16–660 ft) deep at the continental shelf.[4] They can be dark red and orange above with paler yellowish abdomens or grey-green brown with the paler underside. The more tropical animals tend to have the brighter colours. Adult carapaces can grow up to 230 millimetres (9.1 in) in length and can often exceed 8 kilograms (18 lb) in underfished areas.

Distribution edit

Jasus edwardsii is found around most of the coast of New Zealand, including the three main islands, the Three Kings Islands, the Chatham Islands, the Snares Islands, the Bounty Islands, the Antipodes Islands and the Auckland Islands. This last locality is the southernmost place where spiny lobsters occur in the world. In Australia, J. edwardsii is found around the southern coast, from central New South Wales to southern Western Australia, including Tasmania.[5]

Life cycle edit

Adults are sexually mature at between 7 and 11 years, mating occurs during late summer and autumn. Eggs develop on females, which carry between 100,000 and 500,000 eggs which are fertilised and held below the tail on hairs on the female's abdomen. The eggs develop here for 3 to 5 months. Eggs then metamorphose into naupliosoma larva which leave the female and are free swimming plankton which migrate towards the surface where they moult into a phyllosoma larva.[6]

The rock lobster has among the longest larval development known for any marine creature. The phyllosoma (Greek for "leaf-like") larvae spend between 9 months to 2 years in oceanic waters before metamorphosing to the post larval stage, known as the puerulus, which then swims towards the coast to settle.

Size edit

Maximum total body length is 58 cm (males), and 43 cm (females); maximum carapace lengths 23.5 cm (males), 18 cm (females); minimum legal carapace lengths vary depending on location.[4] In some areas, Jasus edwardsii are frequently harvested weighing over 4.5kg.

As food edit

 
Jasus edwardsii served raw Japanese-style as sashimi

Jasus edwardsii is prized by consumers in Oceania, China and South-East Asia for its sweet, succulent flesh.[7] Like true lobster, it can be served boiled, steamed, grilled or raw. A$250 million worth are harvested every year in Australia alone.[8]

Aquaculture edit

The potential for Jasus edwardsii to become an aquaculture species in New Zealand is high.[9] Although not commercially farmed yet, this species of lobster has a wild seed stock available and already some commercial companies are harvesting and on growing this seed stock.[10] The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) has reared individuals from egg to adult, showing that it is possible to grow this species in captivity, although it takes between 200 and 400 days to reach maturity.[9]

This species is also a potential aquaculture species in Australia. There is already a well established export of wild rock lobster from Australia, especially Southern Australia which currently lands just over 3000 tonnes a year. An aquaculture of this species would serve to bulk up the wild catch and add value with high quality grown lobsters.

South Australia currently does have limited aquaculture of Jasus edwardsii, keeping legal sized individuals from the fishery in cages in Kangaroo Island to make them available in the off season, ensuring a year-round supply to market,[11] although no aquaculture from juveniles or eggs is done yet.

Food edit

NIWA used primarily brine shrimp to feed the juvenile lobsters, but little is known about a preferred food source.[12][13] Chopped up mussel flesh has been used previously in Japan.[9] Both these techniques carry some potential disadvantages – brine shrimp can introduce disease, and mussels deteriorate once introduced to the water, giving bacteria an environment to grow on. A study has shown that mussels provide the best food along with a carbohydrate source in the form of agar, allowing faster grow rates in the lobster.[14]

Techniques edit

The most promising technique for aquaculture in New Zealand is sea cages. These have been successfully used internationally to grow similar species. In Vietnam sea cages are used to grow large amounts of Panulirus ornatus (ornate spiny lobster) in excess of 1,500 t valued at US$90 million.[15] This species is also commercially cultured in Indonesia and the Philippines.

There are three main types of sea cage – floating, wooden fixed, and submerged.

  • Floating cages as the name suggests are floating, nets are supported by floating buoys which are connected using a frame. They are often far above the seabed in waters 10–20 m (33–66 ft) deep in calm bays. This type of cage is used in Nga Trang Bay in Vietnam. Wooden fixed cages are near the bottom, or on the bottom of the sea and each net is attached to salt resistant wooden stakes driven into the ground in squares with nets between them. These may be on the seabed with sand covering the bottom of the cage. These cages are used in Van Phong Bay in Vietnam.
  • Submerged cages are sealed cubic cages with feeding holes in one end that are attached to the seabed. Similar to crab and crayfish pots used to catch adults. These cages are used in Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam. Often the materials used to make these cages are sourced locally, in the form of nets from fishing, wood and other framing materials and floats.
  • There has been experimental work done in New Zealand with suspended cages which resulted in good grow rates and survivability as long as suitable sites are picked.[16]

Sites edit

The sites for lobster farms should be in shallow water (not exceeding 20 m) and sheltered from currents and swell as well as potential strong winds. Often behind islands and in sheltered bays are the best sites as the sea cages are easily damaged by swell and high winds. Also the type of sea cage affects the site, floating and submerged cages can be in deeper water, and wooden fixed cages have to be in water only a few metres deep.

Seed stock edit

Due to the time it takes larva to develop (up to two years) the most cost-effective method of lobster aquaculture is to harvest wild pueruli. This has been done in Vietnam and has been done previously in New Zealand. This would allow a faster grow time to adults as the caught juvenile will have already had months of growth before being put in cages for aquaculture. There is a good source of pueruli in New Zealand (in places like Gisborne) and research into effective catching of pueruli is currently being done.[17] Research suggests a 'bottle brush' collector as the most effective way, a mesh material attached to a PVC core resembling a bottle brush.[18]

The maximum sustainable yield of this seed stock is unknown and research will have to be carried out to determine this before an industry can be founded.

Market edit

This species provides New Zealand with a high price point aquaculture species in an industry dominated by low price species. New Zealand baited pot wild lobsters earn approximately $180 million per annum which is limited by the Quota Management System to a total allowable commercial catch (TACC) of 2,981 metric tonnes.[19][20]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ MacDiarmid, A.; Butler, M.; Cockcroft, A.; Wahle, R. (2011). "Jasus edwardsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T170025A6711779. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T170025A6711779.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Tin-Yam Chan (2010). "Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  3. ^ John C. Moorfield. . Māori Dictionary Online. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  4. ^ a b Lipke B. Holthuis (1991). . Marine Lobsters of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125. Vol. 13. Food and Agriculture Organization. p. 97. ISBN 978-92-5-103027-1. Archived from the original on 10 September 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ John C. Yaldwyn; W. Richard Webber (2011). "Annotated checklist of New Zealand Decapoda (Arthropoda: Crustacea)". Tuhinga. 22: 171–272.
  6. ^ J. H. Annala; J. L. McKoy; J. D. Booth; R. B. Pike (1980). "Size at the onset of sexual maturity in female Jasus edwardsii (Decapoda: Palinuridae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 14 (3): 217–227. doi:10.1080/00288330.1980.9515864.
  7. ^ https://lobster.co.nz/southern-rock-lobster/
  8. ^ https://www.southernrocklobster.com/
  9. ^ a b c Andrew Jeffs (2003). (PDF). Client Report AKL2002-053. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  10. ^ Simon H. Hooker; Andrew G. Jeffs; Robert G. Creese; Kala Sivaguru (1997). "Growth of captive Jasus edwardsii (Hutton) (Crustacea:Palinuridae) in north–eastern New Zealand". Marine and Freshwater Research. 48 (8): 903–909. doi:10.1071/MF97156.
  11. ^ (PDF). Primary Industry and Resources South Australia. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  12. ^ Simon R. Bryars; Michael C. Geddes (2005). "Effects of diet on the growth, survival, and condition of sea-caged adult southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 39 (2): 251–262. doi:10.1080/00288330.2005.9517305.
  13. ^ Cedric J. Simon (2009). "The effect of carbohydrate source, inclusion level of gelatinised starch, feed binder and fishmeal particle size on the apparent digestibility of formulated diets for spiny lobster juveniles, Jasus edwardsii". Aquaculture. 296 (3–4): 329–336. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.032.
  14. ^ C. A. Radford; I. D. Marsden; W. Davison; A.G. Jeffs (2007). "Effects of dietary carbohydrate on growth of juvenile New Zealand rock lobsters, Jasus edwardsii". Aquaculture. 273 (1): 151–157. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.09.021.
  15. ^ Le Anh Tuan; Nguyen Dinh Mao (2004). K. C. Williams (ed.). . Spiny lobster ecology and exploitation in the South China Sea region: proceedings of a workshop held at the Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam, July 2004. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
  16. ^ Andrew G. Jeffs; Phil James (2001). "Sea-cage culture of the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii in New Zealand". Marine and Freshwater Research. 52 (8): 1419–1424. doi:10.1071/MF01064.
  17. ^ J. D. Booth S. C. & Tarring (1986). "Settlement of the red rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, near Gisborne, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research. 20 (2): 291–297. doi:10.1080/00288330.1986.9516150.
  18. ^ David Mills; Bradley Crear (2004). "Developing a cost-effective puerulus collector for the southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) aquaculture industry". Aquacultural Engineering. 31 (1–2): 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2003.12.001.
  19. ^ Paul A. Breen; Terese H. Kendrick (1997). "A fisheries management success story: The Gisborne, New Zealand, fishery for red rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii)". Marine and Freshwater Research. 48 (8): 1103–1110. doi:10.1071/MF97141.
  20. ^ National Rock Lobster Management Group (2006). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2010.

January 01, 1970
jasus, edwardsii, southern, rock, lobster, rock, lobster, spiny, rock, lobster, species, spiny, lobster, found, throughout, coastal, waters, southern, australia, zealand, including, chatham, islands, commonly, called, crayfish, australia, zealand, kōura, māori. Jasus edwardsii the southern rock lobster red rock lobster or spiny rock lobster is a species of spiny lobster found throughout coastal waters of southern Australia and New Zealand including the Chatham Islands It is commonly called crayfish in Australia and New Zealand and kōura in Maori 3 They resemble lobsters but lack the large characteristic pincers on the first pair of walking legs Jasus edwardsii Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda Suborder Pleocyemata Family Palinuridae Genus Jasus Species J edwardsii Binomial name Jasus edwardsii Hutton 1875 Synonyms 2 Jasus novaehollandiae Holthuis 1963 Palinurus edwardsii Hutton 1875 Spiny rock lobsters are carnivorous leaving their rock cover to venture out to feed during the night They live in and around reefs at depths ranging from 5 200 metres 16 660 ft deep at the continental shelf 4 They can be dark red and orange above with paler yellowish abdomens or grey green brown with the paler underside The more tropical animals tend to have the brighter colours Adult carapaces can grow up to 230 millimetres 9 1 in in length and can often exceed 8 kilograms 18 lb in underfished areas Contents 1 Distribution 2 Life cycle 3 Size 4 As food 5 Aquaculture 5 1 Food 5 2 Techniques 5 3 Sites 5 4 Seed stock 5 5 Market 6 See also 7 ReferencesDistribution editJasus edwardsii is found around most of the coast of New Zealand including the three main islands the Three Kings Islands the Chatham Islands the Snares Islands the Bounty Islands the Antipodes Islands and the Auckland Islands This last locality is the southernmost place where spiny lobsters occur in the world In Australia J edwardsii is found around the southern coast from central New South Wales to southern Western Australia including Tasmania 5 Life cycle editAdults are sexually mature at between 7 and 11 years mating occurs during late summer and autumn Eggs develop on females which carry between 100 000 and 500 000 eggs which are fertilised and held below the tail on hairs on the female s abdomen The eggs develop here for 3 to 5 months Eggs then metamorphose into naupliosoma larva which leave the female and are free swimming plankton which migrate towards the surface where they moult into a phyllosoma larva 6 The rock lobster has among the longest larval development known for any marine creature The phyllosoma Greek for leaf like larvae spend between 9 months to 2 years in oceanic waters before metamorphosing to the post larval stage known as the puerulus which then swims towards the coast to settle Size editMaximum total body length is 58 cm males and 43 cm females maximum carapace lengths 23 5 cm males 18 cm females minimum legal carapace lengths vary depending on location 4 In some areas Jasus edwardsii are frequently harvested weighing over 4 5kg As food edit nbsp Jasus edwardsii served raw Japanese style as sashimi Jasus edwardsii is prized by consumers in Oceania China and South East Asia for its sweet succulent flesh 7 Like true lobster it can be served boiled steamed grilled or raw A 250 million worth are harvested every year in Australia alone 8 Aquaculture editThe potential for Jasus edwardsii to become an aquaculture species in New Zealand is high 9 Although not commercially farmed yet this species of lobster has a wild seed stock available and already some commercial companies are harvesting and on growing this seed stock 10 The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research NIWA has reared individuals from egg to adult showing that it is possible to grow this species in captivity although it takes between 200 and 400 days to reach maturity 9 This species is also a potential aquaculture species in Australia There is already a well established export of wild rock lobster from Australia especially Southern Australia which currently lands just over 3000 tonnes a year An aquaculture of this species would serve to bulk up the wild catch and add value with high quality grown lobsters South Australia currently does have limited aquaculture of Jasus edwardsii keeping legal sized individuals from the fishery in cages in Kangaroo Island to make them available in the off season ensuring a year round supply to market 11 although no aquaculture from juveniles or eggs is done yet Food edit NIWA used primarily brine shrimp to feed the juvenile lobsters but little is known about a preferred food source 12 13 Chopped up mussel flesh has been used previously in Japan 9 Both these techniques carry some potential disadvantages brine shrimp can introduce disease and mussels deteriorate once introduced to the water giving bacteria an environment to grow on A study has shown that mussels provide the best food along with a carbohydrate source in the form of agar allowing faster grow rates in the lobster 14 Techniques edit The most promising technique for aquaculture in New Zealand is sea cages These have been successfully used internationally to grow similar species In Vietnam sea cages are used to grow large amounts of Panulirus ornatus ornate spiny lobster in excess of 1 500 t valued at US 90 million 15 This species is also commercially cultured in Indonesia and the Philippines There are three main types of sea cage floating wooden fixed and submerged Floating cages as the name suggests are floating nets are supported by floating buoys which are connected using a frame They are often far above the seabed in waters 10 20 m 33 66 ft deep in calm bays This type of cage is used in Nga Trang Bay in Vietnam Wooden fixed cages are near the bottom or on the bottom of the sea and each net is attached to salt resistant wooden stakes driven into the ground in squares with nets between them These may be on the seabed with sand covering the bottom of the cage These cages are used in Van Phong Bay in Vietnam Submerged cages are sealed cubic cages with feeding holes in one end that are attached to the seabed Similar to crab and crayfish pots used to catch adults These cages are used in Cam Ranh Bay Vietnam Often the materials used to make these cages are sourced locally in the form of nets from fishing wood and other framing materials and floats There has been experimental work done in New Zealand with suspended cages which resulted in good grow rates and survivability as long as suitable sites are picked 16 Sites edit The sites for lobster farms should be in shallow water not exceeding 20 m and sheltered from currents and swell as well as potential strong winds Often behind islands and in sheltered bays are the best sites as the sea cages are easily damaged by swell and high winds Also the type of sea cage affects the site floating and submerged cages can be in deeper water and wooden fixed cages have to be in water only a few metres deep Seed stock edit Due to the time it takes larva to develop up to two years the most cost effective method of lobster aquaculture is to harvest wild pueruli This has been done in Vietnam and has been done previously in New Zealand This would allow a faster grow time to adults as the caught juvenile will have already had months of growth before being put in cages for aquaculture There is a good source of pueruli in New Zealand in places like Gisborne and research into effective catching of pueruli is currently being done 17 Research suggests a bottle brush collector as the most effective way a mesh material attached to a PVC core resembling a bottle brush 18 The maximum sustainable yield of this seed stock is unknown and research will have to be carried out to determine this before an industry can be founded Market edit This species provides New Zealand with a high price point aquaculture species in an industry dominated by low price species New Zealand baited pot wild lobsters earn approximately 180 million per annum which is limited by the Quota Management System to a total allowable commercial catch TACC of 2 981 metric tonnes 19 20 See also edit nbsp Crustaceans portal Western rock lobster Kaikōura SagmariasusReferences edit MacDiarmid A Butler M Cockcroft A Wahle R 2011 Jasus edwardsii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011 e T170025A6711779 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2011 1 RLTS T170025A6711779 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Tin Yam Chan 2010 Jasus edwardsii Hutton 1875 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 2 February 2012 John C Moorfield kōura Maori Dictionary Online Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 Retrieved 28 July 2011 a b Lipke B Holthuis 1991 Jasus Jasus edwardsii Marine Lobsters of the World FAO Fisheries Synopsis No 125 Vol 13 Food and Agriculture Organization p 97 ISBN 978 92 5 103027 1 Archived from the original on 10 September 2010 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help John C Yaldwyn W Richard Webber 2011 Annotated checklist of New Zealand Decapoda Arthropoda Crustacea Tuhinga 22 171 272 J H Annala J L McKoy J D Booth R B Pike 1980 Size at the onset of sexual maturity in female Jasus edwardsii Decapoda Palinuridae in New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14 3 217 227 doi 10 1080 00288330 1980 9515864 https lobster co nz southern rock lobster https www southernrocklobster com a b c Andrew Jeffs 2003 The potential for crayfish aquaculture in Northland PDF Client Report AKL2002 053 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Archived from the original PDF on 2 June 2010 Retrieved 11 September 2010 Simon H Hooker Andrew G Jeffs Robert G Creese Kala Sivaguru 1997 Growth of captive Jasus edwardsii Hutton Crustacea Palinuridae in north eastern New Zealand Marine and Freshwater Research 48 8 903 909 doi 10 1071 MF97156 Southern Rock Lobster Aquaculture in South Australia PDF Primary Industry and Resources South Australia 2003 Archived from the original PDF on 8 January 2011 Retrieved 2 September 2010 Simon R Bryars Michael C Geddes 2005 Effects of diet on the growth survival and condition of sea caged adult southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39 2 251 262 doi 10 1080 00288330 2005 9517305 Cedric J Simon 2009 The effect of carbohydrate source inclusion level of gelatinised starch feed binder and fishmeal particle size on the apparent digestibility of formulated diets for spiny lobster juveniles Jasus edwardsii Aquaculture 296 3 4 329 336 doi 10 1016 j aquaculture 2009 08 032 C A Radford I D Marsden W Davison A G Jeffs 2007 Effects of dietary carbohydrate on growth of juvenile New Zealand rock lobsters Jasus edwardsii Aquaculture 273 1 151 157 doi 10 1016 j aquaculture 2007 09 021 Le Anh Tuan Nguyen Dinh Mao 2004 K C Williams ed Present status of lobster cage culture in Vietnam Spiny lobster ecology and exploitation in the South China Sea region proceedings of a workshop held at the Institute of Oceanography Nha Trang Vietnam July 2004 Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 Andrew G Jeffs Phil James 2001 Sea cage culture of the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii in New Zealand Marine and Freshwater Research 52 8 1419 1424 doi 10 1071 MF01064 J D Booth S C amp Tarring 1986 Settlement of the red rock lobster Jasus edwardsii near Gisborne New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Marine amp Freshwater Research 20 2 291 297 doi 10 1080 00288330 1986 9516150 David Mills Bradley Crear 2004 Developing a cost effective puerulus collector for the southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii aquaculture industry Aquacultural Engineering 31 1 2 1 15 doi 10 1016 j aquaeng 2003 12 001 Paul A Breen Terese H Kendrick 1997 A fisheries management success story The Gisborne New Zealand fishery for red rock lobsters Jasus edwardsii Marine and Freshwater Research 48 8 1103 1110 doi 10 1071 MF97141 National Rock Lobster Management Group 2006 2006 Annual Report to The Minister of Fisheries The Hon Jim Anderton PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2 July 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jasus edwardsii amp oldid 1218995633, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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