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Casuarina equisetifolia

February 15, 2024

Casuarina equisetifolia, commonly known as coastal she-oak, horsetail she-oak,[3] ironwood,[4] beach sheoak, beach casuarina or whistling tree [5] is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is native to Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia and India. It is a small to medium-sized, monoecious tree with scaly or furrowed bark on older specimens, drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 7 or 8, the fruit 10–24 mm (0.39–0.94 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long.

Casuarina equisetifolia
Subspecies equisetifolia near Darwin
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Casuarinaceae
Genus: Casuarina
Species:
C. equisetifolia
Binomial name
Casuarina equisetifolia
Subspecies
  • C. e. subsp. equisetifolia
  • C. e. subsp. incana
Synonyms[2]

Casuarina equisetifolia var. typica Domin

Subspecies incana near Rockhampton

Description edit

Casuarina equisetifolia is a monoecious tree that typically grows to a height of 6–12 m (20–39 ft), sometimes to 35 m (115 ft), and has bark that is smooth and greyish on young specimens, scaly or furrowed on older trees. The branchlets are drooping, up to 300 mm (12 in) long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth about 0.7 mm (0.028 in) long, arranged in whorls of 7 or 8 around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are 5–13 mm (0.20–0.51 in) long and 0.5–1.0 mm (0.020–0.039 in) wide. Male flowers are arranged in spikes 7–40 mm (0.28–1.57 in) long in whorls of 7 to 11.5 per centimetre (per 0.39 in.) the anthers 0.6–0.8 mm (0.024–0.031 in) long. The female cones are on a peduncle 3–13 mm (0.12–0.51 in) long and sparsely covered with soft or woolly hairs. Mature cones are 10–24 mm (0.39–0.94 in) long and 9–13 mm (0.35–0.51 in) in diameter, the samaras 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long.[3][5][6]

Common names for the tree include Australian pine, horsetair tree, ironwood, beach sheoak; although it has features that seem superficially like a conifer, it is not a pine.[7]

Taxonomy edit

The genus Casuarina was first formally described in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Amoenitates Academicae and the first species he described was Casuarina equisetifolia.[8][9] The specific epithet (equisetifolia) means "horsehair-leaved".[5]

In 1873, George Bentham described Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana and C. equisetifolia var. equisetifolia in Flora Australiensis.[10] and in 1982, Lawrie Johnson changed the names to subspecies equisetifolia and incana respectively, in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens:[11]

  • Casuarina equisetifolia L. subsp. equisetifolia,[12] a tree 7–35 m (23–115 ft) high, the articles 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long and 0.5–0.7 mm (0.020–0.028 in) with 8 to 10 teeth 0.3–0.8 mm (0.012–0.031 in) long, the male spikes 7–40 mm (0.28–1.57 in) long, the cones 12–24 mm (0.47–0.94 in) long and 9–11 mm (0.35–0.43 in) wide on a peduncle 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) long.[13]
  • Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana (Benth.) L.A.S.Johnson.[14] a tree 6–12 m (20–39 ft) high, the articles 7–13 mm (0.28–0.51 in) long and 0.7–1.0 mm (0.028–0.039 in) with 8 to 10 teeth about 0.7 mm (0.028 in) long, the male spikes 12–25 mm (0.47–0.98 in) long, the cones 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long, 10–13 mm (0.39–0.51 in) wide and densely covered with white to rust-coloured hairs, on a peduncle 3–13 mm (0.12–0.51 in) long.[3][15] The epithet incana means "white" or "hoary".[16]

There is some doubt as to whether Linnaeus' publication of C. equisetifolia is valid, since he based his description solely on Rumphius's description of Casuarina litorea in Herbarium Amboinense[17] and there are no type specimens.[18]

Distribution and habitat edit

Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia grows near the sea, behind beaches and near estuaries, sometimes on rocky headlands in Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia and India.[2][5] The species is native to India and Bangladesh in South Asia, Myanmar, the Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, Borneo, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, islands in the South China Sea, Sulawesi and Sumatra in Southeast Asia, the Carolines, Fiji, the Marianas, the Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu in the Pacific Ocean, New Guinea, and New South Wales, the Northern Territory, and Queensland in Australia.[2][5][13]

Subspecies incana grows on rocky headlands near the coasts of eastern Queensland and New South Wales as far south as Laurieton.[3][5][15][19]

Casuarina equisetifolia has been introduced to many other continents and islands.[2] It is an invasive species in the United States, but biological control by insects, including by a Selitrichodes wasp and Carposinidae and Gelechiidae moths has been effective.[20][21][22] It is also regarded as being invasive in South Africa.[23]

Uses edit

Other than ornamental purposes, Casuarina was also explored in for its potential in remediation of textile dye wastewater. Casuarina leaves were found to be useful as absorbent material for the removal of textile dyes such as reactive orange 16[24] Rhodamine B,[25] methylene blue, malachite green[26] and methyl violet 2b.[27] Similarly the Casuarina dried cone was also reported to be able to remove Rhodamine B,[28] and methyl violet 2b.[29] The Casuarina bark was reported to able to remove methylene blue.[30] Even the Casuarina seed was also found to be useful in dye removal of neutral red and malachite green.[31] The carbon derived from the cones of Casuarina was found to be good absorbent for the landfill leachate,[32] while another laboratory also reported good absorbent for copper ions from aqueous solution.[33]

Culture edit

Names of places edit

In Singapore, there is a road named Tanjong Rhu Road because it once had many of these trees growing along the coast from Kallang to Rochor.[34] In the island of Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia, there is a sand spit in the mouth of the Ayer Hangat river in the Kilim Karst Geoforest Park about 20 km from the town of Kuah also named Tanjung Rhu where these trees line here.[35] The town of Tanjung Aru in Sabah is also named because a lot of this tree (aru) is found in its beach.[36]

In the Philippines, the town of Agoo is named after the tree (known as agoho or aroo in the Ilocano language).[37]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Branchlets and male spike
  •  
    Mature female cones
  •  
    Samara
  •  
    Male spikes

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Barstow, M. (2019). "Casuarina equisetifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T16728404A16728408. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Casuarina equisetifolia". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. "Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  4. ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia - Common Ironwood, Beach Sheoak, Horsetail Casuarina, Australian Pine, Australian Beefwood - Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers". 2009-12-24. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Boland, Douglas J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. M.; McDonald, Maurice William (2006). Forest trees of Australia. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 0-643-06969-0.
  6. ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University". landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  8. ^ "Casuarina". APNI. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  9. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1759). Amoenitates academicae, seu, Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae. p. 143. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  10. ^ Bentham, George (1873). Flora Australiensis. Vol. 6. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. p. 197. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  11. ^ Johnson, Lawrence A.S. (1982). "Notes on Casuarinaceae II". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 6 (1): 79. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  13. ^ a b "Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  14. ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. incana". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  16. ^ William T. Stearn (1992). Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary (4th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 431.
  17. ^ Rumphius, Georg E. (1743). Herbarium Amboinense. Vol. 3. Amsterdam. p. 86. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  18. ^ Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. (1989). Flora of Australia (PDF). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. p. 201. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  19. ^ "Casuarina equisetifolia" (PDF). World Agroforestry (Centre for International Forestry Research). Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  20. ^ . Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  21. ^ Masterson, J (4 October 2007). . Fort Pierce: Smithsonian Marine Station. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  22. ^ Purcell, Matthew. "Evaluating Biological Control Agents of Australian Pine". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  23. ^ . South African National Biodiversity Institute. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  24. ^ Bharti, Vikash; Shahi, Amrita; Geed, Sachin; Kureel, M.K. (2017). "Biodegradation of reactive orange 16 dye in the packed bed bioreactor using seeds of Ashoka and Casuarina as packing media". Indian Journal of Biotechnology. 16: 216–221.
  25. ^ Kooh, Muhammad Raziq Rahimi; Dahri, Muhammad Khairud; Lim, Linda B.L. (2016). "The removal of rhodamine B dye from aqueous solution using Casuarina equisetifolia needles as absorbent". Cogent Environmental Science. 2. doi:10.1080/23311843.2016.1140553.
  26. ^ Dahri, Muhammad Khairud; Kooh, Muhammad Raziq Rahimi; Lim, Linda B.L. (2015). "Application of Casuarina equisetifolia needle for the removal of methylene blue and malachite green dyes from aqueous solution". Alexandria Engineering Journal. 54 (4): 1253. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2015.07.005.
  27. ^ Dahri, Muhammad Khairud; Kooh, Muhammad Raziq Rahimi; Lim, Linda B. L. (2013). "Removal of Methyl Violet 2B from Aqueous Solution Using Casuarina equisetifolia Needle". ISRN Environmental Chemistry. 2013: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2013/619819.
  28. ^ Dahri, Muhammad Khairud; Kooh, Muhammad Raziq Rahimi; Lim, Linda B. L. (2016). "Remediation of Rhodamine B Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Casuarina equisetifolia Cone Powder as a Low-Cost Absorbent". Advances in Physical Chemistry. 2016: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2016/9497378.
  29. ^ . Journal of Environment & Biotechnology Research. 6 (1): 34–42. January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 – via ViNaNiE.
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2018-02-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ "Application of microwave-treated Casuarina equisetifolia seeds in adsorption of dyes". Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. 9: 458–471. 2017. doi:10.4314/JFAS.V9I7S.43 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 1112-9867.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  32. ^ Alrozi, Rasyidah; Zubir, Nor Aida; Kamaruddin, Mohamad Anuar; Yusof, Siti Noor Faizah Mohd; Yusoff, Mohd Suffian (2017). "Removal of organic fractions from landfill leachate by Casuarina equisetifolia activated carbon: Characteristics and absorption mechanisms". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1885 (1): 020139. Bibcode:2017AIPC.1885b0139A. doi:10.1063/1.5002333.
  33. ^ Muslim, A. (2017). "AUSTRALIAN PINE CONES-BASED ACTIVATED CARBON FOR ADSORPTION OF COPPER IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION" (PDF). Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 12 (2): 280–295.
  34. ^ Thulaja, Naidu Ratnala (24 January 2018) [31 December 2004]. "Tanjong Rhu Road". Infopedia. Government of Singapore. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  35. ^ "Tanjung Rhu". Kilim Geoforest Park. The Cooperative of Kilim Village Community Langkawi Limited. 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  36. ^ "'Replant Aru trees, mangroves at Tanjung Aru blaze site' call". Daily Express. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  37. ^ Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). The History of Agoo: 1578-2005. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casuarina equisetifolia.
  • NT Flora: Casuarina equisetifolia. Northern Territory Government.

February 15, 2024
casuarina, equisetifolia, commonly, known, coastal, horsetail, ironwood, beach, sheoak, beach, casuarina, whistling, tree, species, flowering, plant, family, casuarinaceae, native, australia, guinea, southeast, asia, india, small, medium, sized, monoecious, tr. Casuarina equisetifolia commonly known as coastal she oak horsetail she oak 3 ironwood 4 beach sheoak beach casuarina or whistling tree 5 is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is native to Australia New Guinea Southeast Asia and India It is a small to medium sized monoecious tree with scaly or furrowed bark on older specimens drooping branchlets the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 7 or 8 the fruit 10 24 mm 0 39 0 94 in long containing winged seeds samaras 6 8 mm 0 24 0 31 in long Casuarina equisetifoliaSubspecies equisetifolia near DarwinConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FagalesFamily CasuarinaceaeGenus CasuarinaSpecies C equisetifoliaBinomial nameCasuarina equisetifoliaL 2 SubspeciesC e subsp equisetifolia C e subsp incanaSynonyms 2 Casuarina equisetifolia var typica DominSubspecies incana near Rockhampton Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Uses 5 Culture 5 1 Names of places 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDescription editCasuarina equisetifolia is a monoecious tree that typically grows to a height of 6 12 m 20 39 ft sometimes to 35 m 115 ft and has bark that is smooth and greyish on young specimens scaly or furrowed on older trees The branchlets are drooping up to 300 mm 12 in long the leaves reduced to scale like teeth about 0 7 mm 0 028 in long arranged in whorls of 7 or 8 around the branchlets The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls the articles are 5 13 mm 0 20 0 51 in long and 0 5 1 0 mm 0 020 0 039 in wide Male flowers are arranged in spikes 7 40 mm 0 28 1 57 in long in whorls of 7 to 11 5 per centimetre per 0 39 in the anthers 0 6 0 8 mm 0 024 0 031 in long The female cones are on a peduncle 3 13 mm 0 12 0 51 in long and sparsely covered with soft or woolly hairs Mature cones are 10 24 mm 0 39 0 94 in long and 9 13 mm 0 35 0 51 in in diameter the samaras 6 8 mm 0 24 0 31 in long 3 5 6 Common names for the tree include Australian pine horsetair tree ironwood beach sheoak although it has features that seem superficially like a conifer it is not a pine 7 Taxonomy editThe genus Casuarina was first formally described in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Amoenitates Academicae and the first species he described was Casuarina equisetifolia 8 9 The specific epithet equisetifolia means horsehair leaved 5 In 1873 George Bentham described Casuarina equisetifolia var incana and C equisetifolia var equisetifolia in Flora Australiensis 10 and in 1982 Lawrie Johnson changed the names to subspecies equisetifolia and incana respectively in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 11 Casuarina equisetifolia L subsp equisetifolia 12 a tree 7 35 m 23 115 ft high the articles 5 8 mm 0 20 0 31 in long and 0 5 0 7 mm 0 020 0 028 in with 8 to 10 teeth 0 3 0 8 mm 0 012 0 031 in long the male spikes 7 40 mm 0 28 1 57 in long the cones 12 24 mm 0 47 0 94 in long and 9 11 mm 0 35 0 43 in wide on a peduncle 3 10 mm 0 12 0 39 in long 13 Casuarina equisetifolia subsp incana Benth L A S Johnson 14 a tree 6 12 m 20 39 ft high the articles 7 13 mm 0 28 0 51 in long and 0 7 1 0 mm 0 028 0 039 in with 8 to 10 teeth about 0 7 mm 0 028 in long the male spikes 12 25 mm 0 47 0 98 in long the cones 10 20 mm 0 39 0 79 in long 10 13 mm 0 39 0 51 in wide and densely covered with white to rust coloured hairs on a peduncle 3 13 mm 0 12 0 51 in long 3 15 The epithet incana means white or hoary 16 There is some doubt as to whether Linnaeus publication of C equisetifolia is valid since he based his description solely on Rumphius s description of Casuarina litorea in Herbarium Amboinense 17 and there are no type specimens 18 Distribution and habitat editCasuarina equisetifolia subsp equisetifolia grows near the sea behind beaches and near estuaries sometimes on rocky headlands in Australia New Guinea Southeast Asia and India 2 5 The species is native to India and Bangladesh in South Asia Myanmar the Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Vietnam Thailand Cambodia Peninsular Malaysia the Philippines Borneo Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands islands in the South China Sea Sulawesi and Sumatra in Southeast Asia the Carolines Fiji the Marianas the Marshall Islands New Caledonia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu and Vanuatu in the Pacific Ocean New Guinea and New South Wales the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia 2 5 13 Subspecies incana grows on rocky headlands near the coasts of eastern Queensland and New South Wales as far south as Laurieton 3 5 15 19 Casuarina equisetifolia has been introduced to many other continents and islands 2 It is an invasive species in the United States but biological control by insects including by a Selitrichodes wasp and Carposinidae and Gelechiidae moths has been effective 20 21 22 It is also regarded as being invasive in South Africa 23 Uses editOther than ornamental purposes Casuarina was also explored in for its potential in remediation of textile dye wastewater Casuarina leaves were found to be useful as absorbent material for the removal of textile dyes such as reactive orange 16 24 Rhodamine B 25 methylene blue malachite green 26 and methyl violet 2b 27 Similarly the Casuarina dried cone was also reported to be able to remove Rhodamine B 28 and methyl violet 2b 29 The Casuarina bark was reported to able to remove methylene blue 30 Even the Casuarina seed was also found to be useful in dye removal of neutral red and malachite green 31 The carbon derived from the cones of Casuarina was found to be good absorbent for the landfill leachate 32 while another laboratory also reported good absorbent for copper ions from aqueous solution 33 Culture editNames of places edit In Singapore there is a road named Tanjong Rhu Road because it once had many of these trees growing along the coast from Kallang to Rochor 34 In the island of Langkawi Kedah Malaysia there is a sand spit in the mouth of the Ayer Hangat river in the Kilim Karst Geoforest Park about 20 km from the town of Kuah also named Tanjung Rhu where these trees line here 35 The town of Tanjung Aru in Sabah is also named because a lot of this tree aru is found in its beach 36 In the Philippines the town of Agoo is named after the tree known as agoho or aroo in the Ilocano language 37 Gallery edit nbsp Branchlets and male spike nbsp Mature female cones nbsp Samara nbsp Male spikesSee also editPinus kesiya the Khasi or Benguet pine AllelopathyReferences edit Barstow M 2019 Casuarina equisetifolia IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T16728404A16728408 Retrieved 26 December 2023 a b c d e Casuarina equisetifolia Plants of the World Online Retrieved 29 April 2023 a b c d Wilson Karen L Johnson Lawrence A S Casuarina equisetifolia subsp incana Royal Botanic Garden Sydney Retrieved 29 April 2023 Casuarina equisetifolia Common Ironwood Beach Sheoak Horsetail Casuarina Australian Pine Australian Beefwood Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers 2009 12 24 Retrieved 2023 10 27 a b c d e f Boland Douglas J Brooker M I H Chippendale G M McDonald Maurice William 2006 Forest trees of Australia Collingwood Victoria CSIRO Publishing p 82 ISBN 0 643 06969 0 Casuarina equisetifolia Australian Biological Resources Study Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment Canberra Retrieved 29 April 2023 Casuarina equisetifolia Landscape Plants Oregon State University landscapeplants oregonstate edu Retrieved 2023 10 28 Casuarina APNI Retrieved 21 April 2023 Linnaeus Carl 1759 Amoenitates academicae seu Dissertationes variae physicae medicae botanicae p 143 Retrieved 29 April 2023 Bentham George 1873 Flora Australiensis Vol 6 London Lovell Reeve amp Co p 197 Retrieved 29 April 2023 Johnson Lawrence A S 1982 Notes on Casuarinaceae II Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 6 1 79 Retrieved 29 April 2023 Casuarina equisetifolia subsp equisetifolia Australian Plant Census Retrieved 29 April 2023 a b Casuarina equisetifolia subsp equisetifolia Australian Biological Resources Study Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment Canberra Retrieved 29 April 2023 Casuarina equisetifolia subsp incana Australian Plant Census Retrieved 29 April 2023 a b Casuarina equisetifolia subsp incana Australian Biological Resources Study Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment Canberra Retrieved 29 April 2023 William T Stearn 1992 Botanical Latin History grammar syntax terminology and vocabulary 4th ed Portland Oregon Timber Press p 431 Rumphius Georg E 1743 Herbarium Amboinense Vol 3 Amsterdam p 86 Retrieved 29 April 2023 Wilson Karen L Johnson Lawrence A S 1989 Flora of Australia PDF Canberra Australian Government Publishing Service p 201 Retrieved 29 April 2023 Casuarina equisetifolia PDF World Agroforestry Centre for International Forestry Research Retrieved 29 April 2023 Biological control of Australian native Casuarina species in the USA Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 16 May 2007 Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 Retrieved 16 September 2010 Masterson J 4 October 2007 Casuarina equisetifolia Australian Pine Fort Pierce Smithsonian Marine Station Archived from the original on 2 July 2009 Retrieved 5 May 2009 Purcell Matthew Evaluating Biological Control Agents of Australian Pine United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 30 April 2023 SANBI Declared Weeds amp Invader Plants South African National Biodiversity Institute Archived from the original on 2014 10 06 Retrieved 25 September 2014 Bharti Vikash Shahi Amrita Geed Sachin Kureel M K 2017 Biodegradation of reactive orange 16 dye in the packed bed bioreactor using seeds of Ashoka and Casuarina as packing media Indian Journal of Biotechnology 16 216 221 Kooh Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Dahri Muhammad Khairud Lim Linda B L 2016 The removal of rhodamine B dye from aqueous solution using Casuarina equisetifolia needles as absorbent Cogent Environmental Science 2 doi 10 1080 23311843 2016 1140553 Dahri Muhammad Khairud Kooh Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Lim Linda B L 2015 Application of Casuarina equisetifolia needle for the removal of methylene blue and malachite green dyes from aqueous solution Alexandria Engineering Journal 54 4 1253 doi 10 1016 j aej 2015 07 005 Dahri Muhammad Khairud Kooh Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Lim Linda B L 2013 Removal of Methyl Violet 2B from Aqueous Solution Using Casuarina equisetifolia Needle ISRN Environmental Chemistry 2013 1 8 doi 10 1155 2013 619819 Dahri Muhammad Khairud Kooh Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Lim Linda B L 2016 Remediation of Rhodamine B Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Casuarina equisetifolia Cone Powder as a Low Cost Absorbent Advances in Physical Chemistry 2016 1 7 doi 10 1155 2016 9497378 Water remediation using Casuarina equisetifolia cone as adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet 2B dye using batch experiment method Journal of Environment amp Biotechnology Research 6 1 34 42 January 2017 Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 via ViNaNiE Adsorption of methylene blue by casuarina equisetifolia bark Archived from the original on 2020 07 10 Retrieved 2018 02 15 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Application of microwave treated Casuarina equisetifolia seeds in adsorption of dyes Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 9 458 471 2017 doi 10 4314 JFAS V9I7S 43 inactive 31 January 2024 ISSN 1112 9867 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of January 2024 link Alrozi Rasyidah Zubir Nor Aida Kamaruddin Mohamad Anuar Yusof Siti Noor Faizah Mohd Yusoff Mohd Suffian 2017 Removal of organic fractions from landfill leachate by Casuarina equisetifolia activated carbon Characteristics and absorption mechanisms AIP Conference Proceedings 1885 1 020139 Bibcode 2017AIPC 1885b0139A doi 10 1063 1 5002333 Muslim A 2017 AUSTRALIAN PINE CONES BASED ACTIVATED CARBON FOR ADSORPTION OF COPPER IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION PDF Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 12 2 280 295 Thulaja Naidu Ratnala 24 January 2018 31 December 2004 Tanjong Rhu Road Infopedia Government of Singapore Retrieved 25 October 2022 Tanjung Rhu Kilim Geoforest Park The Cooperative of Kilim Village Community Langkawi Limited 2022 Retrieved 25 October 2022 Replant Aru trees mangroves at Tanjung Aru blaze site call Daily Express 22 July 2021 Retrieved 25 October 2022 Sals Florent Joseph 2005 The History of Agoo 1578 2005 La Union Limbagan Printhouse p 80 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casuarina equisetifolia NT Flora Casuarina equisetifolia Northern Territory Government Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Casuarina equisetifolia amp oldid 1201950398, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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