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Campanula

March 21, 2024

For the main belt asteroid, see 1077 Campanula. For the racehorse, see Campanula (horse). The hydrozoan genus Campanula is usually included in Campanularia today.

Campanula (/kæmˈpænjʊlə/)[4] is the type genus of the Campanulaceae family of flowering plants. Campanula are commonly known as bellflowers and take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell".

Bellflower
Campanula persicifolia near Tehumardi, Saaremaa, Estonia.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Subfamily: Campanuloideae
Genus: Campanula
L.[1]
Type species
Campanula latifolia
Synonyms[3]
List
  • Marianthemum Schrank
  • Roucela Dumort
  • Symphyandra A.DC.
  • Rapuntia Chevall.
  • Decaprisma Raf.
  • Erinia Noulet
  • Loreia Raf.
  • Pentropis Raf.
  • Lacara Raf.
  • Nenningia Opiz
  • Trachelioides Opiz
  • Weitenwebera Opiz
  • Depierrea Schltdl.
  • Quinquelocularia K.Koch
  • Cenekia Opiz
  • Drymocodon Fourr
  • Sicyocodon Feer
  • Diosphaera Buser
  • Tracheliopsis Buser
  • Campanulastrum Small
  • Rotantha Small
  • Petkovia Stef.
  • Astrocodon Fed.
  • Popoviocodonia Fed.
  • Annaea Kolak.
  • Gadellia Schulkina
  • Pseudocampanula Kolak.
  • Hyssaria Kolak.
  • Mzymtella Kolak.
  • Hemisphaera Kolak.
  • Neocodon Kolak. & Serdyuk.
  • Megalocalyx (Damboldt) Kolak.
  • Brachycodonia Fed. ex Kolak.
  • Echinocodonia Kolak.

The genus includes over 500 species and several subspecies, distributed across the temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with centers of diversity in the Mediterranean region, Balkans, Caucasus and mountains of western Asia.[5] The range also extends into mountains in tropical regions of Asia and Africa.[3]

Unidentified Campanula in Tashkent Botanical Garden

The species include annual, biennial and perennial plants, and vary in habit from dwarf arctic and alpine species under 5 cm high, to large temperate grassland and woodland species growing to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall.

Description edit

 

The leaves are alternate and often vary in shape on a single plant, with larger, broader leaves at the base of the stem and smaller, narrower leaves higher up; the leaf margin may be either entire or serrated (sometimes both on the same plant). Many species contain white latex in the leaves and stems.[6]

The flowers are produced in panicles (sometimes solitary), and have a five-lobed corolla, typically large (2–5 cm or more long), mostly blue to purple, sometimes white or pink. Below the corolla, 5 leaf-like sepals form the calyx. Some species have a small additional leaf-like growth termed an "appendage" between each sepal, and the presence or absence, relative size, and attitude of the appendage is often used to distinguish between closely related species.[6]

The fruit is a capsule containing numerous small seeds.[6]

Campanula species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including common pug (recorded on harebell), dot moth, ingrailed clay (recorded on harebell), lime-speck pug and mouse moth.[7][citation needed]

Cultivation and uses edit

Well-known species include the northern temperate Campanula rotundifolia, commonly known as harebell in England and bluebell in Scotland and Ireland (though it is not closely related to the true bluebells), and the southern European Campanula medium, commonly known as Canterbury bells (a popular garden plant in the United Kingdom). As well as several species occurring naturally in the wild in northern Europe, there are many cultivated garden species.

The cultivars 'Misty Dawn'[8] and 'Kent Belle'[9] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The species Campanula rapunculus, commonly known as rampion bellflower, rampion, or rover bellflower, is a biennial vegetable which was once widely grown in Europe for its spinach-like leaves and radish-like roots.[10] In many English translations of the Brothers Grimm's tale Rapunzel, rampion is the vegetable that is stolen from the witch. (Rapunzel is a completely different plant, Valerianella locusta.)

In the UK the National Collection of campanulas is held at Burton Agnes Hall in East Yorkshire[11] and the National Collection of Alpine Campanulas at Langham Hall, Bury St Edmunds, in Suffolk.[12]

Related genera edit

The classification of some Campanulaceae genera as either part of Campanula or separate genera can vary by system, including Azorina, Campanulastrum, Canarina, Edraianthus, Musschia, Ostrowskia, and Platycodon. Some genera previously not segregated from Campanula currently are segregated in some systems, including Annaea, Gadellia, and Theodorovia. Hemisphaera was formerly Campanula, subsect. Scapiflorae, and Neocodon was Campanula sect. Rapunculus.[13]

Species edit

Main article: List of Campanula species
 
Campanula persicifolia
 
Campanula cervicaria

There are 473, including:

Formerly placed here edit

  • Adenophora gmelinii (Spreng.) Fisch. (as C. coronopifolia Schult. or C. gmelinii Spreng.)
  • Adenophora khasiana (Hook.f. & Thomson) Collett & Hemsl. (as C. khasiana Hook.f. & Thomson)
  • Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Besser (as C. liliifolia L.)
  • Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC. (as C. tetraphylla Thunb. or C. triphylla Thunb.)
  • Azorina vidalii (H.C.Watson) Feer (as C. vidalii H.C.Watson)
  • Borago pygmaea (DC.) Chater & Greuter (as C. pygmaea DC.)
  • Eastwoodiella californica (Kellogg) Morin (as C. californica (Kellogg) A.Heller)
  • Legousia pentagonia (L.) Druce (as C. pentagonia L.)
  • Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Durande ex Vill. (as C. speculum-veneris L.)
  • Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (as C. glauca Thunb. or C. grandiflora Jacq.)
  • Ravenella angustiflora (Eastw.) Morin (as C. angustiflora Eastw.)
  • Ravenella exigua (Rattan) Morin (as C. exigua Rattan)
  • Ravenella griffinii (Morin) Morin (as C. griffinii Morin)
  • Ravenella sharsmithiae (Morin) Morin (as C. sharsmithiae Morin)
  • Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. (as C. perfoliata L.)
  • Wahlenbergia linarioides (Lam.) A.DC. (as C. linarioides Lam.)
  • Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A.DC. C. gracilis G.Forst. or C. marginata Thunb.)
  • Wahlenbergia undulata (L.f.) A.DC. (as C. undulata L.f.)[14]

Chemistry edit

Violdelphin is an anthocyanin, a type of plant pigment, found in the blue flowers in the genus Campanula.[15]

Fossil record edit

Three fossil seeds of †Campanula palaeopyramidalis have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.[16]

References edit

  1. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-01-29. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  2. ^ lectorype designated by Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States (ed. 2) 3: 294 (1913)
  3. ^ a b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  4. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  5. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Genere: Campanula - Famiglia: Campanulaceae
  6. ^ a b c Flora of China, v 19 p 530, 风铃草属 feng ling cao shu, Campanula Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 163. 1753.
  7. ^ "Campanula". campanulaceae.myspeciesinfo. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  8. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Campanula 'Misty Dawn'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  9. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Campanula 'Kent Belle'". Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  10. ^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Rampion" . Encyclopedia Americana.
  11. ^ "Burton Agnes Hall – Campanula Collection". www.burtonagnes.com. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  12. ^ "Home". Bellflower Nursery. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  13. ^ Tatyana V. Shulkina, John F. Gaskin and W. M. M. Eddie, "Morphological Studies toward an Improved Classification of Campanulaceae s. str.," Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90.4 (2003), pp. 578, 583.
  14. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  15. ^ Structure and biosynthesis of anthocyanins in flowers of Campanula. Kirsten Brandt, Tadao Kondo, Hideki Aoki and Toshio Goto, Phytochemistry, 29 April 1993, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 209–212, doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85424-P
  16. ^ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3–117.
  • Fitter, R; A Fitter (1974). The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Campanula at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Campanula at Wikispecies

March 21, 2024
campanula, main, belt, asteroid, 1077, racehorse, horse, hydrozoan, genus, usually, included, today, type, genus, ceae, family, flowering, plants, commonly, known, bellflowers, take, both, their, common, scientific, names, from, bell, shaped, flowers, campanul. For the main belt asteroid see 1077 Campanula For the racehorse see Campanula horse The hydrozoan genus Campanula is usually included in Campanularia today Campanula k ae m ˈ p ae nj ʊ l e 4 is the type genus of the Campanulaceae family of flowering plants Campanula are commonly known as bellflowers and take both their common and scientific names from the bell shaped flowers campanula is Latin for little bell BellflowerCampanula persicifolia near Tehumardi Saaremaa Estonia Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder AsteralesFamily CampanulaceaeSubfamily CampanuloideaeGenus CampanulaL 1 Type speciesCampanula latifoliaL 2 Synonyms 3 List Marianthemum SchrankRoucela DumortSymphyandra A DC Rapuntia Chevall Decaprisma Raf Erinia NouletLoreia Raf Pentropis Raf Lacara Raf Nenningia OpizTrachelioides OpizWeitenwebera OpizDepierrea Schltdl Quinquelocularia K KochCenekia OpizDrymocodon FourrSicyocodon FeerDiosphaera BuserTracheliopsis BuserCampanulastrum SmallRotantha SmallPetkovia Stef Astrocodon Fed Popoviocodonia Fed Annaea Kolak Gadellia SchulkinaPseudocampanula Kolak Hyssaria Kolak Mzymtella Kolak Hemisphaera Kolak Neocodon Kolak amp Serdyuk Megalocalyx Damboldt Kolak Brachycodonia Fed ex Kolak Echinocodonia Kolak The genus includes over 500 species and several subspecies distributed across the temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere with centers of diversity in the Mediterranean region Balkans Caucasus and mountains of western Asia 5 The range also extends into mountains in tropical regions of Asia and Africa 3 Unidentified Campanula in Tashkent Botanical GardenThe species include annual biennial and perennial plants and vary in habit from dwarf arctic and alpine species under 5 cm high to large temperate grassland and woodland species growing to 2 metres 6 ft 7 in tall Contents 1 Description 2 Cultivation and uses 3 Related genera 4 Species 4 1 Formerly placed here 5 Chemistry 6 Fossil record 7 References 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp The leaves are alternate and often vary in shape on a single plant with larger broader leaves at the base of the stem and smaller narrower leaves higher up the leaf margin may be either entire or serrated sometimes both on the same plant Many species contain white latex in the leaves and stems 6 The flowers are produced in panicles sometimes solitary and have a five lobed corolla typically large 2 5 cm or more long mostly blue to purple sometimes white or pink Below the corolla 5 leaf like sepals form the calyx Some species have a small additional leaf like growth termed an appendage between each sepal and the presence or absence relative size and attitude of the appendage is often used to distinguish between closely related species 6 The fruit is a capsule containing numerous small seeds 6 Campanula species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including common pug recorded on harebell dot moth ingrailed clay recorded on harebell lime speck pug and mouse moth 7 citation needed Cultivation and uses editWell known species include the northern temperate Campanula rotundifolia commonly known as harebell in England and bluebell in Scotland and Ireland though it is not closely related to the true bluebells and the southern European Campanula medium commonly known as Canterbury bells a popular garden plant in the United Kingdom As well as several species occurring naturally in the wild in northern Europe there are many cultivated garden species The cultivars Misty Dawn 8 and Kent Belle 9 have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit The species Campanula rapunculus commonly known as rampion bellflower rampion or rover bellflower is a biennial vegetable which was once widely grown in Europe for its spinach like leaves and radish like roots 10 In many English translations of the Brothers Grimm s tale Rapunzel rampion is the vegetable that is stolen from the witch Rapunzel is a completely different plant Valerianella locusta In the UK the National Collection of campanulas is held at Burton Agnes Hall in East Yorkshire 11 and the National Collection of Alpine Campanulas at Langham Hall Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk 12 Related genera editThe classification of some Campanulaceae genera as either part of Campanula or separate genera can vary by system including Azorina Campanulastrum Canarina Edraianthus Musschia Ostrowskia and Platycodon Some genera previously not segregated from Campanula currently are segregated in some systems including Annaea Gadellia and Theodorovia Hemisphaera was formerly Campanula subsect Scapiflorae and Neocodon was Campanula sect Rapunculus 13 Species editMain article List of Campanula species nbsp Campanula persicifolia nbsp Campanula cervicariaThere are 473 including Campanula aghrica Aghrian bellflower Campanula alliariifolia Cornish bellflower Campanula alaskana Campanula alpestris Campanula alpina Campanula americana American bellflower Campanula balfourii Socotra bellflower Campanula barbata bearded bellflower Campanula betulifolia Campanula bononiensis Campanula bravensis Campanula carpatica Carpathian bellflower Campanula cervicaria bristly bellflower Campanula cochleariifolia fairies thimbles Campanula collina blue dwarf bellflower Campanula divaricata Appalachian bellflower Campanula garganica Adriatic bellflower Campanula gelida Campanula glomerata clustered bellflower Campanula hercegovina Campanula isophylla Italian bellflower Campanula jacobaea Campanula lactiflora milky bellflower Campanula lanata Campanula lasiocarpa Campanula latifolia wide leaved bellflower Campanula latiloba great bellflower Campanula medium Canterbury bells Campanula napuligera Campanula parryi Campanula patula spreading bellflower Campanula pendula Campanula persicifolia peach leaved bellflower Campanula piperi Piper s bellflower Campanula portenschlagiana Dalmatian or wall bellflower Campanula poscharskyana Serbian bellflower Campanula primulifolia Spanish bellflower Campanula punctata Campanula pyramidalis chimney bellflower Campanula raineri Rainer s bellflower Campanula rapunculoides creeping bellflower Campanula rapunculus rampion bellflower Campanula robinsiae Campanula rotundifolia harebell bluebell Campanula scabrella rough bellflower Campanula scheuchzeri Campanula scouleri Scouler s or pale bellflower Campanula shetleri Castle Crags bellflower Campanula spicata Campanula takesimana Korean bellflower Campanula thyrsoides Campanula trachelium nettle leaved bellflower Campanula uniflora Arctic bellflower Campanula wilkinsiana Wilkin s bellflower Campanula zoysii Formerly placed here edit Adenophora gmelinii Spreng Fisch as C coronopifolia Schult or C gmelinii Spreng Adenophora khasiana Hook f amp Thomson Collett amp Hemsl as C khasiana Hook f amp Thomson Adenophora liliifolia L Besser as C liliifolia L Adenophora triphylla Thunb A DC as C tetraphylla Thunb or C triphylla Thunb Azorina vidalii H C Watson Feer as C vidalii H C Watson Borago pygmaea DC Chater amp Greuter as C pygmaea DC Eastwoodiella californica Kellogg Morin as C californica Kellogg A Heller Legousia pentagonia L Druce as C pentagonia L Legousia speculum veneris L Durande ex Vill as C speculum veneris L Platycodon grandiflorus Jacq A DC as C glauca Thunb or C grandiflora Jacq Ravenella angustiflora Eastw Morin as C angustiflora Eastw Ravenella exigua Rattan Morin as C exigua Rattan Ravenella griffinii Morin Morin as C griffinii Morin Ravenella sharsmithiae Morin Morin as C sharsmithiae Morin Triodanis perfoliata L Nieuwl as C perfoliata L Wahlenbergia linarioides Lam A DC as C linarioides Lam Wahlenbergia marginata Thunb A DC C gracilis G Forst or C marginata Thunb Wahlenbergia undulata L f A DC as C undulata L f 14 Chemistry editVioldelphin is an anthocyanin a type of plant pigment found in the blue flowers in the genus Campanula 15 Fossil record editThree fossil seeds of Campanula palaeopyramidalis have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin West Carpathians Poland 16 References edit Genus Campanula L Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2004 01 29 Archived from the original on 2012 10 06 Retrieved 2011 02 03 lectorype designated by Britton amp Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States ed 2 3 294 1913 a b World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew apps kew org Retrieved 13 April 2018 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 607 Altervista Flora Italiana Genere Campanula Famiglia Campanulaceae a b c Flora of China v 19 p 530 风铃草属 feng ling cao shu Campanula Linnaeus Sp Pl 1 163 1753 Campanula campanulaceae myspeciesinfo Retrieved 16 June 2021 RHS Plant Selector Campanula Misty Dawn Retrieved 21 June 2013 RHS Plant Selector Campanula Kent Belle Retrieved 2020 04 17 Rines George Edwin ed 1920 Rampion Encyclopedia Americana Burton Agnes Hall Campanula Collection www burtonagnes com Retrieved 13 April 2018 Home Bellflower Nursery Retrieved 13 April 2018 Tatyana V Shulkina John F Gaskin and W M M Eddie Morphological Studies toward an Improved Classification of Campanulaceae s str Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90 4 2003 pp 578 583 GRIN Species Records of Campanula Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on 2009 01 20 Retrieved 2011 02 03 Structure and biosynthesis of anthocyanins in flowers of Campanula Kirsten Brandt Tadao Kondo Hideki Aoki and Toshio Goto Phytochemistry 29 April 1993 Volume 33 Issue 1 Pages 209 212 doi 10 1016 0031 9422 93 85424 P Lancucka Srodoniowa M Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sacz Basin West Carpathians Poland Szczatki makroskopowe roslin z miocenu slodkowodnego Kotliny Sadeckiej Karpaty Zachodnie Polska Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 1 3 117 Fitter R A Fitter 1974 The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe Collins External links edit nbsp Media related to Campanula at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Campanula at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Campanula amp oldid 1185643624, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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