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Cathedral school

May 08, 2023

Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities.[1] Throughout the Middle Ages and beyond, they were complemented by the monastic schools. Some of these early cathedral schools, and more recent foundations, continued into modern times.

The cathedral school of Trondheim, founded in 1152, is the oldest school in Norway. Today, the Katedralskole serves as secondary school.

Early schools

 
Philosopher on one of the archivolts over the right door of the west portal at Chartres Cathedral

In the later Roman Empire, as Roman municipal education declined, bishops began to establish schools associated with their cathedrals to provide the church with an educated clergy. The earliest evidence of a school established in this manner is in Visigothic Spain at the Second Council of Toledo in 527.[2] These early schools, with a focus on an apprenticeship in religious learning under a scholarly bishop, have been identified in other parts of Spain and about twenty towns in Gaul (France) during the sixth and seventh centuries.[3]

During and after the mission of St Augustine to England, cathedral schools were established as the new dioceses were themselves created (Canterbury 597, Rochester 604, York 627 for example). This group of schools forms the oldest schools continuously operating. A significant function of cathedral schools was to provide boy trebles for the choirs, evolving into choir schools, some of which still function as such.[citation needed]

Charlemagne, king of the Franks and later Emperor, recognizing the importance of education to the clergy and, to a lesser extent, to the nobility, set out to restore this declining tradition by issuing several decrees requiring that education be provided at monasteries and cathedrals. In 789, Charlemagne's Admonitio Generalis required that schools be established in every monastery and bishopric, in which "children can learn to read; that psalms, notation, chant, computation, and grammar be taught."[4] Subsequent documents, such as the letter De litteris colendis, required that bishops select as teachers men who had "the will and the ability to learn and a desire to instruct others"[5] and a decree of the Council of Frankfurt (794) recommended that bishops undertake the instruction of their clergy.[6]

Subsequently, cathedral schools arose in major cities such as Chartres, Orleans, Paris, Laon, Reims or Rouen in France and Utrecht, Liege, Cologne, Metz, Speyer, Würzburg, Bamberg, Magdeburg, Hildesheim or Freising in Germany. Following in the earlier tradition, these cathedral schools primarily taught future clergy and provided literate administrators for the increasingly elaborate courts of the Renaissance of the 12th century. Speyer was renowned for supplying the Holy Roman Empire with diplomats.[7] The court of Henry I of England, himself an early example of a literate king, was closely tied to the cathedral school of Laon.[8]

Characteristics and development

Cathedral schools were mostly oriented around the academic welfare of the nobility's children. Because it was intended to train them for careers in the church, girls were excluded from the schools. Later on, many lay students who were not necessarily interested in seeking a career in the church wanted to enroll. The demand arose for schools to teach government, state, and other Church affairs. The schools, (some notable ones dating back to the eighth and ninth centuries) accepted fewer than 100 students. Pupils had to demonstrate substantial intelligence and be able to handle a demanding academic course load. Considering that books were also expensive, students were in the practice of memorizing their teachers' lectures. Cathedral schools at this time were primarily run by a group of ministers and divided into two parts: Schola minor, which was intended for younger students, would later become elementary schools. Then there was the schola major, which taught older students. These would later become secondary schools.

The subjects taught at cathedral schools ranged from literature to mathematics. These topics were called the seven liberal arts: grammar, astronomy, rhetoric (or speech), logic, arithmetic, geometry and music. In grammar classes, students were trained to read, write and speak Latin which was the universal language in Europe at the time. Astronomy was necessary for calculating dates and times. Rhetoric was a major component of a vocal education. Logic consisted of the criteria for sound or fallacious arguments, particularly in a theological context, and arithmetic served as the basis for quantitative reasoning. Students read stories and poems in Latin by authors such as Cicero and Virgil. Much as in the present day, cathedral schools were split into elementary and higher schools with different curricula. The elementary school curriculum was composed of reading, writing and psalmody, while the high school curriculum was trivium (grammar, rhetoric and dialect), the rest of the liberal arts, as well as scripture study and pastoral theology.

Cathedral schools today

While cathedral schools are no longer a significant site of higher education, many Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran cathedrals operate as primary or secondary schools. Most of those listed below are modern foundations, but a few traces their history to medieval schools.

Australia

Canada

Denmark

Finland

France

  • Paris – École cathédrale de Paris

Guatemala

  • Colegio San José de los Infantes (founded in 1781)

India

The Netherlands

  • Koorschool St Bavo, Haarlem
  • Kathedrale Koorschool Utrecht

Norway

Pakistan

South Africa

Sweden

United Kingdom

England

Wales

United States

Among others:

See also

References

  1. ^ Riché 1978, pp. 126–127, 282–298.
  2. ^ Riché 1978, pp. 126f.
  3. ^ Riché 1978, pp. 282–90
  4. ^ Riché 1988, p. 191.
  5. ^ Charlemagne: "De Litteris Colendis"
  6. ^ Riché 1988, p. 192.
  7. ^ Geschichte der Stadt Speyer. Vol 1, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-17-007522-5
  8. ^ C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (Yale English Monarchs), 2001 p. 25.

Sources

  • NN (1999), "Domschulen", Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, p. columns 1226–1229
  • Kottje, R. (1999), "Klosterschulen", Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, p. columns 1226–1228
  • Riché, Pierre (1978), Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 0-87249-376-8
  • Riché, Pierre (1988), Daily life in the world of Charlemagne, [Philadelphia]: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1096-4

External links

May 08, 2023
cathedral, school, began, early, middle, ages, centers, advanced, education, some, them, ultimately, evolving, into, medieval, universities, throughout, middle, ages, beyond, they, were, complemented, monastic, schools, some, these, early, cathedral, schools, . Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities 1 Throughout the Middle Ages and beyond they were complemented by the monastic schools Some of these early cathedral schools and more recent foundations continued into modern times The cathedral school of Trondheim founded in 1152 is the oldest school in Norway Today the Katedralskole serves as secondary school Contents 1 Early schools 1 1 Characteristics and development 2 Cathedral schools today 2 1 Australia 2 2 Canada 2 3 Denmark 2 4 Finland 2 5 France 2 6 Guatemala 2 7 India 2 8 The Netherlands 2 9 Norway 2 10 Pakistan 2 11 South Africa 2 12 Sweden 2 13 United Kingdom 2 13 1 England 2 13 2 Wales 2 14 United States 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksEarly schools Edit Philosopher on one of the archivolts over the right door of the west portal at Chartres Cathedral In the later Roman Empire as Roman municipal education declined bishops began to establish schools associated with their cathedrals to provide the church with an educated clergy The earliest evidence of a school established in this manner is in Visigothic Spain at the Second Council of Toledo in 527 2 These early schools with a focus on an apprenticeship in religious learning under a scholarly bishop have been identified in other parts of Spain and about twenty towns in Gaul France during the sixth and seventh centuries 3 During and after the mission of St Augustine to England cathedral schools were established as the new dioceses were themselves created Canterbury 597 Rochester 604 York 627 for example This group of schools forms the oldest schools continuously operating A significant function of cathedral schools was to provide boy trebles for the choirs evolving into choir schools some of which still function as such citation needed Charlemagne king of the Franks and later Emperor recognizing the importance of education to the clergy and to a lesser extent to the nobility set out to restore this declining tradition by issuing several decrees requiring that education be provided at monasteries and cathedrals In 789 Charlemagne s Admonitio Generalis required that schools be established in every monastery and bishopric in which children can learn to read that psalms notation chant computation and grammar be taught 4 Subsequent documents such as the letter De litteris colendis required that bishops select as teachers men who had the will and the ability to learn and a desire to instruct others 5 and a decree of the Council of Frankfurt 794 recommended that bishops undertake the instruction of their clergy 6 Subsequently cathedral schools arose in major cities such as Chartres Orleans Paris Laon Reims or Rouen in France and Utrecht Liege Cologne Metz Speyer Wurzburg Bamberg Magdeburg Hildesheim or Freising in Germany Following in the earlier tradition these cathedral schools primarily taught future clergy and provided literate administrators for the increasingly elaborate courts of the Renaissance of the 12th century Speyer was renowned for supplying the Holy Roman Empire with diplomats 7 The court of Henry I of England himself an early example of a literate king was closely tied to the cathedral school of Laon 8 Characteristics and development Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cathedral schools were mostly oriented around the academic welfare of the nobility s children Because it was intended to train them for careers in the church girls were excluded from the schools Later on many lay students who were not necessarily interested in seeking a career in the church wanted to enroll The demand arose for schools to teach government state and other Church affairs The schools some notable ones dating back to the eighth and ninth centuries accepted fewer than 100 students Pupils had to demonstrate substantial intelligence and be able to handle a demanding academic course load Considering that books were also expensive students were in the practice of memorizing their teachers lectures Cathedral schools at this time were primarily run by a group of ministers and divided into two parts Schola minor which was intended for younger students would later become elementary schools Then there was the schola major which taught older students These would later become secondary schools The subjects taught at cathedral schools ranged from literature to mathematics These topics were called the seven liberal arts grammar astronomy rhetoric or speech logic arithmetic geometry and music In grammar classes students were trained to read write and speak Latin which was the universal language in Europe at the time Astronomy was necessary for calculating dates and times Rhetoric was a major component of a vocal education Logic consisted of the criteria for sound or fallacious arguments particularly in a theological context and arithmetic served as the basis for quantitative reasoning Students read stories and poems in Latin by authors such as Cicero and Virgil Much as in the present day cathedral schools were split into elementary and higher schools with different curricula The elementary school curriculum was composed of reading writing and psalmody while the high school curriculum was trivium grammar rhetoric and dialect the rest of the liberal arts as well as scripture study and pastoral theology Cathedral schools today EditWhile cathedral schools are no longer a significant site of higher education many Roman Catholic Anglican and Lutheran cathedrals operate as primary or secondary schools Most of those listed below are modern foundations but a few traces their history to medieval schools Australia Edit Bathurst Cathedral Primary School Bunbury Bunbury Cathedral Grammar School Perth St George s Anglican Grammar School Rockhampton The Cathedral College Sydney St Andrew s Cathedral School Sydney St Mary s Cathedral College Townsville The Cathedral School of St Anne and St James Wangaratta Cathedral CollegeCanada Edit Hamilton Christ the King Toronto St Michael s Choir SchoolDenmark Edit Ribe Ribe Katedralskole Aarhus Aarhus Katedralskole Aalborg Aalborg Katedralskole Viborg Viborg Katedralskole Odense Odense Katedralskole Roskilde Roskilde Katedralskole Haderslev Haderslev KatedralskoleFinland Edit Turku Katedralskolan i AboFrance Edit Paris Ecole cathedrale de ParisGuatemala Edit Colegio San Jose de los Infantes founded in 1781 India Edit Bangalore Cathedral High School Bangalore Lucknow Cathedral Senior Secondary School Hazratganj Lucknow Mumbai Cathedral and John Connon School Fort MumbaiThe Netherlands Edit Koorschool St Bavo Haarlem Kathedrale Koorschool UtrechtNorway Edit Bergen katedralskole Hamar katedralskole Kristiansand katedralskole Oslo katedralskole Stavanger katedralskole Trondheim katedralskolePakistan Edit Punjab Pakistan Cathedral High SchoolSouth Africa Edit Cape Town St George s Grammar School Kimberley St Cyprian s Grammar SchoolSweden Edit Linkoping Katedralskolan Lund Katedralskolan Skara Katedralskolan Uppsala Katedralskolan Vaxjo KatedralskolanUnited Kingdom Edit England Edit The seven King s Schools established or re endowed and renamed by King Henry VIII in 1541 are located in Canterbury Chester Ely Gloucester Peterborough Rochester and Worcester London St Paul s Cathedral School Anglican Westminster Abbey Choir School Anglican Westminster Cathedral Choir School Roman Catholic Bristol Bristol Cathedral Choir School a former cathedral school it is now an academy Chelmsford Chichester The Prebendal School Durham Chorister School Exeter Exeter Cathedral School Hereford Hereford Cathedral School Lichfield Lichfield Cathedral School Lincoln England Lincoln Minster School Oxford Christ Church Cathedral School Salisbury Salisbury Cathedral School Southwell The Minster School Southwell Wells Wells Cathedral School Winchester The Pilgrims School York The Minster School YorkWales Edit The Cathedral School Llandaff St John s College Cardiff the United Kingdom s only Roman Catholic cathedral school which teaches up to Sixth Form United States Edit Among others Arlington Virginia St Thomas More Cathedral School Boston Massachusetts Cathedral High School Charlotte Amalie Saint Thomas U S Virgin Islands All Saints Cathedral School Kalamazoo Michigan St Augustine Cathedral School New York New York The Cathedral School on the Upper East Side New York New York The Cathedral School of St John the Divine Salt Lake City Utah St Vincent DePaul Parish School Raleigh North Carolina Sacred Heart Cathedral School Washington D C National Cathedral School girls St Albans School Washington D C boys Beauvoir School elementary Natchez Mississippi Cathedral GreenwaveSee also EditList of choir schools Monastic school Carolingian Schools School of Chartres School of ReimsReferences Edit Riche 1978 pp 126 127 282 298 Riche 1978 pp 126f Riche 1978 pp 282 90 Riche 1988 p 191 Charlemagne De Litteris Colendis Riche 1988 p 192 Geschichte der Stadt Speyer Vol 1 Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart 1982 ISBN 3 17 007522 5 C Warren Hollister Henry I Yale English Monarchs 2001 p 25 Sources EditNN 1999 Domschulen Lexikon des Mittelalters vol 3 Stuttgart J B Metzler p columns 1226 1229 Kottje R 1999 Klosterschulen Lexikon des Mittelalters vol 5 Stuttgart J B Metzler p columns 1226 1228 Riche Pierre 1978 Education and Culture in the Barbarian West From the Sixth through the Eighth Century Columbia University of South Carolina Press ISBN 0 87249 376 8 Riche Pierre 1988 Daily life in the world of Charlemagne Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 0 8122 1096 4External links Edit 1 Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Schools Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cathedral school amp oldid 1140760353, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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