Carl Hart

Carl L. Hart (born October 30, 1966) is an American psychologist and neuroscientist, working as the Mamie Phipps Clark Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry) at Columbia University.^[1] Hart is known for his research on drug abuse and drug addiction, his advocacy for the legalization of recreational drugs, and his recreational use of drugs.^[2] Hart became the first tenured African-American professor of sciences at Columbia University.^[2][3] He is the author of two books for the general public, High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery that Challenges Everything You Know about Drugs and Society (2013) and Drug Use for Grown-Ups: Chasing Liberty in the Land of Fear (2021).

Carl Hart
Born	(1966-10-30) October 30, 1966 (age 57) Miami, Florida, U.S.
Education	University of Maryland, College Park (BS) University of Wyoming (MS, PhD)
Known for	Research about recreational drug use, drug abuse, and addiction
Spouse	Robin Hart
Scientific career
Fields	Neuroscience, psychology
Institutions	Columbia University New York State Psychiatric Institute
Thesis	Role of the L-type calcium channel in nicotine-induced locomotion in rats (1996)
Doctoral advisor	Charlie Ksir
Website	drcarlhart.com

Early life and education

Hart grew up in the Carol City neighborhood of Miami Gardens, a suburb of Miami considered one of the most dangerous in the US.^[2][4] As a youth, he engaged in petty crime and the use and sale of drugs, and at times carried a gun. He was also a proficient athlete involved in high school sports.^[2][5][6] He was raised by a single mother, who separated from an abusive father when Hart was six.^[7][8] After high school, he served in the United States Air Force (1984–1988), which became his path to higher education.^[9][10]

Hart earned a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from the University of Maryland, and a Master of Science (1994) and PhD (1996), both in psychology/neuroscience, from the University of Wyoming.^[11] When he received his doctorate, he was the only black PhD in neuroscience in the US.^[12] Hart attended University of North Carolina Wilmington, where he worked with his undergraduate neuroscience professor, Robert Hakan, before attending the University of Wyoming. He pursued postdoctoral research at the University of California, San Francisco and Yale University,^[5][7] and completed an Intramural Training Award fellowship at the National Institutes of Health.^[13]

Career and research

Hart is the Mamie Phipps Clark Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry) and former chair of the psychology department at Columbia University.^[14] Hart arrived at Columbia in 1998; in 2009, he became the university's first tenured African-American professor of sciences.^[2][3] His area of expertise is neuropsychopharmacology,^[15] with a research focus on the behavioral and neuropharmacological effects of psychoactive drugs in humans.^[1][15] He has a particular interest in the social and psychological factors that influence self-administration of drugs.^[10] He is the Principal Investigator at Columbia University's Neuropsychopharmacology Lab.^[16]

In 1999, Hart began investigating the effects of crack cocaine on behavior.^[2] Through 2009, he received research grants totaling over $6 million, from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.^[5]

Hart's research is centered around human subject experiments conducted in his research lab at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (a hospital located in the Columbia University Irving Medical Center). The facility, informally called the ResLab (residential laboratory), accommodated subjects for extended periods; a typical experiment ran for two weeks. The subjects, habitual drug users, were given precisely metered doses of drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine, while being continuously monitored and tested.^[13]

Hart opposes the brain disease model of addiction dominant in the field, which holds that addiction is a brain disorder. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, states that visible differences in the brains of addicts helps explain the nature of compulsive drug usage. Hart states that most studies show that drug users' cognitive abilities and functions are within the normal range. Commenting on Hart's argument, Anna Lembke, head of the Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic, said that "intelligent, informed people can disagree on the disease model of addiction", and noted that there is evidence that long-term drug use can alter the brain in a different way than learning a new language or a musical instrument.^[17] Hart indicates that the absence of positive outlets and activities is one reason drug use can occur in communities. He argues that drug laws intended to make a society safer should be based on empirical evidence.^[18][19]

Hart is also a Research Fellow and former co-director at Columbia's Institute for Research in African-American Studies.^[20][21]

Books

Hart has written two books for the general public, High Price and Drug Use for Grown-Ups, and co-authored, with Charles Ksir, recent editions of the introductory textbook, Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior.^[22]

High Price

In 2013, Hart published High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society, described as "combining memoir, popular science, and public policy."^[23] In it, Hart discusses misconceptions about illegal drugs, speaking from the combined perspectives of growing up in a poor, crime-ridden African-American neighborhood, and his career as a research neuroscientist.^[7][24] He describes his upbringing, time in the military, years in college and grad school, and his journey to a PhD and tenured professorship at Columbia. He discusses the challenge of learning white cultural norms and language as an aspect of succeeding in academia, and then returning to his family and feeling alienated and unable to connect. Using drug crime statistics and details from his lab research, he argues that drugs are a symptom, not the cause, of crime and poverty, and that they mask issues of lack of education, racism, unemployment, and despair.^[7][24] He ends the book with an argument for the decriminalization of drugs, stating that his research has shown that the dangers associated with drugs are largely misunderstood, and that a decrease in stigma and increase in conversation would likely decrease the number of drug related deaths. He advocates for a move to drug policies based on scientific evidence and human rights, not irrational fear and sensationalism.^[24][25]

Drug Use for Grown-Ups

Main article: Drug Use for Grown-Ups

In 2021, Hart published Drug Use for Grown-Ups: Chasing Liberty in the Land of Fear.^[26] In it, he writes that, in his over 25-year research career, he found that "most drug-use scenarios cause little or no harm and that some responsible drug-use scenarios are actually beneficial for human health and functioning."^[27] In the book (and in media interviews around its publication), Hart revealed that he is a recreational heroin user, and indicated that he uses a number of other drugs. He argued that he is not an addict, but that he uses drugs responsibly in the "pursuit of happiness".^[14][28] Hart further argued that for the majority of individuals, recreational use of drugs has a positive effect, and that journalists and researchers overstate the harms of such drug use.^[28][15]

Public debate

Hart argues that drug policy in the US and most of the rest of the world "is based on assumption and anecdote, but rarely on scientific evidence".^[5] He advocates decriminalizing drug use through policies that are scientifically based rather than heavily influenced by social determinants such as race and class.^[24][29] As an example, he discusses the criminalization of crack cocaine (typically associated with poor communities) and lack of similar criminalization of powder cocaine (traditionally associated with wealthier communities) as an indication of the way drug criminalization has been based on social problems rather than scientific fact, considering both contain the same active chemical.^[18][30]

Hart states that the poor, crime-ridden environment he grew up in influenced his world view, and he believed that drugs were the reason for poverty and crime in most neighborhoods.^[2] Only later, through his research, did he come to believe that "crime and poverty were mostly independent of drug use".^[15][18]

Hart has lectured and testified around the world as an expert on psychoactive drugs.^[31] He testified before the United States Congress' Committee On Oversight and Government Reform.^[32] He has testified, on the stand and in written submissions, in family courts in New York City, advocating for children to stay with parents who have tested positive for marijuana use, arguing that there is no scientific basis for casual marijuana use having an effect on parenting. In one case, a mother had tested positive while giving birth at a city hospital, and been charged with negligence (the case was later dropped).^[12]

In a 2013 New York Times editorial, he commented on the toxicology report presented in the case of Trayvon Martin, where the indication of marijuana in Martin's blood was used as evidence that he might have been paranoid the night of his fatal shooting, causing him to attack the person who shot him.^[33] Hart stated that the assertion subscribed to outdated notions of marijuana use, such as those implied in Reefer Madness, and failed to recognize the seven decades of research on marijuana that show the levels of marijuana present in Martin's blood were insufficient to cause the aforementioned side effects, and that the side effects mentioned are extremely uncommon in marijuana users.^[34]

In May 2017, speaking at a drug policy conference at the University of the Philippines Diliman, Hart addressed the misconceptions about methamphetamine in the Philippines amidst President Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs. Citing lab tests on animals, Hart refuted Duterte's claim that methamphetamine shrinks people's brains and causes them to become violent. In the aftermath of his speech, Hart began to receive online death threats which forced him to leave the Philippines shortly thereafter.^[35][36][37] Duterte commented on Hart's claims, saying: "That's all bullshit to me", and called Hart a "son of a bitch who has gone crazy".^[38] In an interview with Public Radio International, Hart described Duterte as "a president making such ignorant comments about drugs — like he's a pharmacologist" and added that Duterte was "out of his league when he talks about drugs".^[36][37]

Media appearances

Hart has been a speaker at Talks at Google,^[39] The Reason Foundation,^[40] and The Nobel Conference.^[41] He has been interviewed or otherwise featured on CNN, Stossel^[42] and "The Independents" on Fox Business, "All In with Chris Hayes" on MSNBC, Reason TV,^[43] "The O'Reilly Factor" on Fox News, "Democracy Now!", and The Joe Rogan Experience.^[44] He spoke at TEDMED 2014, discussing his evidence-based view of drug addiction, and how that should impact public policy.^[18] Hart is featured in the 2012 documentary, The House I Live In, and in the 2021 Netflix documentary, Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy, where he discusses what was missing from the sensationalized portrayal of crack in the 1980s.^[45]

Personal life

Hart is married to Robin Hart and has three children.^[10] He lives in New York City.^[46]

Awards and honors

• Columbia University: Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching (2008)^[47]
• Mothers Against Teen Violence: Humanitarian Award (2014)^[48][49]
• PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award for High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society (2014)^[50][51]
• City of Miami: Dr. Carl Hart Day (Feb 1, 2016)^[52]

Bibliography

Selected articles, essays and research papers:

• Hart, C.; Van Gorp, W.; Haney, M.; Foltin, R. W.; Fischman, M. W. (2001). "Effects of Acute Smoked Marijuana on Complex Cognitive Performance". Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (5): 757–765. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00273-1. PMID 11682259. S2CID 817333.
• Haney, Margaret; Hart, Carl L.; Vosburg, Suzanne K.; Nasser, Jennifer; Bennett, Andrew; Zubaran, Carlos; Foltin, Richard W. (2004). "Marijuana Withdrawal in Humans: Effects of Oral THC or Divalproex". Neuropsychopharmacology. 29 (1): 158–170. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300310. PMID 14560320. S2CID 17918963.
• Hart, Carl; Lynch, Wendy (2005). "Developing Pharmacotherapies for Cannabis and Cocaine Use Disorders". Current Neuropharmacology. 3 (2): 95–114. doi:10.2174/1570159053586726.
• Haney, Margaret; Hart, Carl L.; Vosburg, Suzanne K.; Comer, Sandra D.; Reed, Stephanie Collins; Foltin, Richard W. (2008). "Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse". Psychopharmacology. 197 (1): 157–168. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1020-8. PMC 3372576. PMID 18161012.
• Hart, Carl L.; Marvin, Caroline B.; Silver, Rae; Smith, Edward E. (2012). "Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users? A Critical Review". Neuropsychopharmacology. 37 (3): 586–608. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.276. PMC 3260986. PMID 22089317.
• Rowell, Tawandra L.; Wu, Elwin; Hart, Carl L.; Haile, Rahwa; El-Bassel, Nabila (2012). "Predictors of Drug Use in Prison among Incarcerated Black Men". American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 38 (6): 593–597. doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.694536. PMC 3582218. PMID 22746253.
• Ksir, Charles; Hart, Carl L. (2016). "Cannabis and Psychosis: A Critical Overview of the Relationship". Current Psychiatry Reports. 18 (2): 12. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y. PMID 26781550. S2CID 36538598.
• Frazer, Kirsten M.; Manly, Jennifer J.; Downey, Geraldine; Hart, Carl L. (2018). "Assessing cognitive functioning in individuals with cocaine use disorder". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 40 (6): 619–632. doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1403569. PMID 29226762. S2CID 45203356.
• Hart, Carl; Grifell, Marc (2018). "Is Drug Addiction a Brain Disease?". American Scientist. 106 (3): 160. doi:10.1511/2018.106.3.160.
• Hart, Carl L.; Hart, Malakai Z. (2019). "Opioid crisis: Another mechanism used to perpetuate American racism". Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 25 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1037/cdp0000260. PMID 30714762. S2CID 73431609.
• Hart, Carl L. (2020). "Exaggerating Harmful Drug Effects on the Brain is Killing Black People". Neuron. 107 (2): 215–218. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.019. PMC 7328574. PMID 32615067.

References

1. "Carl Hart". Columbia University Department of Psychology. from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
2. Leland, John (April 10, 2021). "This Heroin-Using Professor Wants to Change How We Think About Drugs". The New York Times. from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
3. "Swm016: A Free-wheeling Discussion of Race-related Topics, with Carl Hart And Courtney Cogburn". Columbia School of Social Work (Columbia University). June 26, 2015. from the original on June 21, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
4. Miami Staff (April 15, 2014). "Miami Beach, Miami Gardens among nation's most dangerous suburbs". Miami Herald. from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
5. Shetty, Priya (May 10, 2014). "Carl Hart: advocate for rational drug policy". Lancet. 383 (9929). London: 1627. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60778-9. PMID 24814448. S2CID 205972993. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
6. Satel, Sally (September 30, 2013). "The Science of Choice in Addiction". The Atlantic. from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
7. Hart, Carl (2013). High Price. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0062015884.
8. Winerman, Lea (March 2014). "Paying a high price for the war on drugs". Monitor on Psychology. 45 (3): 32.
9. "Carl Hart: Drugs don't turn people into criminals". Salon. June 17, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
10. Tonti, Alexis (Winter 2012–13). "The Truth Teller". Columbia College Today. from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
11. "Carl L. Hart". University of Wyoming. from the original on June 17, 2017.
12. Harris, Mary (June 11, 2013). "One Neuroscientist Rethinks Addiction". WNYC. from the original on September 17, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
13. Juskalian, Russ (February 2010). "Carl Hart: The drug data pusher". Wired. from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
14. Bartlett, Tom (February 26, 2021). "Why a Columbia Neuroscientist Acknowledged Using Heroin". Chronicle of Higher Education. from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
15. Anthony, Andrew (February 6, 2021). "Meet Carl Hart: parent, Columbia professor – and heroin user". The Guardian. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
16. "Neuropsychopharmacology Lab: People". Columbia University. from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
17. Brueck, Hilary (February 19, 2021). "A Columbia professor who uses heroin says the drug helps him maintain a work-life balance and should be legal for everyone". Insider. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
18. "Let's quit abusing drug users". TEDMED. 2014. from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
19. Donaldson, Jesse (May 6, 2019). "Carl Hart's Radically Different Approach to Drug Policy". The Tyee. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
20. "Institute for Research in African American Studies: Research Fellows". Institute for Research in African American Studies (Columbia University). from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
21. "The Institute for Research in African American Studies: About". Institute for Research in African American Studies (Columbia University). from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
22. Hart, Carl; Ksir, Charles (2021). Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1260711059.
23. "High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery that Challenges Everything You Know about Drugs and Society". Publishers Weekly. April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
24. Seiffert, Rachel (August 5, 2013). "High Price: Drugs, Neuroscience, and Discovering Myself by Carl Hart – review". The Guardian. from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
25. OPaungsawad, Gamjad; Hart, Carl (October 1, 2016). "Bangkok 2016: From overly punitive to deeply humane drug policies". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 167: 223–234. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.004.
26. Sally Satel (January 13, 2021). "'Drug Use for Grown-Ups' Review: A Dose of Dissent". The Wall Street Journal (book review).
27. Skipper, Clay (February 16, 2021). "What If Drugs Aren't as Bad as We've Been Told?". GQ. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
28. Casey Schwartz (January 12, 2021). "When Getting High Is a Hobby, Not a Habit". The New York Times (book review).
29. "Race and the Drug War". We are the Drug Policy Alliance: Issues. Drug Policy Alliance. from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
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32. . Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
33. Sloane, Amanda; Winch, Graham (July 9, 2013). "Judge allow evidence of Trayvon Martin's marijuana use". CNN. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
34. Hart, Carl L. (July 11, 2013). "Reefer Madness, an Unfortunate Redux". The New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
35. Cupin, Bea (May 6, 2017). . Rappler. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
36. Winn, Patrick (June 6, 2017). . GlobalPost. Public Radio International. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
37. Dimacali, TJ (June 8, 2017). . GMA News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
38. Romero, Alexis (May 10, 2017). . The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
39. Carl Hart, "High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That ..." | Talks at Google Google, July 22, 2013
40. . Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
41. "Carl Hart, PhD – Nobel Conference 51 | Nobel Conference". gustavus.edu.
42. . Fox Business. Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
43. Neuroscientist Carl Hart: Science Says We Should Decriminalize Drugs Reason TV, July 15, 2013
44. "#1593 – Dr. Carl Hart". JREPodcast.com. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
45. Gleiberman, Owen (January 8, 2021). "'Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy' Review: An Eye-Opening Look at the Crack Epidemic, a Tragedy That Was Hyped and Exploited". Variety. from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
46. High Price by Dr. Carl Hart: Author. July 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
47. "Faculty Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching Winners, 1996–2020". Columbia University. from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
48. Martin, Annie (July 3, 2020). "Professor uninvited to UCF in 2017 after comments about police brutality, former students say". Orlando Sentinel. from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
49. Strickland, Joy (January 23, 2014). "President Obama Affirms MATV's Message". HuffPost. from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
50. Ron Charles (July 30, 2014). "Winners of the 2014 PEN Literary Awards". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
51. "2014 PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award". pen.org. April 16, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
52. "City of Miami". Columbia University. 2016. from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

External links

 

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