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British protectorate

April 28, 2023

For the period during the Commonwealth of England, see The Protectorate.

British protectorates were protectorates—or client states—under protection of the British Empire's armed forces and represented by British diplomats in international arenas, such as the Great Game, in which the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Tibetan Kingdom became protected states for short periods of time.[1] Many territories which became British protectorates already had local rulers with whom the Crown negotiated through treaty, acknowledging their status whilst simultaneously offering protection, e.g. British Paramountcy. British protectorates were therefore governed by indirect rule. In most cases, the local ruler, as well as the subjects of the indigenous ruler were not British subjects. British protected states represented a more loose form of British suzerainty, where the local rulers retained absolute control over the states' internal affairs and the British exercised control over defence and foreign affairs.[2]

Implementation

When the British took over Cephalonia in 1809, they proclaimed, "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as invaders, with views of conquest, but as allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection."[3] When the British continued to occupy the Ionian Islands after the Napoleonic wars, they did not formally annex the islands but described them as a protectorate. The islands were constituted by the Treaty of Paris in 1815 as the independent United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection. Similarly, Malta was a British protectorate between the capitulation of the French in 1800 and the Treaty of Paris of 1814.

The princely states of India was another example of indirect rule during the time of Empire.[4] So too were many of the West African holdings.[5]

Other British protectorates followed. In the Pacific Ocean the sixteen islands of the Gilberts (now Kiribati) were declared a British Protectorate by Captain Davis R.N., of HMS Royalist between 27 May and 17 June 1892. The Royalist also visited each of the Ellice Islands, and Captain Davis was requested by islanders to raise the British flag, but he did not have instructions to declare the Ellice Islands as a protectorate.[6] The nine islands of the Ellice Group (now Tuvalu) were declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson R.N., of HMS Curacoa, between 9 and 16 October of the same year.[7] Britain defined its area of interest in the Solomon Islands in June 1893, when Captain Gibson R.N., of HMS Curacoa, declared the southern Solomon Islands as a British Protectorate with the proclamation of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.[8]

In 1894, Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone's government officially announced that Uganda, where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention, was to become a British Protectorate. The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a program of indirect rule through the local oligarchy, creating a network of British-controlled civil service. Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a High Commissioner, rather than a Governor.

British law makes a distinction between a protectorate and a protected state. Constitutionally the two are of similar status, in which Britain provides controlled defence and external relations. However, a protectorate has an internal government established, while a protected state establishes a form of local internal self-government based on the already existing one.

Persons connected with a former British protectorate, protected state, mandated territory or trust territory may remain British Protected Persons if they did not acquire the nationality of the country at independence.

The last British protectorate proper was the British Solomon Islands, now Solomon Islands, which gained independence in 1978; the last British protected state was Brunei, which gained full independence in 1984.[9]

List of former British protectorates

Americas

Arab world

Asia

Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa

*protectorates that existed alongside a colony of the same name

Oceania

List of former British protected states

As protected states, the following states were never officially part of the British Empire and retained near-total control over internal affairs; however, the British controlled their foreign policy. Their status was rarely advertised while it was in effect, it becoming clear only after it was lifted.[2]

References

  1. ^ UK Statutory Instruments (1974). "The British Protectorates, Protected States and Protected Persons Order 1974". Retrieved 28 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b c Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009), pp. 50–51.
  3. ^ Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1801). Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons. Ordered to be printed.
  4. ^ Lakshmi Iyer, "Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India: Long-term consequences." The Review of Economics and Statistics (2010) 92#4 pp. 693–713 online 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929 (London: Longman, 1972)
  6. ^ Resture, Jane. "TUVALU HISTORY – 'The Davis Diaries' (H.M.S. Royalist, 1892 visit to Ellice Islands under Captain Davis)". Janeresture.com. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  7. ^ Noatia P. Teo, Hugh Larcy (ed) (1983). "Chapter 17, Colonial Rule". Tuvalu: A History. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 127–139. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 897
  9. ^ "Brunei - History | Britannica".
  10. ^ a b Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009), p. 51.
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  12. ^ Mullard, Saul (2011), Opening the Hidden Land: State Formation and the Construction of Sikkimese History, BRILL, p. 184, ISBN 978-90-04-20895-7
  13. ^ a b c d e f Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009), p. 50.
  14. ^ Cunningham, Joseph Davy (1849). A History of the Sikhs: From the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. John Murray.
  15. ^ Meyer, William Stevenson (1908). "Ferozepur district". The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. XII. p. 90. But the British Government, established at Delhi since 1803, intervened with an offer of protection to all the CIS-SUTLEJ STATES; and Dhanna Singh gladly availed himself of the promised aid, being one of the first chieftains to accept British protection
  16. ^ "Info" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  17. ^ "Histories of the Modern Middle East". Laits.utexas.edu. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  18. ^ Francis Carey Owtram (1999). "Oman and the West: State Formation in Oman since 1920" (PDF). University of London. Retrieved 31 October 2020.

Bibliography

  • Onley, James (March 2009), "The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa" (PDF), Asian Affairs, 11 (1)

April 28, 2023
british, protectorate, period, during, commonwealth, england, protectorate, were, protectorates, client, states, under, protection, british, empire, armed, forces, represented, british, diplomats, international, arenas, such, great, game, which, emirate, afgha. For the period during the Commonwealth of England see The Protectorate British protectorates were protectorates or client states under protection of the British Empire s armed forces and represented by British diplomats in international arenas such as the Great Game in which the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Tibetan Kingdom became protected states for short periods of time 1 Many territories which became British protectorates already had local rulers with whom the Crown negotiated through treaty acknowledging their status whilst simultaneously offering protection e g British Paramountcy British protectorates were therefore governed by indirect rule In most cases the local ruler as well as the subjects of the indigenous ruler were not British subjects British protected states represented a more loose form of British suzerainty where the local rulers retained absolute control over the states internal affairs and the British exercised control over defence and foreign affairs 2 Contents 1 Implementation 2 List of former British protectorates 2 1 Americas 2 2 Arab world 2 3 Asia 2 4 Europe 2 5 Sub Saharan Africa 2 6 Oceania 3 List of former British protected states 4 References 5 BibliographyImplementation EditWhen the British took over Cephalonia in 1809 they proclaimed We present ourselves to you Inhabitants of Cephalonia not as invaders with views of conquest but as allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection 3 When the British continued to occupy the Ionian Islands after the Napoleonic wars they did not formally annex the islands but described them as a protectorate The islands were constituted by the Treaty of Paris in 1815 as the independent United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection Similarly Malta was a British protectorate between the capitulation of the French in 1800 and the Treaty of Paris of 1814 The princely states of India was another example of indirect rule during the time of Empire 4 So too were many of the West African holdings 5 Other British protectorates followed In the Pacific Ocean the sixteen islands of the Gilberts now Kiribati were declared a British Protectorate by Captain Davis R N of HMS Royalist between 27 May and 17 June 1892 The Royalist also visited each of the Ellice Islands and Captain Davis was requested by islanders to raise the British flag but he did not have instructions to declare the Ellice Islands as a protectorate 6 The nine islands of the Ellice Group now Tuvalu were declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson R N of HMS Curacoa between 9 and 16 October of the same year 7 Britain defined its area of interest in the Solomon Islands in June 1893 when Captain Gibson R N of HMS Curacoa declared the southern Solomon Islands as a British Protectorate with the proclamation of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate 8 In 1894 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone s government officially announced that Uganda where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention was to become a British Protectorate The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a program of indirect rule through the local oligarchy creating a network of British controlled civil service Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a High Commissioner rather than a Governor British law makes a distinction between a protectorate and a protected state Constitutionally the two are of similar status in which Britain provides controlled defence and external relations However a protectorate has an internal government established while a protected state establishes a form of local internal self government based on the already existing one Persons connected with a former British protectorate protected state mandated territory or trust territory may remain British Protected Persons if they did not acquire the nationality of the country at independence The last British protectorate proper was the British Solomon Islands now Solomon Islands which gained independence in 1978 the last British protected state was Brunei which gained full independence in 1984 9 List of former British protectorates EditAmericas Edit Barbados 1627 1652 as a proprietary colony under William Courteen followed by James Hay I Mosquito Coast 1638 1860 over Central America s Miskito Indian nation Arab world Edit Aden Protectorate 1872 1963 precursor state of South Yemen 10 Eastern Protectorate States mostly in Haudhramaut later the Protectorate of South Arabia 1963 1967 Kathiri Mahra Qu aiti Upper Yafa consisted of five Sheikhdoms Al Busi Al Dhubi Hadrami Maflahi and Mawsata Hawra Irqa Western Protectorate States later the Federation of South Arabia 1959 1962 1967 including Aden Colony Wahidi Sultanates these included Balhaf Azzan Bir Ali and Habban Beihan Dhala and Qutaibi Fadhli Lahej Lower Yafa Audhali Haushabi Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom Upper Aulaqi Sultanate Lower Aulaqi Alawi Aqrabi Dathina Shaib Sultanate of Egypt 1914 1922 Anglo Egyptian Sudan 1899 1956 condominium with Egypt Asia Edit Maldive Islands 1887 1948 11 Kingdom of Sikkim 1861 1947 12 Europe Edit British Cyprus 1871 1914 put under British military administration 1914 22 then proclaimed a Crown colony 1922 60 Malta Protectorate 1800 1813 Crown Colony of Malta proclaimed in 1813 de jure part of the Kingdom of Sicily but under British protection Ionian islands 1815 1864 a Greek state and amical protectorate of Great Britain between 1815 and 1864 Sub Saharan Africa Edit Barotseland Protectorate 1900 1964 Bechuanaland Protectorate 1885 1966 British Somaliland 1884 1960 10 East Africa Protectorate 1895 1920 Gambia Colony and Protectorate 1894 1965 Kenya Protectorate 1920 1963 Nigeria 1914 1960 Northern Nigeria Protectorate 1900 1914 Northern Rhodesia 1924 1964 Northern Territories of the Gold Coast British protectorate 1901 1957 Nyasaland Protectorate 1893 1964 British Central Africa Protectorate until 1907 Sierra Leone Protectorate 1896 1961 Southern Nigeria Protectorate 1900 1914 Swaziland 1902 1967 Uganda Protectorate 1894 1962 Walvis Bay 1878 1884 Sultanate of Zanzibar 1890 1963 protectorates that existed alongside a colony of the same name Oceania Edit Territory of Papua 1884 1888 British Solomon Islands 1893 1978 Cook Islands 1888 1901 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892 1916 Niue 1900 1901 Tokelau 1877 1916 List of former British protected states EditAs protected states the following states were never officially part of the British Empire and retained near total control over internal affairs however the British controlled their foreign policy Their status was rarely advertised while it was in effect it becoming clear only after it was lifted 2 Brunei 1888 1984 Bhutan 1910 1947 13 Cis Sutlej states 14 15 Some states 1809 1849 All states 1849 1947 Emirate of Afghanistan 1879 1919 13 Kingdom of Nepal 1816 1923 13 Kingdom of Tibet 1904 1910 1912 1921 16 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 1936 17 Federation of Malaya 1948 1957 Federated Malay States 1895 1946 Negeri Sembilan 1888 1895 Sungai Ujong 1874 1888 Jelebu 1886 1895 Pahang 1888 1895 Perak 1874 1895 Selangor 1874 1895 Unfederated Malay States 1904 09 1946 Johor 1914 1946 Johor Muar 1897 1909 Kedah 1909 1946 Kedah Kulim 1894 1909 Kelantan 1909 1946 Perlis 1909 1946 Terengganu 1919 1946 Tonga 1900 1970 British Residency of the Persian Gulf 1822 1971 headquarters based at Bushire Persia Persia 1919 1921 Bahrain 1880 1971 13 Sheikhdom of Kuwait 1899 1961 13 Qatar 1916 1971 Trucial States precursor state of the UAE 1892 1971 13 Abu Dhabi 1820 1971 Ajman 1820 1971 Dubai 1835 1971 Fujairah 1952 1971 Ras Al Khaimah 1820 1971 Sharjah 1820 1971 Kalba 1936 1951 Umm al Qaiwain 1820 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 1970 informal 18 2 Kingdom of Sarawak 1888 1946 North Borneo 1888 1946 Maldive Islands 1948 1965 Swaziland 1967 1968 References Edit UK Statutory Instruments 1974 The British Protectorates Protected States and Protected Persons Order 1974 Retrieved 28 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c Onley The Raj Reconsidered 2009 pp 50 51 Commons Great Britain Parliament House of 1801 Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons Ordered to be printed Lakshmi Iyer Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India Long term consequences The Review of Economics and Statistics 2010 92 4 pp 693 713 online Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo The Warrant Chiefs indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria 1891 1929 London Longman 1972 Resture Jane TUVALU HISTORY The Davis Diaries H M S Royalist 1892 visit to Ellice Islands under Captain Davis Janeresture com Retrieved 20 September 2011 Noatia P Teo Hugh Larcy ed 1983 Chapter 17 Colonial Rule Tuvalu A History University of the South Pacific Government of Tuvalu pp 127 139 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last1 has generic name help Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts Wray London Stevens 1966 P 897 Brunei History Britannica a b Onley The Raj Reconsidered 2009 p 51 Timeline Story of Independence Archived from the original on 27 July 2019 Retrieved 11 May 2020 Mullard Saul 2011 Opening the Hidden Land State Formation and the Construction of Sikkimese History BRILL p 184 ISBN 978 90 04 20895 7 a b c d e f Onley The Raj Reconsidered 2009 p 50 Cunningham Joseph Davy 1849 A History of the Sikhs From the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej John Murray Meyer William Stevenson 1908 Ferozepur district The Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol XII p 90 But the British Government established at Delhi since 1803 intervened with an offer of protection to all the CIS SUTLEJ STATES and Dhanna Singh gladly availed himself of the promised aid being one of the first chieftains to accept British protection Info PDF University of Cambridge Retrieved 20 April 2020 Histories of the Modern Middle East Laits utexas edu Retrieved 21 April 2019 Francis Carey Owtram 1999 Oman and the West State Formation in Oman since 1920 PDF University of London Retrieved 31 October 2020 Bibliography EditOnley James March 2009 The Raj Reconsidered British India s Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa PDF Asian Affairs 11 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title British protectorate amp oldid 1150936080, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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