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Persian Gulf Residency

April 04, 2023

The Persian Gulf Residency (Arabic: المقيمية السياسية البريطانية في الخليج العربي) was an official colonial subdivision (i.e., residency) of the British Raj from 1763 until 1947 (and remained British protectorates after Indian independence in 1947, up to 1971), whereby the United Kingdom maintained varying degrees of political and economic control over several states in the Persian Gulf, including what is today known as the United Arab Emirates (formerly called the "Trucial States") and at various times southern portions of Persia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar.

Persian Gulf Residency
المقيمية السياسية البريطانية في الخليج العربي
1763–1971
Flag of the East India Company
StatusBritish Colonial Residency
(1763–1947)
Group of British protectorates
(1947–1971)
CapitalBushehr (1763–1946)
Manama (1946–1971)
Official languagesEnglish
Common languagesArabic, Persian
Religion
Islam
GovernmentBritish colonial government
Chief Resident 
• 1822–1823 (first)
John Macleod
• 1970–1971 (last)
Geoffrey Arthur
Colonial territories 

History 
• Established by the EIC
1763
1820
1858
• Termination of the British protectorates
1971
CurrencyRaj rupee (1763–1959)
Gulf rupee (1959–1966)
Various (1966–1971)
British Residency of the Persian Gulf headquarters in Bushehr in 1902.

Historical background until 1900

British interest in the Persian Gulf originated in the sixteenth century and steadily increased as British India's importance rose in the imperial system of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the beginning, the agenda was primarily of a commercial character. Realizing the region's significance, the British fleet supported the Persian emperor Shāh Abbās in expelling the Portuguese from Hormuz Island in 1622. In return, the British East India Company ("the Company") was permitted to establish a trading post in the coastal city of Bandar 'Abbās, which became their principal port in the Persian Gulf. Empowered by the charter of Charles II in 1661, the Company was responsible for conducting British foreign policy in the Persian Gulf, as well as concluding various treaties, agreements and engagements with Persian Gulf states in its capacity as the Crown's regional agent.

 
The British Expeditionary Force of 1809 landing troops at Ras Al Khaimah

In 1763, the British East India Company established a residency at Bushehr, on the Persian side of the Gulf: this was followed by another residency in Basar several years later. The arrival in Persia in 1807 of a large French mission under General Gardane galvanized the British, both in London and Calcutta. They responded by sending a mission under Sir Harford Jones, which resulted in establishing the Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Shah in 1809. Despite being modified during subsequent negotiations, this treaty provided the framework within which Anglo–Persian foreign relations operated for the next half century. Britain appointed Harford Jones as their first resident envoy to the Persian court in 1808. Until the appointment of Charles Alison as Minister in Tehran in 1860, the envoy and his staff were, with rare exceptions, almost exclusively recruited from the East India Company.

In the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the political resident conducted all necessary negotiations with Persian authorities and was described by Sir George Curzon as "the Uncrowned King of the Persian Gulf."[1] Whether Persia liked it or not, the political resident had at his disposal naval forces with which to suppress piracy, slave trading, and gun running, and to enforce quarantine regulations; he also could, and did, put landing parties and punitive expeditions ashore on the Persia coast. In 1822, the Bushehr and Basar residencies were combined, with Bushehr serving as headquarters for the new position of "British Resident for the Persian Gulf."[2] A chief political resident was the chief executive officer of the political unit, and he was subordinate to the governor of Bombay until 1873 and the viceroy of India until 1947, when India became independent. In 1858, the East India Company’s agency was transferred to the Indian Raj, who assumed authority of British foreign policy with Persian Gulf states: this responsibility went to the Foreign Office on 1 April 1947.

The Trucial States

Main article: Trucial States
 
Ras Al Khaimah fell to British forces on 9 December 1819

British activity in the Persian Gulf was primarily a commercial pursuit. Thus, the British Raj was slow to take action in protecting British and Indian shipping against raids from Qawasim pirates. By 1817, the Qawasim were spreading terror along the Indian coast to within 70 miles of Bombay. This threat generated a British military expedition in 1819, which crushed the Qawasim confederation and resulted in ratification of the General Maritime Treaty on 5 January 1820. Through extension and modification, this treaty formed the basis of British policy in the Persian Gulf for a century and half. The ruler of Bahrain as well as sheikhs along the northern coast of Oman pledged to maintain peace between their tribes and Britain and accepted clauses prohibiting slavery and cruel treatment of prisoners. The treaty further stipulated that the ships of maritime tribes would be freely admitted at British ports. While the treaty obviously served British interests, because it was sensibly magnanimous and aimed at securing all parties' interests, it effectively ended piracy in the Persian Gulf. Articles 6 and 10 authorized the British Residency in the Persian Gulf to act as maritime police to administer the treaty's conditions and resolve tribal disputes. Article 7 condemned piracy among Arab tribes and implied a British obligation to maintain peace. The trucial system took explicit form in 1835, when raids by Bani Yas tribesmen, rivals of the Qawasim, led to a British-imposed truce during the summer pearling season. The truce was made year-long in 1838 and renewed annually until 1843 when it was extended for ten years.

The trucial system received formal permanency with the "1853 Treaty of Maritime Peace in Perpetuity." The British policy of non-involvement in the internal affairs of the Trucial sheikhs was abandoned with passage of the "Exclusive Agreement" in March 1892. This agreement prohibited the Trucial rulers from yielding territorial sovereignty without British consent. Britain, moreover, assumed responsibility for foreign relations and thus, by implication, their protection. This treaty marked Britain's shift from commercial to strategic priorities and formed the diplomatic pillar of British authority in the Trucial states.[3]

Post World War I

In the years following World War I, the Trucial sheikhs found their capacity to act independently being continuously curtailed by the British. This was partially a result of Britain shifting attention away from Iran, where Reza Shah's nationalist assertion of power undercut their hegemony. It also reflected growing commercial and imperial communications interests, such as air route facilities. For example, according to agreements concluded in February 1922, the Trucial sheikhs pledged themselves not to allow the exploitation of oil resources in their territories except by "persons appointed by the British government". Even more restrictive was the ultimatum issued by the political resident in 1937 requiring Trucial states to do business exclusively with Petroleum Concessions Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of the London-based Iraq Petroleum Company, which was itself partly owned by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). Instead of reflecting higher demand for oil (England then had adequate supply), this ultimatum was designed to block other parties out of the economic and political affairs of the Trucial States.

In 1946, the Persian Gulf residency left its location in Bushehr and relocated to a new base in Bahrain. However, while Reza Shah succeeded in removing Britain from Iranian territory, his efforts to curtail their role in the Iranian oil industry backfired, and led to an extension of the concession operated by the British government-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.[4] From their new base in Bahrain, the British resident directed other political agents in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman until those regions became independent.[5]

Duties of the Residency

On 1 April 1947, the British political residency came under the authority of the Foreign Office, 'graded' as an ambassador in the Persian Gulf. The political resident accomplished his obligations by using a network of representatives known as political agents, operating in Bahrain, Qatar, Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Additionally, political officers were retained for the remaining Trucial states, acting under the British Agency at Dubai. Foreign relations in Muscat were conducted by a Consul-General, who was also, administratively, answerable to the resident in Bahrain.[6] Through his political agents the resident preserved close connections with Persian Gulf rulers – simultaneously protecting their political and economic interests and the British government's on the basis of established treaties and agreements. According to Rupert Hay, the sheikhs enjoyed control over internal affairs, with Britain "ordinarily only exercises control in matters involving negotiations or the possibility of complications with foreign powers, such as civil aviation, posts and telegraphs." However, Hay added that "constant advice and encouragement are… offered to various rulers regarding improvement of their administrations and development of their resources, mostly in an informal manner".[7]

The resident also administered British extraterritorial jurisdiction, which had been exercised in certain Persian Gulf territories since 1925. Extraterritorial jurisdiction was ceded to Britain in the 19th century by virtue of informal agreements with various rulers. In Muscat it was based on formal agreements that were renewed periodically. Extraterritorial jurisdiction was originally applied to all resident classes in Persian Gulf states, but was later limited to British subjects, Commonwealth nationals and non-Muslim foreigners. Britain relinquished extraterritorial jurisdiction in Kuwait on 4 May 1961, transferring jurisdiction over all classes of foreigners to Kuwaiti courts. British extraterritorial jurisdiction in the Persian Gulf was implemented in accordance with the British Foreign Jurisdiction Acts of 1890–1913, which empowered the Crown to establish courts and legislate for the categories of persons subject to jurisdiction by means of Orders in Council.

Regarding the resident's role in concluding concession agreements between rulers and foreign oil companies, Hay says: 'The oil companies naturally bulk largely in the political resident's portfolio. He has to closely watch all negotiations for new agreements or the amendment of existing agreements and ensure that nothing is decided which will seriously affect the position or the rulers of the British government…' The same author also refers to what he terms political agreements, to which, he says, oil companies’ are all bound… with the British government… in addition to their concession agreements with the rulers…' 'One of the main objects of these', he continues, 'is to ensure that their relations with the rulers in all matters of importance are conducted through, or with, the knowledge of British political officers'.[8]

Protectorates under the Residency

Chronology: 1763–1971

  • 1763: British Residency established at Bušehr in Persia by the British East India Company.
  • 1798: Sultan of Muscat signed a treaty giving the British East India Company exclusive trading rights, in return for an annual British stipend.
  • 1809: Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance is concluded between Britain and the shah. While modified in subsequent negotiations (Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 1812; Treaty of Tehran, 1814), remained the framework of Anglo–Persian relations over the next half century.
  • 8 Jan 1820 – 15 March 1820: General Maritime Treaty with Britain and sheikhs in the "Trucial Coast States" and Bahrain, abolishing slave trade and forbidding piracy and warfare between the states (This last point was never fully implemented).
  • 1822: Persian Gulf residency established by Britain.
  • 1822 – 1873: Subordinated to the Governor of Bombay.
  • 1835: Treaty with the Trucial States, installing a truce of six months a year, during the pearling season.
  • 1843: Treaty renews the treaty of 1835 for ten years.
  • 1853: Treaty with Trucial States, renewing the treaty of 1835 for an unlimited time period.
  • 1856 – 1857: Anglo-Persian War and proclamation of jihad by Nasereddin Shah.
  • 1858: Act of 1858 is passed, transferring powers of the East India Company to the British government of India.
  • 1861: Protectorate treaty with Bahrain (completed by treaties of 2 December 1880 and 1892).
  • 1873 – 1947: Subordinate to British India (from 1946 resident in Bahrain).
  • 1873: Trucial states start being administered by the British.
  • 8 Mar 1892 – 1 December 1971: Informal protectorate with Muscat and Oman, and a formal protectorate with the Trucial States. This new agreement includes the sheikhs giving the British effective control over foreign policy: British offer military protection in return.
  • 1899: Protectorate treaty with Kuwait (completed 3 November 1914).
  • 1906: Constitutional Revolution in Arabia.
  • 3 Nov 1916: Protectorate treaty with Qatar.
  • 1920: Treaty of Seeb is signed recognizing the independence of the imamate of Oman.
  • 1939: British residency established in the Trucial States at Dubai.
  • 1946: Headquarters of the Persian Gulf residency is moved from Bushehr to Manama.
  • 1947: With Indian independence imminent, the Persian Gulf Residency is transferred to the control of the British Foreign Office.
  • 1961: Termination of protectorate over Kuwait and its complete independence.
  • 1962: Great Britain declares Muscat and Oman an independent nation.
  • Jan 1968: Britain announces its decision to withdraw from the Persian Gulf, including the Trucial States, by 1971.[9]
  • 16 Dec 1971: Termination of British protectorate and military presence in the Persian Gulf.

Political Agents

Agents:

  • 1763 – 1812 : ....
  • c.1798 : Mirza Mahdi Ali Khan
  • c.1810 : Hankey Smith
  • 1812 – 1822 : William Bruce (acting to 1813)

Chief political residents of the Persian Gulf :

(for Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States)
  • 1822 – 1823 : John Macleod
  • 1823 – 1827 : Ephraim Gerrish Stannus
  • 1827 – 1831 : David Wilson
  • 1831 – 1835 : David Alexander Blane
  • 1835 – 1838 : James Morrison
  • 1838 – 1852 : Samuel Hennell
  • 1852 – 1856 : Arnold Burrowes Kemball
  • 1856 – 1862 : James Felix Jones
  • 1862 : Herbert Frederick Disbrowe (acting)
  • 1862 – 1872: Lewis Pelly
  • 1872 – 1891: Edward Charles Ross
  • 1891 – 1893 : Adelbert Cecil Talbot
  • 1893 : Stuart Hill Godfrey (acting)
  • 1893 : James Hayes Sadler (1st time)(acting)
  • 1893: James Adair Crawford (acting)
  • 1893 – 1894 : James Hayes Sadler (2nd time)(acting)
  • 1894 – 1897 : Frederick Alexander Wilson
  • 1897 – 1900 : Malcolm John Meade
  • 1900 – 1904 : Charles Arnold Kemball (acting)
  • 1904 – 1920: Percy Zachariah Cox
- Acting for Cox -
  • 1913 – 1914 : John Gordon Lorimer
  • 1914 : Richard Lockinton Birdwood
  • 1914 : Stuart George Knox (1st time)
  • 1915 : Stuart George Knox (2nd time)
  • 1915 – 1917 : Arthur Prescott Trevor (1st time)
  • 1917 – 1919 : John Hugo Bill
  • 1919 : Cecil Hamilton Gabriel
  • 1919 – 1920: Arthur Prescott Trevor (2nd time)

People mentioned in the Residency Correspondence

  • In the correspondence of the Persian Gulf Residency, archived at the India Office Records and digitised by the Qatar Digital Library, many regional figures are mentioned:

See also

Further reading

  • Blyth, Robert J., The Empire of the Raj
  • Shadle, Robert (1991), Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Greenwood Press, pp 409
  • G. Lucas, "Memorandum on the Cultivation and Exportation of Opium in Persia," Annual Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf Residency from the Year 1874–75, pp. 26–30.
  • G. Lucas, "Memorandum on the Cultivation of Opium in Persia," Annual Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf Residency from the Year 1878–79, pp. 31–39.
  • Dr. H. al-Baharna LL.B (1998). British Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction in the Gulf 1913–1971
  • Mehr, Farhang. A Colonial Legacy: The Dispute Over the Islands of Abu Musa, and the Greater and Lesser Tumbs, University Press of America
  • Onley, James. The Persian frontier of the British Raj
  • Albaharna, Husain M., (1968). Legal Status of the Persian Gulf States: Study of Their Treaty Relations and Their International Problems
  • British Residency in Persian Gulf

Notes

  1. ^ Curzon (1892), p. 451
  2. ^ The first officer appointed to this new post was Captain John MacLeod (1822–1823) of the Bombay Engineers: he died in September 1823.
  3. ^ Peck (1986), p. 36
  4. ^ Cronin (2003), p. 84
  5. ^ Henige (1970)
  6. ^ Hay (1959), pp. 11–18
  7. ^ Hay (1959), pp. 18–19
  8. ^ Hay (1959), pp. 66–67
  9. ^ Ramazani (1975), pp. 408–427
  10. ^ The lists are based on Lorimer, Gazetteer, ii. Geographical and Statistical (1908), 2673–5; Govt of India, Admin, Reports of the Persian Gulf Political Residency (1873–1947); Tuson, The Records of the British Residency, 184; Rich, The Invasion of the Gulf, 192-4

References

  • Cronin, Stephanie (2003). The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941. Routledge. ISBN 9780415302845.
  • Curzon, George (1892). Persia and the Persian Question. Vol. 2. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
  • Hay, Rupert (1959). The Persian Gulf States. With a foreword by E. M. Eller. Washington DC: Middle East Institute.
  • Henige, David P. (1970). Colonial Governors from the Fifteenth Century to the Present.
  • Peck, Malcolm C. (1986). United Arab Emirates: a Venture in Unity. Nations of the Contemporary Middle East. Westview. ISBN 9780865311886.
  • Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1975). Iran's Foreign Policy, 1941–1973. Charlottesville VA: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 9780813905945.

External links

  • Qatar Digital Library - an online portal providing access to previously undigitised British Library archive materials relating to Gulf history and Arabic science

April 04, 2023
persian, gulf, residency, arabic, المقيمية, السياسية, البريطانية, في, الخليج, العربي, official, colonial, subdivision, residency, british, from, 1763, until, 1947, remained, british, protectorates, after, indian, independence, 1947, 1971, whereby, united, king. The Persian Gulf Residency Arabic المقيمية السياسية البريطانية في الخليج العربي was an official colonial subdivision i e residency of the British Raj from 1763 until 1947 and remained British protectorates after Indian independence in 1947 up to 1971 whereby the United Kingdom maintained varying degrees of political and economic control over several states in the Persian Gulf including what is today known as the United Arab Emirates formerly called the Trucial States and at various times southern portions of Persia Bahrain Kuwait Oman and Qatar Persian Gulf Residencyالمقيمية السياسية البريطانية في الخليج العربي1763 1971Flag of the East India CompanyStatusBritish Colonial Residency 1763 1947 Group of British protectorates 1947 1971 CapitalBushehr 1763 1946 Manama 1946 1971 Official languagesEnglishCommon languagesArabic PersianReligionIslamGovernmentBritish colonial governmentChief Resident 1822 1823 first John Macleod 1970 1971 last Geoffrey ArthurColonial territories Bushehr 1763 1946 Trucial States 1820 1971 Bahrain 1861 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 1962 Sheikhdom of Kuwait 1899 1961 Qatar 1916 1971 History Established by the EIC1763 General Maritime Treaty1820 Government of India Act1858 Termination of the British protectorates1971CurrencyRaj rupee 1763 1959 Gulf rupee 1959 1966 Various 1966 1971 British Residency of the Persian Gulf headquarters in Bushehr in 1902 Contents 1 Historical background until 1900 2 The Trucial States 3 Post World War I 4 Duties of the Residency 5 Protectorates under the Residency 6 Chronology 1763 1971 7 Political Agents 8 People mentioned in the Residency Correspondence 9 See also 10 Further reading 11 Notes 11 1 References 12 External linksHistorical background until 1900 EditBritish interest in the Persian Gulf originated in the sixteenth century and steadily increased as British India s importance rose in the imperial system of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries In the beginning the agenda was primarily of a commercial character Realizing the region s significance the British fleet supported the Persian emperor Shah Abbas in expelling the Portuguese from Hormuz Island in 1622 In return the British East India Company the Company was permitted to establish a trading post in the coastal city of Bandar Abbas which became their principal port in the Persian Gulf Empowered by the charter of Charles II in 1661 the Company was responsible for conducting British foreign policy in the Persian Gulf as well as concluding various treaties agreements and engagements with Persian Gulf states in its capacity as the Crown s regional agent The British Expeditionary Force of 1809 landing troops at Ras Al Khaimah In 1763 the British East India Company established a residency at Bushehr on the Persian side of the Gulf this was followed by another residency in Basar several years later The arrival in Persia in 1807 of a large French mission under General Gardane galvanized the British both in London and Calcutta They responded by sending a mission under Sir Harford Jones which resulted in establishing the Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Shah in 1809 Despite being modified during subsequent negotiations this treaty provided the framework within which Anglo Persian foreign relations operated for the next half century Britain appointed Harford Jones as their first resident envoy to the Persian court in 1808 Until the appointment of Charles Alison as Minister in Tehran in 1860 the envoy and his staff were with rare exceptions almost exclusively recruited from the East India Company In the absence of formal diplomatic relations the political resident conducted all necessary negotiations with Persian authorities and was described by Sir George Curzon as the Uncrowned King of the Persian Gulf 1 Whether Persia liked it or not the political resident had at his disposal naval forces with which to suppress piracy slave trading and gun running and to enforce quarantine regulations he also could and did put landing parties and punitive expeditions ashore on the Persia coast In 1822 the Bushehr and Basar residencies were combined with Bushehr serving as headquarters for the new position of British Resident for the Persian Gulf 2 A chief political resident was the chief executive officer of the political unit and he was subordinate to the governor of Bombay until 1873 and the viceroy of India until 1947 when India became independent In 1858 the East India Company s agency was transferred to the Indian Raj who assumed authority of British foreign policy with Persian Gulf states this responsibility went to the Foreign Office on 1 April 1947 The Trucial States EditMain article Trucial States Ras Al Khaimah fell to British forces on 9 December 1819 British activity in the Persian Gulf was primarily a commercial pursuit Thus the British Raj was slow to take action in protecting British and Indian shipping against raids from Qawasim pirates By 1817 the Qawasim were spreading terror along the Indian coast to within 70 miles of Bombay This threat generated a British military expedition in 1819 which crushed the Qawasim confederation and resulted in ratification of the General Maritime Treaty on 5 January 1820 Through extension and modification this treaty formed the basis of British policy in the Persian Gulf for a century and half The ruler of Bahrain as well as sheikhs along the northern coast of Oman pledged to maintain peace between their tribes and Britain and accepted clauses prohibiting slavery and cruel treatment of prisoners The treaty further stipulated that the ships of maritime tribes would be freely admitted at British ports While the treaty obviously served British interests because it was sensibly magnanimous and aimed at securing all parties interests it effectively ended piracy in the Persian Gulf Articles 6 and 10 authorized the British Residency in the Persian Gulf to act as maritime police to administer the treaty s conditions and resolve tribal disputes Article 7 condemned piracy among Arab tribes and implied a British obligation to maintain peace The trucial system took explicit form in 1835 when raids by Bani Yas tribesmen rivals of the Qawasim led to a British imposed truce during the summer pearling season The truce was made year long in 1838 and renewed annually until 1843 when it was extended for ten years The trucial system received formal permanency with the 1853 Treaty of Maritime Peace in Perpetuity The British policy of non involvement in the internal affairs of the Trucial sheikhs was abandoned with passage of the Exclusive Agreement in March 1892 This agreement prohibited the Trucial rulers from yielding territorial sovereignty without British consent Britain moreover assumed responsibility for foreign relations and thus by implication their protection This treaty marked Britain s shift from commercial to strategic priorities and formed the diplomatic pillar of British authority in the Trucial states 3 Post World War I EditIn the years following World War I the Trucial sheikhs found their capacity to act independently being continuously curtailed by the British This was partially a result of Britain shifting attention away from Iran where Reza Shah s nationalist assertion of power undercut their hegemony It also reflected growing commercial and imperial communications interests such as air route facilities For example according to agreements concluded in February 1922 the Trucial sheikhs pledged themselves not to allow the exploitation of oil resources in their territories except by persons appointed by the British government Even more restrictive was the ultimatum issued by the political resident in 1937 requiring Trucial states to do business exclusively with Petroleum Concessions Ltd a wholly owned subsidiary of the London based Iraq Petroleum Company which was itself partly owned by the Anglo Iranian Oil Company AIOC Instead of reflecting higher demand for oil England then had adequate supply this ultimatum was designed to block other parties out of the economic and political affairs of the Trucial States In 1946 the Persian Gulf residency left its location in Bushehr and relocated to a new base in Bahrain However while Reza Shah succeeded in removing Britain from Iranian territory his efforts to curtail their role in the Iranian oil industry backfired and led to an extension of the concession operated by the British government owned Anglo Iranian Oil Company 4 From their new base in Bahrain the British resident directed other political agents in Bahrain Kuwait Qatar and Oman until those regions became independent 5 Duties of the Residency EditOn 1 April 1947 the British political residency came under the authority of the Foreign Office graded as an ambassador in the Persian Gulf The political resident accomplished his obligations by using a network of representatives known as political agents operating in Bahrain Qatar Dubai and Abu Dhabi Additionally political officers were retained for the remaining Trucial states acting under the British Agency at Dubai Foreign relations in Muscat were conducted by a Consul General who was also administratively answerable to the resident in Bahrain 6 Through his political agents the resident preserved close connections with Persian Gulf rulers simultaneously protecting their political and economic interests and the British government s on the basis of established treaties and agreements According to Rupert Hay the sheikhs enjoyed control over internal affairs with Britain ordinarily only exercises control in matters involving negotiations or the possibility of complications with foreign powers such as civil aviation posts and telegraphs However Hay added that constant advice and encouragement are offered to various rulers regarding improvement of their administrations and development of their resources mostly in an informal manner 7 The resident also administered British extraterritorial jurisdiction which had been exercised in certain Persian Gulf territories since 1925 Extraterritorial jurisdiction was ceded to Britain in the 19th century by virtue of informal agreements with various rulers In Muscat it was based on formal agreements that were renewed periodically Extraterritorial jurisdiction was originally applied to all resident classes in Persian Gulf states but was later limited to British subjects Commonwealth nationals and non Muslim foreigners Britain relinquished extraterritorial jurisdiction in Kuwait on 4 May 1961 transferring jurisdiction over all classes of foreigners to Kuwaiti courts British extraterritorial jurisdiction in the Persian Gulf was implemented in accordance with the British Foreign Jurisdiction Acts of 1890 1913 which empowered the Crown to establish courts and legislate for the categories of persons subject to jurisdiction by means of Orders in Council Regarding the resident s role in concluding concession agreements between rulers and foreign oil companies Hay says The oil companies naturally bulk largely in the political resident s portfolio He has to closely watch all negotiations for new agreements or the amendment of existing agreements and ensure that nothing is decided which will seriously affect the position or the rulers of the British government The same author also refers to what he terms political agreements to which he says oil companies are all bound with the British government in addition to their concession agreements with the rulers One of the main objects of these he continues is to ensure that their relations with the rulers in all matters of importance are conducted through or with the knowledge of British political officers 8 Protectorates under the Residency EditTrucial States precursor of the United Arab Emirates 1820 1971 Bahrain 1861 1971 Muscat and Oman limited protectorate and intervention in internal affairs 1892 1971 Kuwait 1899 1961 Qatar 1916 1971 Chronology 1763 1971 Edit1763 British Residency established at Busehr in Persia by the British East India Company 1798 Sultan of Muscat signed a treaty giving the British East India Company exclusive trading rights in return for an annual British stipend 1809 Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance is concluded between Britain and the shah While modified in subsequent negotiations Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1812 Treaty of Tehran 1814 remained the framework of Anglo Persian relations over the next half century 8 Jan 1820 15 March 1820 General Maritime Treaty with Britain and sheikhs in the Trucial Coast States and Bahrain abolishing slave trade and forbidding piracy and warfare between the states This last point was never fully implemented 1822 Persian Gulf residency established by Britain 1822 1873 Subordinated to the Governor of Bombay 1835 Treaty with the Trucial States installing a truce of six months a year during the pearling season 1843 Treaty renews the treaty of 1835 for ten years 1853 Treaty with Trucial States renewing the treaty of 1835 for an unlimited time period 1856 1857 Anglo Persian War and proclamation of jihad by Nasereddin Shah 1858 Act of 1858 is passed transferring powers of the East India Company to the British government of India 1861 Protectorate treaty with Bahrain completed by treaties of 2 December 1880 and 1892 1873 1947 Subordinate to British India from 1946 resident in Bahrain 1873 Trucial states start being administered by the British 8 Mar 1892 1 December 1971 Informal protectorate with Muscat and Oman and a formal protectorate with the Trucial States This new agreement includes the sheikhs giving the British effective control over foreign policy British offer military protection in return 1899 Protectorate treaty with Kuwait completed 3 November 1914 1906 Constitutional Revolution in Arabia 3 Nov 1916 Protectorate treaty with Qatar 1920 Treaty of Seeb is signed recognizing the independence of the imamate of Oman 1939 British residency established in the Trucial States at Dubai 1946 Headquarters of the Persian Gulf residency is moved from Bushehr to Manama 1947 With Indian independence imminent the Persian Gulf Residency is transferred to the control of the British Foreign Office 1961 Termination of protectorate over Kuwait and its complete independence 1962 Great Britain declares Muscat and Oman an independent nation Jan 1968 Britain announces its decision to withdraw from the Persian Gulf including the Trucial States by 1971 9 16 Dec 1971 Termination of British protectorate and military presence in the Persian Gulf Political Agents EditAgents 1763 1812 c 1798 Mirza Mahdi Ali Khan c 1810 Hankey Smith 1812 1822 William Bruce acting to 1813 Chief political residents of the Persian Gulf for Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar and the Trucial States 1822 1823 John Macleod 1823 1827 Ephraim Gerrish Stannus 1827 1831 David Wilson 1831 1835 David Alexander Blane 1835 1838 James Morrison 1838 1852 Samuel Hennell 1852 1856 Arnold Burrowes Kemball 1856 1862 James Felix Jones 1862 Herbert Frederick Disbrowe acting 1862 1872 Lewis Pelly 1872 1891 Edward Charles Ross 1891 1893 Adelbert Cecil Talbot 1893 Stuart Hill Godfrey acting 1893 James Hayes Sadler 1st time acting 1893 James Adair Crawford acting 1893 1894 James Hayes Sadler 2nd time acting 1894 1897 Frederick Alexander Wilson 1897 1900 Malcolm John Meade 1900 1904 Charles Arnold Kemball acting 1904 1920 Percy Zachariah Cox Acting for Cox 1913 1914 John Gordon Lorimer 1914 Richard Lockinton Birdwood 1914 Stuart George Knox 1st time 1915 Stuart George Knox 2nd time 1915 1917 Arthur Prescott Trevor 1st time 1917 1919 John Hugo Bill 1919 Cecil Hamilton Gabriel 1919 1920 Arthur Prescott Trevor 2nd time 1920 Arnold Talbot Wilson acting 1920 1924 Arthur Prescott Trevor 1924 1927 Francis Bellville Prideaux 1927 1928 Lionel Berkeley Holt Haworth 1928 1929 Frederick William Johnston 1929 Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett acting 1929 1932 Hugh Vincent Biscoe 1932 1939 Trenchard Craven William Fowle 1939 1946 Charles Geoffrey Prior 1946 1953 Rupert Hay from 1952 Sir Rupert 1953 1958 Bernard Burrows from 1955 Sir Bernard 1958 1961 Sir George Middleton 1961 1966 Sir William Henry Tucker Luce 1966 1970 Sir Robert Stewart Crawford 1970 15 August 1971 Sir Geoffrey Arthur 10 dd People mentioned in the Residency Correspondence EditIn the correspondence of the Persian Gulf Residency archived at the India Office Records and digitised by the Qatar Digital Library many regional figures are mentioned Shaikh Abdoolla Russool Khan Rahma bin Jaber Abdoolla bin AhmedSee also EditPax Britannica Bahrain ProvinceFurther reading EditBlyth Robert J The Empire of the Raj Shadle Robert 1991 Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism Greenwood Press pp 409 G Lucas Memorandum on the Cultivation and Exportation of Opium in Persia Annual Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf Residency from the Year 1874 75 pp 26 30 G Lucas Memorandum on the Cultivation of Opium in Persia Annual Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf Residency from the Year 1878 79 pp 31 39 Dr H al Baharna LL B 1998 British Extra Territorial Jurisdiction in the Gulf 1913 1971 Mehr Farhang A Colonial Legacy The Dispute Over the Islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tumbs University Press of America Onley James The Persian frontier of the British Raj Albaharna Husain M 1968 Legal Status of the Persian Gulf States Study of Their Treaty Relations and Their International Problems British Residency in Persian GulfNotes Edit Curzon 1892 p 451 The first officer appointed to this new post was Captain John MacLeod 1822 1823 of the Bombay Engineers he died in September 1823 Peck 1986 p 36 Cronin 2003 p 84 Henige 1970 Hay 1959 pp 11 18 Hay 1959 pp 18 19 Hay 1959 pp 66 67 Ramazani 1975 pp 408 427 The lists are based on Lorimer Gazetteer ii Geographical and Statistical 1908 2673 5 Govt of India Admin Reports of the Persian Gulf Political Residency 1873 1947 Tuson The Records of the British Residency 184 Rich The Invasion of the Gulf 192 4 References Edit Cronin Stephanie 2003 The Making of Modern Iran State and Society under Riza Shah 1921 1941 Routledge ISBN 9780415302845 Curzon George 1892 Persia and the Persian Question Vol 2 London Longmans Green and Co Hay Rupert 1959 The Persian Gulf States With a foreword by E M Eller Washington DC Middle East Institute Henige David P 1970 Colonial Governors from the Fifteenth Century to the Present Peck Malcolm C 1986 United Arab Emirates a Venture in Unity Nations of the Contemporary Middle East Westview ISBN 9780865311886 Ramazani Rouhollah K 1975 Iran s Foreign Policy 1941 1973 Charlottesville VA University Press of Virginia ISBN 9780813905945 External links EditQatar Digital Library an online portal providing access to previously undigitised British Library archive materials relating to Gulf history and Arabic science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Persian Gulf Residency amp oldid 1147333734, wikipedia, wiki, 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