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Campanula rapunculoides

April 10, 2024

Campanula rapunculoides, known by the common names creeping bellflower, rampion bellflower, rover bellflower, garden bluebell, creeping bluebell, purple bell, garden harebell, and creeping campanula,[2] is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Campanula, belonging to the family Campanulaceae. Native to central and southern Europe and west Asia,[3] in some parts of North America it is an extremely invasive species.[4]

Campanula rapunculoides
Campanula rapunculoides, Ottawa, Ontario
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Genus: Campanula
Species:
C. rapunculoides
Binomial name
Campanula rapunculoides
Synonyms[1]

Etymology edit

The genus Latin name ("campanula"), meaning 'small bell', refers to the bell-shape of the flower, while the specific name ("rapunculoides") refers to the similarity to Campanula rapunculus.

Description edit

 
Close-up on flowers of Campanula rapunculoides

Campanula rapunculoides reaches on average 30–80 centimetres (12–31 in) of height, with a maximum of 120 centimetres (47 in). The stem is simple, erect and lightly pubescent and the leaves are usually shortly hairy. The basal leaves are triangular, narrow, with a heart-shaped or rounded base, jagged edges and are up to 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long. The upper stem leaves are sessile, lanceolate, and shortly stalked.

The inflorescence consists of nodding spikelike racemes with numerous drooping flowers. The flowers are bright blue-violet (rarely white), 2 to 4 centimetres (0.79 to 1.57 in) long, with short petioles standing to one side in the axils of the bracts. The bracts are quite different and smaller than the leaves. The sepals are lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire, wide at the base up to 2.5 millimetres (0.098 in). The corolla is bell-shaped, with five deep lobes slightly ciliate. The flowering period extends from June through September. The flowers are pollinated by insects (bees, flies, butterflies, etc.) (entomophily). The fruit is a capsule with five pores near the base, where the seeds are spread.

The plant seeds abundantly (each plant can produce 15,000 seeds),[5] and while some roots come out when it is pulled, the horizontal stolons grow vertical storage tubers, which may not be anywhere near the surface portions of the plant. These storage tubers can regrow stolons, which in turn send up shoots at some distance from the storage tubers.[6]

This plant has its overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface (hemicryptophyte). It spreads by underground rhizomes and produces deep, taproot-shaped tubers. Both are white and fleshy. Because any piece of the roots can sprout into a new plant, it is extremely hard to eradicate.

Distribution edit

This plant is native to Europe and western Siberia,[6] where it grows in semi-shaded areas like open woods, the edges of denser forests, and meadowland.[3] It has been introduced to North America, where it has become an extremely invasive weed;[7] it chokes out other plants, and eliminating it is nearly impossible due to its multiple propagation mechanisms.[6]

Like many related Campanula species and more distant relatives,[8] it is edible and was historically grown for food. The roots, shoots, and leaves are all edible.[7] The roots can be eaten raw or cooked, and the upper parts are mild-flavoured;[9] indeed rather bland,[8] commonplace, and somewhat chewy-leaved; the basal leaves are often cooked as a pot herb, where they blend in with other leaves unnoticeably.[10]

Habitat edit

It grows on grassy places, dry hills, meadows, in deciduous and pine forests, woods, fields and roadsides, along railway lines and hedgerows, preferably in partial shade, in dry to moist sites and on clay soils, relatively rich in nitrogen, at an altitude of 0–2,000 metres (0–6,562 ft) above sea level. It also occurs in cultivated fields as a weed.

Gallery edit

  •  
    Illustration of Campanula rapunculoides (right) from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildunge (1796)
  •  
    Plant of Campanula rapunculoides
  •  
    Close-up on flowers of Campanula rapunculoides
  •  
    Flowers of Campanula rapunculoides
  •  
    Leaf of Campanula rapunculoides

Invasive species edit

Campanula rapunculoides is native to parts of Eurasia, but is a widespread European import to North America, and it is invasive.[11]

It is extremely difficult to remove.[6] Mechanical removal, burning, and chemicals have varying success rates, but there is no sure method of removing the plants first try.[12]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Campanula rapunculoides was first described and published in Species Plantarum 165 1753. The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  2. ^ , City of Calgary Parks Department, Calgary, Alberta, nd, archived from the original on 2012-06-02, retrieved 5 August 2015
  3. ^ a b Handbook of the British flora: a description of ..., Volume 2; Volume 1865 By George Bentham
  4. ^ Dyer, Mary H. "Creeping Bellflower - How To Get Rid Of Creeping Bellflower". gardeningknownhow.com. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  5. ^ "Campanula rapunculoides (Creeping Bellflower)", Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund, Minnesota Wild flowers, Minnesota, nd, retrieved 5 August 2015
  6. ^ a b c d Stannard, Katie (28 May 2020). "Invasive of the Week: Creeping bellflower (Campanula rapunculoides)". Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan.
  7. ^ a b "Creeping Bellflower" (PDF). Wisconsin Master Gardener. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 6 July 2009.
  8. ^ a b "Campanula: Edible Bellflowers – GoodFood World".
  9. ^ "Campanula rapunculoides (creeping bellflower): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Native Plant Trust.
  10. ^ "Creeping Bellflower". FORAGER CHEF. 8 April 2020.
  11. ^ "Campanula rapunculoides (Creeping Bellflower)", Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund, Minnesota Wild flowers, Minnesota, nd, retrieved 5 August 2015
  12. ^ Panke, Brendon; deRegnier, Ryan; Renz, Mark. "Management of invasive plants in Wisconsin: Creeping bellflower (A3924-05)" (PDF). University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension.
  • Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982, Vol. II, pag. 695

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Campanula rapunculoides.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Campanula rapunculoides.
  • Biolib
  • Plants.usda
  • Wildflowers of Ontario
  • Ontario Weeds: Creeping bellflower, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture
  • Kew Plant List 2020-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
  • IPNI Listing

April 10, 2024
campanula, rapunculoides, known, common, names, creeping, bellflower, rampion, bellflower, rover, bellflower, garden, bluebell, creeping, bluebell, purple, bell, garden, harebell, creeping, campanula, perennial, herbaceous, plant, genus, campanula, belonging, . Campanula rapunculoides known by the common names creeping bellflower rampion bellflower rover bellflower garden bluebell creeping bluebell purple bell garden harebell and creeping campanula 2 is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Campanula belonging to the family Campanulaceae Native to central and southern Europe and west Asia 3 in some parts of North America it is an extremely invasive species 4 Campanula rapunculoidesCampanula rapunculoides Ottawa OntarioScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder AsteralesFamily CampanulaceaeGenus CampanulaSpecies C rapunculoidesBinomial nameCampanula rapunculoidesL 1 Synonyms 1 Campanula morifolia Salisb Ca rapunculiformis St Lag nom illeg Ca rapunculoides var ucranica Besser K Koch citation needed Ca rhomboidea Falk Ca rigida Stokes nom illeg Ca ucranica Schult Cenekia rapunculoides L Opiz Drymocodon rapunculoides L Fourr Rapunculus redivivus E H L Krause Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Distribution 4 Habitat 5 Gallery 6 Invasive species 7 References 8 External linksEtymology editThe genus Latin name campanula meaning small bell refers to the bell shape of the flower while the specific name rapunculoides refers to the similarity to Campanula rapunculus Description edit nbsp Close up on flowers of Campanula rapunculoides Campanula rapunculoides reaches on average 30 80 centimetres 12 31 in of height with a maximum of 120 centimetres 47 in The stem is simple erect and lightly pubescent and the leaves are usually shortly hairy The basal leaves are triangular narrow with a heart shaped or rounded base jagged edges and are up to 12 centimetres 4 7 in long The upper stem leaves are sessile lanceolate and shortly stalked The inflorescence consists of nodding spikelike racemes with numerous drooping flowers The flowers are bright blue violet rarely white 2 to 4 centimetres 0 79 to 1 57 in long with short petioles standing to one side in the axils of the bracts The bracts are quite different and smaller than the leaves The sepals are lanceolate to ovate lanceolate entire wide at the base up to 2 5 millimetres 0 098 in The corolla is bell shaped with five deep lobes slightly ciliate The flowering period extends from June through September The flowers are pollinated by insects bees flies butterflies etc entomophily The fruit is a capsule with five pores near the base where the seeds are spread The plant seeds abundantly each plant can produce 15 000 seeds 5 and while some roots come out when it is pulled the horizontal stolons grow vertical storage tubers which may not be anywhere near the surface portions of the plant These storage tubers can regrow stolons which in turn send up shoots at some distance from the storage tubers 6 This plant has its overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface hemicryptophyte It spreads by underground rhizomes and produces deep taproot shaped tubers Both are white and fleshy Because any piece of the roots can sprout into a new plant it is extremely hard to eradicate Distribution editThis plant is native to Europe and western Siberia 6 where it grows in semi shaded areas like open woods the edges of denser forests and meadowland 3 It has been introduced to North America where it has become an extremely invasive weed 7 it chokes out other plants and eliminating it is nearly impossible due to its multiple propagation mechanisms 6 Like many related Campanula species and more distant relatives 8 it is edible and was historically grown for food The roots shoots and leaves are all edible 7 The roots can be eaten raw or cooked and the upper parts are mild flavoured 9 indeed rather bland 8 commonplace and somewhat chewy leaved the basal leaves are often cooked as a pot herb where they blend in with other leaves unnoticeably 10 Habitat editIt grows on grassy places dry hills meadows in deciduous and pine forests woods fields and roadsides along railway lines and hedgerows preferably in partial shade in dry to moist sites and on clay soils relatively rich in nitrogen at an altitude of 0 2 000 metres 0 6 562 ft above sea level It also occurs in cultivated fields as a weed Gallery edit nbsp Illustration of Campanula rapunculoides right from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildunge 1796 nbsp Plant of Campanula rapunculoides nbsp Close up on flowers of Campanula rapunculoides nbsp Flowers of Campanula rapunculoides nbsp Leaf of Campanula rapunculoidesInvasive species editCampanula rapunculoides is native to parts of Eurasia but is a widespread European import to North America and it is invasive 11 It is extremely difficult to remove 6 Mechanical removal burning and chemicals have varying success rates but there is no sure method of removing the plants first try 12 References edit a b Campanula rapunculoides was first described and published in Species Plantarum 165 1753 TPL treatment of Campanula rapunculoides L The Plant List Version 1 published on the internet Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden 2010 Archived from the original on February 9 2020 Retrieved March 14 2013 Garden centres free of invasive plants City of Calgary Parks Department Calgary Alberta nd archived from the original on 2012 06 02 retrieved 5 August 2015 a b Handbook of the British flora a description of Volume 2 Volume 1865 By George Bentham Dyer Mary H Creeping Bellflower How To Get Rid Of Creeping Bellflower gardeningknownhow com Retrieved 12 June 2021 Campanula rapunculoides Creeping Bellflower Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund Minnesota Wild flowers Minnesota nd retrieved 5 August 2015 a b c d Stannard Katie 28 May 2020 Invasive of the Week Creeping bellflower Campanula rapunculoides Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum University of Michigan a b Creeping Bellflower PDF Wisconsin Master Gardener University of Wisconsin Madison 6 July 2009 a b Campanula Edible Bellflowers GoodFood World Campanula rapunculoides creeping bellflower Go Botany gobotany nativeplanttrust org Native Plant Trust Creeping Bellflower FORAGER CHEF 8 April 2020 Campanula rapunculoides Creeping Bellflower Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund Minnesota Wild flowers Minnesota nd retrieved 5 August 2015 Panke Brendon deRegnier Ryan Renz Mark Management of invasive plants in Wisconsin Creeping bellflower A3924 05 PDF University of Wisconsin Extension Cooperative Extension Pignatti S Flora d Italia Edagricole 1982 Vol II pag 695External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Campanula rapunculoides nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Campanula rapunculoides Biolib Plants usda Wildflowers of Ontario Ontario Weeds Creeping bellflower Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Missouri Plants Kew Plant List Archived 2020 02 09 at the Wayback Machine IPNI Listing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Campanula rapunculoides amp oldid 1184599658, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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