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Tenedos

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Tenedos (disambiguation).
"Bozcaada" redirects here. For the district, see Bozcaada, Çanakkale.

Tenedos (Greek: Τένεδος, Tenedhos; Latin: Tenedus), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of Çanakkale Province. With an area of 39.9 km2 (15 sq mi), it is the third-largest Turkish island after Imbros (Gökçeada) and Marmara.[1] In 2022, the district had a population of 3,120 inhabitants.[2] The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and presently a Latin Catholic titular see.

Tenedos
Bozcaada
Satellite view of Bozcaada
Tenedos
Tenedos
Tenedos
Coordinates: 39°49′19″N 26°01′44″E / 39.82194°N 26.02889°E / 39.82194; 26.02889
Country Turkey
RegionMarmara
ProvinceÇanakkale
Government
 • MayorDr. Hakan Can Yılmaz (CHP)
 • KaymakamMustafa Akın
Area
[1]
39.9 km2 (15.4 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[2]
3,120
 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)
Post code
17680
Websitewww.bozcaada.bel.tr
Bozcaada Clock Tower

Tenedos is mentioned in both the Iliad and the Aeneid, in the latter as the site where the Greeks hid their fleet near the end of the Trojan War in order to trick the Trojans into believing the war was over and into taking the Trojan Horse within their city walls. Despite its small size, the island was important throughout classical antiquity due to its strategic location at the entrance of the Dardanelles. In the following centuries, the island came under the control of a succession of regional powers, including the Persian Empire, the Delian League, the empire of Alexander the Great, the Attalid kingdom, the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire, before passing to the Republic of Venice. As a result of the War of Chioggia (1381) between Genoa and Venice the entire population was evacuated and the town was demolished. The Ottoman Empire established control over the deserted island in 1455. During Ottoman rule, it was resettled by both Greeks and Turks. In 1807, the island was temporarily occupied by the Russians. During this invasion the town was burnt down and many Turkish residents left the island.

Under Greek administration between 1912 and 1923, Tenedos was ceded to Turkey with the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) which ended the Turkish War of Independence following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The treaty called for a quasi-autonomous administration to accommodate the local Greek population and excluded the Greeks on the two islands of Imbros and Tenedos from the wider population exchanges that took place between Greece and Turkey. Tenedos remained majority Greek until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when many Greeks emigrated because of better opportunities elsewhere. Starting with the second half of the 20th century, there has been immigration from mainland Anatolia, especially Romani from the town of Bayramiç.

Name edit

 
Ancient silver Tetradrachm from Tenedos, depicting Zeus and Hera and bearing the inscription "Τενεδίων" (Tenedion) on the other side

The island is known in English as both Tenedos (the Greek name) and Bozcaada (the Turkish name). Over the centuries many other names have been used.[3] Documented ancient Greek names for the island are Leukophrys,[4][5] Calydna, Phoenice and Lyrnessus (Pliny, HN 5,140).[6] The official Turkish name for the island is Bozcaada; the Turkish word "boz" means either a barren land or grey to brown color (sources indicate both of these meanings may have been associated with the island) and "ada" meaning island.[7] The name Tenedos was derived, according to Apollodorus of Athens, from the Greek hero Tenes, who ruled the island at the time of the Trojan War and was killed by Achilles. Apollodorus writes that the island was originally known as Leocophrys until Tenes landed on the island and became the ruler.[8] The island became known as Bozcaada when the Ottoman Empire took the island over.[9] Tenedos remained a common name for the island along with Bozcaada after the Ottoman conquest of the island, often with Greek populations and Turkish populations using different names for the island.[10]

Geography and climate edit

 
Rocks along the shore in Akvaryum Beach

Tenedos is roughly triangular in shape. Its area is 39.9 km2 (15 sq mi).[1] It is the third largest Turkish island after Marmara Island and Imbros (Gökçeada).[3] It is surrounded by small islets, and is situated close to the entrance of the Dardanelles. It is the only rural district (ilçe) of Turkey without any villages, and has only one major settlement, the town center.

Geological evidence suggests that the island broke away from the mainland producing a terrain that is mainly plains in the west with hills in the Northeast, and the highest point is 192 metres (630 ft). The central part of the island is the most amenable to agricultural activities.[11] There is a small pine forest in the Southwestern part of the island.[citation needed] The westernmost part of the island has large sandy areas not suitable for agriculture.[11]

The island has a Mediterranean climate with strong northern winds called etesians.[citation needed] Average temperature is 16 °C (61 °F) and the average annual precipitation is around 500 millimetres (20 in). There are a number of small streams running from north to south at the southwestern part of the island.[11] Freshwater sources though are not enough for the island so water is piped in from the mainland.[12]

Climate data for Tenedos (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		19.0
(66.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.7
(56.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		15.9
(60.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		6.4
(43.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.8
(58.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.4
(68.7) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		13.2
(55.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66.0
(2.60) 		64.74
(2.55) 		58.89
(2.32) 		42.45
(1.67) 		20.15
(0.79) 		12.86
(0.51) 		3.99
(0.16) 		6.57
(0.26) 		20.61
(0.81) 		45.66
(1.80) 		63.92
(2.52) 		91.36
(3.60) 		497.2
(19.57)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.4 7.0 5.7 5.2 3.1 2.0 1.2 1.6 2.9 4.2 6.1 8.4 53.8
Average relative humidity (%) 78.3 76.7 74.8 74.0 73.6 72.3 72.5 73.0 73.3 77.2 78.1 78.7 75.2
Source: NOAA[13]

History edit

Prehistory edit

Archeological findings indicate that the first human settlement on the island dates back to the Early Bronze Age II (ca. 3000–2700 BC). Archaeological evidence suggests the culture on the island had elements in common with the cultures of northwestern Anatolia and the Cycladic Islands. [14] Most settlement was on the small bays on the east side of the island which formed natural harbours. Settlement archaeological work was done quickly and thus did not find definitive evidence of grape cultivation on the island during this period. However, grape cultivation was common on neighboring islands and the nearby mainland during this time.[15]

According to a reconstruction, based on the myth of Tenes, Walter Leaf stated that the first inhabitants of the island could be Pelasgians, who were driven out of the Anatolian mainland by the Phrygians.[16] According to the same author, there are possible traces of Minoan and Mycenaean Greek influence in the island.[17]

Antiquity edit

 
Tenedos next to ancient Troy, with Imbros to the north and Lesbos to the south

Ancient Tenedos is referred to in Greek and Roman mythology, and archaeologists have uncovered evidence of its settlement from the Bronze Age. It would stay prominent through the age of classical Greece, fading by the time of the dominance of ancient Rome. Although a small island, Tenedos's position in the straits and its two harbors made it important to the Mediterranean powers over the centuries. For nine months of the year, the currents and the prevailing wind, the etesian, came, and still come, from the Black Sea hampering sailing vessels headed for Constantinople. They had to wait a week or more at Tenedos, waiting for the favorable southerly wind. Tenedos thus served as a shelter and way station for ships bound for the Hellespont, Propontis, Bosphorus, and places farther on. Several of the regional powers captured or attacked the island, including the Athenians, the Persians, the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, the Seleucids and the Attalids.[18]

Mythology edit

Homer mentions Apollo as the chief deity of Tenedos in his time. According to him, the island was captured by Achilles during the siege of Troy.[19] Nestor obtained his slave Hecamede there during one of Achilles's raids. Nestor also sailed back from Troy stopping at Tenedos and island-hopping to Lesbos.[20] The Odyssey mentions the Greeks leaving Troy after winning the war first traveled to nearby Tenedos, sacrificed there,[18] and then went to Lesbos before pausing to choose between alternative routes.[21]

Homer, in the Iliad mention that between Tenedos and Imbros there was a wide cavern, in which Poseidon stayed his horses.[22][23]

Virgil, in the Aeneid, described the Achaeans hiding their fleet at the bay of Tenedos, toward the end of the Trojan War, to trick Troy into believing the war was over and allowing them to take the Trojan Horse within Troy's city walls. In Aeneid, it is also the island from which twin serpents came to kill the Trojan priest Laocoön and his sons as punishment for throwing a spear at the Trojan Horse.[24] According to Pindar (Nemean Odes no. 11), the island was founded after the war by bronze-clad warriors from Amyklai, traveling with Orestes.[25]

According to myth, Tenes was the son of Cycnus, himself the son of Poseidon and Calyce. Philonome, Cycnus's second wife and hence Tenes's stepmother, tried to seduce Tenes and was rejected. She then accused him of rape leading to his abandonment at sea along with his sister. They washed up on the island of Leucophrys where he was proclaimed king and the island renamed Tenedos in his honor. When Cycnus realized the lie behind the allegations he took a ship to apologize to his son. The myths differ on whether they reconciled.[26] According to one version, when the father landed on the island of Tenedos, Tenes cut the cord holding his boat. The phrase 'hatchet of Tenes' came to mean resentment that could not be soothed.[27] Another myth had Achilles landing on Tenedos, while sailing from Aulis to Troy. There his navy stormed the island, and Achilles fought Tenes, in this myth a son of Apollo, and killed him, not knowing Tenes's lineage and hence unaware of the danger of Apollo's revenge. Achilles would also later kill Tenes's father, Cycnus, at Troy.[28] In Sophocles's Philoctetes, written in 409 BC, a serpent bit Philoctetes in the foot at Tenedos. According to Hyginus, the goddess Hera, upset with Philoctetes for helping Hercules, had sent the snake to punish him. His wound refused to heal, and the Greeks abandoned him, before going back to him for help later during the attack on Troy.[29] Athenaeus quoted Nymphodorus's remarks on the beauty of the women of Tenedos.[23]

Callimachus talked of a myth in which Ino's son Melikertes washed up dead in Tenedos after being thrown into the sea by his mother, who killed herself too; the residents, Lelegians, built an altar for Melikertes and started a ritual of a woman sacrificing her infant child when the town's need was dire. The woman would then be blinded.[30] The myths also added that the custom was abolished when Orestes' descendants settled the place.[31]

Neoptolemus stayed two days at Tenedos, following the advice of Thetis, before he go to the land of the Molossians together with Helenus.[32]

Archaic period edit

It was at Tenedos, along with Lesbos, that the first coins with Greek writing on them were minted.[33] Figures of bunches of grapes and wine vessels such as amphorae and kantharoi were stamped on coins.[34] The very first coins had a twin head of a male and a female on the obverse side.[35] The early coins were of silver and had a double-headed axe imprinted on them. Aristotle considered the axe as symbolizing the decapitation of those convicted of adultery, a Tenedian decree.[36] The axe-head was either a religious symbol or the seal of a trade unit of currency.[37] Apollo Smintheus, a god who both protected against and brought about plague, was worshipped in late Bronze Age Tenedos.[38] Strabo's Geography writes that Tenedos "contains an Aeolian city and has two harbours, and a temple of Apollo Smintheus" (Strabo's Geography, Vol. 13). The relationship between Tenedos and Apollo is mentioned in Book I of the Iliad where a priest calls to Apollo with the name "O god of the silver bow, that protectest Chryse and holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might"(Iliad I).[39]

During the later part of the Bronze Age and during the Iron Age, the place served as a major point between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Homer's Iliad mentions the Tenedos of this era. The culture and artisanship of the area, as represented by pottery and metal vessels recovered from graves, matched that of the northeastern Aegean. Archaeologists have found no evidence to substantiate Herodotus's assertion Aeolians had settled in Tenedos by the Bronze Age. Homer mentions Tenedos as a base for the Achaean fleet during the Trojan war.[40]

The Iron Age settlement of the northeast Aegean was once attributed to Aeolians, descendants of Orestes and hence of the House of Atreus in Mycenae, from across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia and Akhaia, all in mainland Greece. Pindar, in his 11th Nemean Ode, hints at a group of Peloponnesians, the children of the fighters at Troy, occupying Tenedos, with Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, landing straight on the island; specifically he refers to a Spartan Peisandros and his descendant Aristagoras, with Peisandaros having come over with Orestes. Strabo places the start of the migration sixty years after the Trojan war, initiated by Orestes's son, Penthilos, with the colonization continuing onto Penthilos's grandson.[33]

The archaeological record provides no supporting evidence for the theory of Aiolian occupation. During the pre-archaic period, adults in Lesbos were buried by placing them in large jars, and later clay coverings were used, similar to Western Asia Minor. Still later, Tenedians began to both bury and cremate their adults in pits buttressed with stone along the walls. Children were still buried covered in jars. Some items buried with the person, such as pottery, gifts and safety-pin-like clasps, resemble what is found in Anatolia, in both style and drawings and pictures, more than they resemble burial items in mainland Greece.[33]

While human, specifically infant, sacrifice has been mentioned in connection with Tenedos's ancient past, it is now considered mythical in nature. The hero Paleomon in Tenedos was worshipped by a cult in that island, and the sacrifices were attributed to the cult.[41] At Tenedos, people did sacrifice a newborn calf dressed in buskins, after treating the cow like a pregnant women giving birth; the person who killed the calf was then stoned and driven out into a life on the sea.[31] According to Harold Willoughby, a belief in the calf as a ritual incarnation of God drove this practice.[42]

Classical period edit

From the Archaic to Classical period, the archaeological evidence of well-stocked graves establishes Tenedos's continuing affluence. Tall, broad-mouthed containers show grapes and olives were likely processed during this time. They were also used to bury dead infants. By the fourth century BC, grapes and wine had become relevant to the economy of the island. Tenedians likely exported surplus wine. Writings from this era talk of a shortage of agricultural land, indicating a booming settlement. A dispute with the neighboring island of Sigeum was arbitrated by Periander of Corinth, who handed over political control of a swath of the mainland to Tenedos. In the first century BC this territory was eventually incorporated into Alexandria Troas.[43]

According to some accounts, Thales of Greece died in Tenedos. Cleostratus, an astronomer, lived and worked in Tenedos, though it is unknown whether he met Thales there. Cleostratus is one of the founders of Greek astronomy, influenced as it was by the reception of Babylonian knowledge.[44] Athens had a naval base on the island in the fifth and fourth century BC. Demosthenes mentions Apollodorus, a trierarch commanding a ship, talking of buying food during a stopover at Tenedos where he would pass the trierarchy to Polycles.[18] In 493 BCE, the Persians overran Tenedos along with other Greek islands.[45] During his reign, Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, sent a Macedonian force sailing against the Persian fleet. Along with other Aegean islands such as Lesbos, Tenedos also rebelled against the Persian dominance at this time.[46] Athens seemingly augmented its naval base with a fleet at the island around 450 BC.[18]

During the campaign of Alexander the Great against the Persians, Pharnabazus, the Persian commander, laid siege to Tenedos with a hundred ships and eventually captured it as Alexander could not send a fleet in time to save the island. The island's walls were demolished and the islanders had to accept the old treaty with the Persian emperor Artaxerxes II: the Peace of Antalcidas.[47] Later, Alexander's commander Hegelochus of Macedon captured the island from the Persians.[48] Alexander made an alliance with the people in Tenedos in order to limit the Persian naval power.[49] He also took on board 3000 Greek mercenaries and oarsmen from Tenedos in his army and navy.[50]

The land was not suitable for large-scale grazing or extensive agriculture. Local grapes and wines were mentioned in inscriptions and on coins. But Pliny and other contemporary writers did not mention grapes and wines at the island. Most exports were via sea, and both necessities and luxuries had to imported, again by sea.[18] Unlike in Athens, it is unclear whether Tenedos ever had a democracy.[51] Marjoram (Oregano) from Tenedos was one of the relishes used in Greek cuisine.[52] The Tenedians punished adulterers by cutting off their heads with an axe.[53] Aristotle wrote about the social and political structure of Tenedos.[19] He found it notable a large part of the populace worked in occupations related to ferries, possibly hundreds in a population of thousands.[18] Pausanias noted some common proverbs in Greek originated from customs of the Tenedians. "He is a man of Tenedos" was used to allude to a person of unquestionable integrity, and "to cut with the Tenedian axe" was a full and final 'no'.[54] Lykophron, writing in the second century BC, referred to the deity Melikertes as the "baby-slayer".[30] Xenophon described the Spartans' sacking the place in 389 BC, but being beaten back by an Athenian fleet when trying again two years later.[18]

The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax states that the astronomer Kleostratos (Ancient Greek: Κλεόστρατος) was from Tenedos.[55]

Hellenistic period edit

In the Hellenistic period, the Egyptian goddess Isis was also worshipped at Tenedos. There she was associated closely with the sun, with her name and title reflecting that position.[56]

Roman period edit

During the Roman occupation of Greece, Tenedos too came under their rule. The island became a part of the Roman Republic in 133 BC, when Attalus III, the king of Pergamon, died, leaving his territory to the Romans.[18] The Romans constructed a new port at Alexandria Troas, on the Dardanelle Strait. This led to Tenedos's decline.[57] Tenedos lost its importance during this period. Virgil, in Aeneid, stated the harbour was deserted and ships could not moor in the bay during his time. Processing of grapes seems to have been abandoned. Olive cultivation and processing did possibly continue, though there was likely no surplus to export. Archaeological evidence indicates the settlement was mostly in the town, with only a few scattered sites in the countryside.[58]

According to Strabo there was a kinship between the peoples of Tenedos and Tenea (a town at Corinth).[59]

According to Cicero a number of deified human beings were worshipped in Greece: in Tenedos there was Tenes.[60]

Pausanias, mention at his work Description of Greece that Periklyto, who was from Tenedos, has dedicated some axes at Delphoi.[61]

During the Third Mithridatic War, in around 73 BC, Tenedos was the site of a large naval battle between Roman commander Lucullus and the fleet of the king of Pontus, Mithridates, commanded by Neoptolemus. This Battle of Tenedos was won decisively by the Romans.[62] Around 81–75 BC, Verres, legate of the Governor of Cilicia, Gaius Dolabella, plundered the island, carrying off the statue of Tenes and some money.[18] Towards 6 BC, geographical change made the mainland port less useful, and Tenedos became relevant again.[57] According to Dio Chrysostom and Plutarch, Tenedos was famous for its pottery ca AD 100.[63] Under Rome's protection, Tenedos restarted its mint after a break of more than a century. The mint continued with the old designs, improving on detail and precision.[64] Cicero, writing in this era, noted the temple built to honor Tenes, the founder whose name the island received, and of the harsh justice system of the populace.[18]

Byzantine period edit

When Constantinople became a prominent city in the Roman Empire, from AD 350 on, Tenedos became a crucial trading post. Emperor Justinian I ordered the construction of a large granary on Tenedos and ferries between the island and Constantinople became a major activity on the island.[18] Ships carrying grain from Egypt to Constantinople stopped at Tenedos when the sea was unfavorable. The countryside was likely not heavily populated or utilized. There were vineyards, orchards and corn fields, at times abandoned due to disputes.[65]

The Eastern Orthodox Church placed the diocese of Tenedos under the metropolitanate of Mytilini during the ninth century, and promoted it to its own metropolitanate in early fourteenth century.[66] By this time Tenedos was part of the Byzantine Empire but its location made it a key target of the Venetians, the Genoese, and the Ottoman Empire. The weakened Byzantine Empire and wars between Genoa and Venice for trade routes made Tenedos a key strategic location.[67] In 1304, Andrea Morisco, a Genoese adventurer, backed by a title from the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III, took over Tenedos.[68] Later, sensing political tension in the Byzantine empire just before the Second Byzantine Civil War, the Venetians offered 20,000 ducats in 1350 to John V Palaiologos for control of Tenedos. When John V was captured in the Byzantine civil war, he was deported to Tenedos by John VI Kantakouzenos.[67]

John V eventually claimed victory in the civil war, but the cost was significant debt, mainly to the Venetians.[67] In the summer of 1369, John V sailed to Venice and apparently offered the island of Tenedos in exchange for twenty-five thousand ducats and his own crown jewels.[69] However, his son (Andronikos IV Palaiologos), acting as the regent in Constantinople, rejected the deal possibly because of Genoese pressure.[67] Andronikos tried but failed to depose his father. In 1376, John V sold the island to Venice on the same terms as before. This upset the Genoese of Galata. The Genoese helped the imprisoned Andronikos to escape and depose his father. Andronikos repaid the favor ceding them Tenedos. But the garrison on the island refused the agreement and gave control over to the Venetians.[69]

The Venetians established an outpost on the island, a move that caused significant tension with the Byzantine Empire (then represented by Andronikos IV)and the Genoese. In the Treaty of Turin, which ended the War of Chioggia between Venice and Genoa, the Venetians were to hand over control of the island to Amadeo of Savoy and the Genoese were to pay the bill for the removal of all fortifications on the island.[70] The Treaty of Turin specified that the Venetians would destroy all the island's "castles, walls, defences, houses and habitations from top to bottom 'in such fashion that the place can never be rebuilt or reinhabited".[71] The Greek populace was not a party to the negotiations, but were to be paid for being uprooted. The baillie of Tenedos, Zanachi Mudazzo, refused to evacuate the place, and the Doge of Venice, Antonio Venier, protested the expulsion. The senators of Venice reaffirmed the treaty, the proposed solution of handing the island back to the Emperor seen as unacceptable to the Genoese. Toward the end of 1383, the population of almost 4000 was shipped out to Euboea and Crete. Buildings on the island were then razed leaving it empty. Venetians continued to use the harbor.[72]

The Venetians were zealous guarding the right to Tenedos the Treaty of Turin provided them. The Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes wanted to build a fortification at the island in 1405, with the knights bearing the cost, but the Venetians refused to allow this.[73] The island remained largely uninhabited for the next decades. When Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo visited the island in 1403 he remarked that because of the Treaty of Turin "Tenedos has since come to be uninhabited."[74] 29 May 1416 saw the first battle at sea between the Venetians and the emerging Ottoman fleet at Gallipoli. The Venetian captain-general, Pietro Loredan, won, wiped out the Turks on board, and retired down the coast to Tenedos, where he killed all the non-Turk prisoners who had voluntarily joined the Turks.[75] In the treaty of 1419 between Sultan Mehmed and the Venetians, Tenedos was the dividing line beyond which the Turkish fleet was not to advance.[76] Spanish adventurer Pedro Tafur visited the island in 1437 and found it deserted, with many rabbits, the vineyards covering the island in disrepair, but the port well-maintained. He mentioned frequent Turkish attacks on shipping in the harbor.[77] In 1453, the port was used by the commander of a single-ship Venetian fleet, Giacomo Loredan, as a monitoring point to observe the Turkish fleet, on his way to Constantinople in what would become the final defense of that city against the Turks.[78]

Ottoman period edit

 
Map of Tenedos (Bozcaada) by the Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis (16th century)
 
Map of Tenedo by Flemish painter Jacob Peeters (1690)

Tenedos was occupied by Sultan Mehmet II in 1455, two years after his Conquest of Constantinople ending the Byzantine empire.[57] It became the first island controlled by the Ottoman Empire in the Aegean sea.[79] The island was still uninhabited at that time, almost 75 years after it had been forcefully evacuated.[66] Mehmet II rebuilt the island's fort.[57] During his reign the Ottoman navy used the island as a supply base. The Venetians, realizing the strategic importance of the island, deployed forces on it. Giacopo Loredano took Tenedos for Venice in 1464.[80] The same year, Ottoman Admiral Mahmud Pasha recaptured the island.[81] During the Ottoman regime, the island was repopulated (by granting a tax exemption).[82] The Ottoman fleet admiral and cartographer, Piri Reis, in his book Kitab-i-Bahriye, completed in 1521, included a map of the shore and the islands off it, marking Tenedos as well. He noted that ships heading north from Smyrna to the Dardanelles passed usually through the seven-mile strip of sea between the island and the mainland.[83]

Tommaso Morosini of Venice set out with 23 ships from Crete on 20 March 1646, heading to Istanbul. They stopped at Tenedos, but failed to establish a foothold there when their ship caught fire, killing many of the crew.[84] In 1654, Hozam Ali of the Turkish fleet landed at the island, gathering Turkish forces for a naval battle against the Venetians.[85] This, the Battle of the Dardanelles (1654), the first of four in a series, the Ottomans won.[86] After the Battle of the Dardanelles in 1656, Barbaro Badoer of the Venetians seized the island on 8 July.[87] The Ottoman defeat weakened its Sultan Mehmed IV, then aged 16,[88] and strengthened the Grand Vizier, Köprülü Mehmed Pasha.[89]

 
Bozcaada Castle

In March 1657, an Ottoman Armada emerged through the Dardanelles, slipping through a Venetian blockade, with the objective of retaking the island but did not attempt to do so, concerned by the Venetian fleet.[90] In July 1657, Köprülü made a decision to break the Venetian blockade and retake the territory.[91] The Peace Party in the Venetian senate thought it best to not defend Tenedos, and Lemnos, and debated this with the War Party. Köprülü ended the argument by recapturing Tenedos on 31 August 1657, in the Battle of the Dardanelles (1657), the fourth and final one.[92]

 
Close up of Bozcaada Clock Tower

Following the victory, the Grand Vizier visited the island and oversaw its repairs, during which he funded construction of a mosque,[93] which was to be called by his name. According to the Mosque's Foundation's book, it was built on the site of an older mosque, called Mıhçı Mosque which was destroyed during Venetian occupation.[94] By the time Köprülü died in September 1661, he had built on the island the businesses of a coffee-house, a bakery, 84 shops, and nine mills; a watermill; two mosques; a school; a rest stop for travelers and a stable; and a bath-house.[95]

Rabbits which drew the attention of Tafur two-and-a-half centuries ago were apparently still abundant in the mid 17th century. In 1659 the traveler Evliya Çelebi was sent to the island with the task of collecting game for the Sultan Mehmed IV.[96] The disorder of the 1600s hampered supply lines and caused grain shortages in Bozcaada.[97]

As a result of the series of setbacks Ottomans faced in Rumelia during the later years of the reign of Mehmed IV, with the Grand Vizier being Sarı Süleyman Pasha, the forces at the island are reported to have mutinied in 1687 with parts of the rest of the army. These widespread mutinies would result in the deposing of the Sultan and the Grand Vizier that year.[98]

In 1691 the Venetians and allies formed a war council to discuss retaking the island. The council met regularly at the galley of Domenico Mocenigo, the captain-general of the Venetian fleet. By this time, the only people on the island were those in the fort.[99] Mocenigo estimated their number to be around 300, and the fort to be weakly buttressed.[99] On 17 July 1691 the war council met off the waters of the island and decided to retake Tenedos since it was, per their estimate, weakly defended but famous.[100] As a first step they decided to gather information. At their next meeting, six days later, they learned from captured slaves that the Turkish garrison, numbering around 3000, had drug trenches and strengthened their defenses. The plan to retake the island was abandoned.[101] Venetians would try to capture Tenedos unsuccessfully in 1697.[102]

The Peace of Karlowitz, which for the first time brought the Ottomans into the mainstream of European diplomacy, was signed on 26 January 1699 by the Ottomans, the Venetians, and a large number of Europeans powers. The Venetian senate sent its ambassador, Soranzo to Istanbul via Tenedos. At the island he was greeted with a royal reception of cannon fire and by the Pasha of the island himself.[103]

During the classical Ottoman period, the island was a kadiluk. The Ottomans built mosques, fountains, hammams, and a medrese.[104] The Ottomans adopted the Byzantine practice of using islands as places for the internal exile of state prisoners, such as Constantine Mourousis and Halil Hamid Pasha.[105] In October 1633, Cyril Contari, Metropolitan of Aleppo in the Orthodox Church, was made the patriarch after promising to pay the Ottoman central authority 50,000 dollars. His inability to pay led to his being exiled to the island for a short time.[106]

In 1807, a joint fleet of the Russians and British captured the island during the Russo-Turkish Wars,[107] with the Russians using it as their military base to achieve the victories at the Dardanelles and Athos;[108] but they ceded control as part of the Treaty of Armistice with the Ottoman Porte.[109] However, the Russian occupations proved to be destructive for the island. The town was burnt down, the harbor was almost filled in and almost all buildings were destroyed. The islanders fled and Tenedos became deserted once more.[108]

In 1822, during the Greek War of Independence, the revolutionaries under Konstantinos Kanaris managed to attack an Ottoman fleet and burn one of its ships off Tenedos.[110] This event was a major morale booster for the Greek Revolution and attracted the attention of the European Powers.[111] The trees that covered the island were destroyed during the war.[112]

During the 19th century, the wine production remained a profitable business while the island's annual wheat production was only enough for three months of the islanders' consumption.[113] Apart from wine, the only export item of the island was a small quantity of wool.[112] Also in the 19th century there had been attempts to introduce pear, fig and mulberry trees.[93] However, there are reports of fruit, especially fig trees being present on the island prior to those attempts.[108]

The 1852 law of the Tanzimat reorganized Turkish islands and Tenedos ended up in the sanjak of Bosje Adassi (Bozcaada), in the Vilayet Jazaǐri.[114] In July 1874, a fire destroyed the place.[115] In 1876, a middle school was added to those on the island, with 22 students and teaching Turkish, Arabic and Persian.[116] By 1878, the island had 2015 males, of whom almost a quarter were Muslim, in around 800 houses.[117] The place also hosted a company of the Ottoman foot-artillery division,[118] along with an Austrian and French vice-consulate. The island was in the sanjak of Bigha, which seated a General Governor. Around 500 casks of gunpowder, left behind by the Russians in a military storehouse, were still there. The fort accommodated the Turkish military camp, a grain silo and two wells.[115]

In 1854, there were some 4,000 inhabitants on the island of Tenedos, of which one-third were Turks. Also, there was only one Greek school on the island with about 200 students.[119][120]

According to the Ottoman general census of 1893, the population of the island was divided as follows: 2,479 Greeks, 1,247 Turks, 103 Foreign Nationals and 6 Armenians.[119]

By the early 20th century, the island, still under the Turks, had around 2000 people living in wooden houses with gardens. The port provided shelter for ships from the violent northerly winds. The British had a vice consul at the island. The town served as a telegraph station, with an Austrian ship coming in every two weeks. In 1906 the town imports were at 17, 950 liras and exports, mainly wine and raisins, worth 6,250 liras. There were telegraph cables laid in the sea near the port.[121]

Between Turkey and Greece edit

1912–1921 edit

 
Naval battle between Greek and Ottoman fleets near Tenedos

During the First Balkan War, on 20 October 1912, Tenedos was the first island of the north Aegean that came under the control of the Greek Navy.[122] The Turks that constituted part of Tenedos' population did not welcome the Greek control.[123] By taking over the islands in the Northern Aegean sea, the Greek Navy limited the ability of the Ottoman fleet to move through the Dardanelles.[124] Greek administration of the island lasted until 12 November 1922.[125]

Negotiations to end the Balkan war started in December 1912 in London and the issue of the Aegean islands was one persistent problem. The issue divided the great powers with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy supporting the Ottoman position for return of all the Aegean islands and Britain and France supporting the Greek position for Greek control of all the Aegean islands.[126] With Italy controlling key islands in the region, major power negotiations deadlocked in London and later in Bucharest. Romania threatened military action with the Greeks against the Ottomans in order to force negotiations in Athens in November 1913.[126] Eventually, Greece and Great Britain pressured the Germans to support an agreement where the Ottomans would retain Tenedos, Kastelorizo and Imbros and the Greeks would control the other Aegean islands. The Greeks accepted the plan while the Ottoman Empire rejected the ceding of the other Aegean islands.[126] This agreement would not hold, but the outbreak of World War I and the Turkish War of Independence put the issue to the side.

During the World War I Gallipoli Campaign, the British used the island as a supply base and built a 600 m long airstrip for military operations.[127]

After the Turkish War of Independence ended in Greek defeat in Anatolia, and the fall of Lloyd George and his Middle Eastern policies, the western powers agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne with the new Turkish Republic, in 1923. This treaty made Tenedos and Imbros part of Turkey, and it guaranteed a special autonomous administrative status there to accommodate the local Greek population.[128][129] The treaty excluded the Orthodox Christians on the islands from the population exchange that took place between Greece and Turkey. Article 14 of the treaty provided specific guarantees safeguarding the rights of minorities in both the nations.[130]

In 1912, when the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople conducted its own census, the population of the island was estimated to be: 5,420 Greeks and 1,200 Turks.[131][119]

1922 and later edit

Greece returned the island to Turkey in 1922.[125] The inhabitants, substantially Greek Orthodox, were exempt from compulsory expulsion per the Lausanne Treaty's article 14, paragraph 2.[132] Despite the treaty, the state of international relations between Greece and Turkey, wider world issues, and domestic pressures influenced how the Greek minority of Tenedos was treated.[133] Acting reciprocally with Greece, Turkey made systematic attempts to evacuate the Greeks on the isle.[134] Turkey never implemented either the Article 14 guarantee of some independence for the place in local rules, or the Article 39 guarantee to Turkish citizens, of all ethnicities, of the freedom to choose the language they wanted to use in their daily lives.[135]

In early 1926, conscripts and reservists of the army from Tenedos were transported to Anatolia. Great panic was engendered, and Greek youths fearing oppression fled the island. Others, who tried to hide in the mountains, were soon discovered and moved to Anatolia.[119]

Turkish law 1151 in 1927 specifically put administration of the islands in the hands of the Turkish government and not local populations,[136] outlawed schooling in the Greek language and closed the Greek schools.[134][137] According to the official Turkish census, in 1927 there were 2,500 Greeks and 1,247 Turks on the island.[138]

The Greco-Turkish rapprochement of 1930, which marks a significant turning point in the relations of the two countries, helped Tenedos reap some benefits too. In September 1933, moreover, certain islanders who had emigrated to America were allowed to return to and settle in their native land.[119] Responding to the Greek good will over the straits, Turkey permitted the regular election of a local Greek mayor and seven village elders as well as a number of local employees.[119]

In the 1950s, tension between Greece and Turkey eased and law 1151/1927 was abolished and replaced by law no. 5713 in 1951, according to the law regular Greek language classes were added to the curriculum of the schools on Tenedos.[119] Also, as restriction of travel to the island was relaxed, a growing number of Greek tourists from Istanbul and abroad visited Tenedos. These tourists did not only bring much needed additional revenues, but they also put an end to the twenty-seven-year long isolation of the islands from the outside world.[119]

However, when tensions increased in 1963 over Cyprus, the Turkish government again invoked a ban against Greek language education,[139] and appropriated community property held by Greeks on the island.[136] In 1964 Turkey closed the Greek-speaking schools on the island again.[131] Furthermore, with the 1964 Law On Land Expropriation (No 6830) the farm property of the Greeks on the island was taken away from their owners.[140] These policies, better economic options elsewhere, presence of a larger Greek community in Greece, fear and pressure, resulted in an exodus of the Greek population from the isle. The migrants retain Turkish citizenship but their descendants are not entitled to it.[134] Greeks who left the island in the 1960s, often sold their properties, at particularly low prices, to their Turkish neighbours, which reflected the situation of duress under which they had to leave.[131]

In 1992, the Human Rights Watch report concluded that the Turkish government has denied the rights of the Greek community on Imbros and Tenedos in violation of the Lausanne Treaty and international human rights laws and agreements.[141]

In recent years there has been some progress in the relations between the different religious groups on the islands. In 2005, a joint Greek and Turkish delegation visited Tenedos and later that year Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited the island. After that visit, the Turkish government funded the restoration of the bell tower of the Orthodox Church in Tenedos (built originally in 1869).[142] In 1925 the Orthodox church became part of the Metropolis of Imbros and Tenedos.[125] Cyril Dragounis has been its bishop since 2002.[143] In 2009, the Foundation of the Bozcaada Koimisis Theotokou Greek Orthodox Church won a judgement in the European Court of Human Rights for recognition and financial compensation over their degraded cemetery.[144]

Turkish rule edit

Turkey continued the old practice of exiling people to the island. The Democratic Party exiled Kemal Pilavoğlu, the leader of a religious sect, Ticani, to Tenedos for life[when?], for sacrilege against Atatürk.[145] Foreigners were prohibited from visiting the islands until the 1990s.[146] However, in the mid-1990s, the Turkish government financially supported the expansion of wineries and tourist opportunities on the island.[104] Today the island is a growing summer tourist location for wine enthusiasts and others.[147]

Since 2011 an annual half marathon has been run on the island.[148]

Proverbs of ancient Greeks regarding the island edit

Greeks used the proverb "Tenedian human" (Ancient Greek: Τενέδιος ἄνθρωπος) in reference to those with frightening appearance, because when Tenes laid down laws at the island he stipulated that a man with an axe should stand behind the judge and strike the man being convicted after he had spoken in vain.[149] In addition, they used the proverb "Tenedian advocate" (Ancient Greek: Τενέδιος συνήγορος), meaning a harsh advocate. There are many explanations regarding this proverb. Some say because the Tenedians honor two axes in their dedications. Aristotle said because a Tenedian king used to try lawsuits with an axe, so that he could execute wrongdoers on the spot, or because there was a place in Tenedos called Asserina, where there was a small river in which crabs have shell which was like an axe, or because a certain king laid down a law that adulterers should both be beheaded, and he observed this in the case of his son. Others said because of what Tenes suffered at the hands of his stepmother, he used to judge homicide suits with an axe.[150]

Population edit

 
A street in Bozcaada
 
A street in Bozcaada
 
Traditional houses on a street of Bozcaada

In 1854, there were some 4,000 inhabitants on the island of Bozcaada, of which one-third were Turks. According to the Ottoman general census of 1893, the population of the island was divided as follows: 2,479 Greeks, 1,247 Turks, 103 Foreign Nationals and 6 Armenians.[119] In 1912, when the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople conducted its own census, the population of the island was estimated to be: 5,420 Greeks and 1,200 Turks.[119] In 1927, according to the official Turkish census, there were 2,500 Greeks and 1,247 Turks on the island.[138]

By 2000, the official count of ethnic Greeks permanently residing on the island had dropped to 22.[151] As of 2022, Bozcaada's population was 3,120.[2] During summer, many more visit the island, ballooning its population to over 10,000 people. Historically the Turkish mahalle (quarter) has been located to the south and the Greek one to the north. Each quarter has its own religious institutions, mosques on the Turkish side and churches on the Greek side. The Greek quarter was burned to the ground in the fire of 1874 and rebuilt, while the Turkish quarter has an older design. The houses are architecturally different in the two districts.[104] The grid-planned Greek district has businesses, galleries and hotels.[147] This district is dominated by the bell tower of the Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God. On 26 July every year, the Greeks gather here to eat, dance and celebrate the feast day of St. Paraskevi.[152]

The Turkish quarter has largely houses.[147] The district, in its present version, dates to 1702, and contains the grave of a grand vizier, Halil Hamid Pasha. Pasha was executed on Tenedos after being exiled for scheming to replace sultan Abdülhamid I, with the "șehzade" (crown prince) Selim, the future Sultan.[3] The grave is in the courtyard of the Alaybey Mosque, a historical monument. Another mosque, Köprülü Mehmet Paşa Mosque (also called Yali Mosque), is also a monument.[94] The Turkish district, Alaybey, also has hammams and the Namazgah fountain.[153]

The island has native islanders from families who have lived on the island for centuries, new wealthy immigrants from Istanbul, and wage labor immigrants from mainland Anatolia, especially Romani people in Turkey from Bayramiç.[104]

Economy edit

 
Bozcaada Castle and the port of the island

Traditional economic activities are fishing and wine production. The remainder of arable land is covered by olive trees and wheat fields. Most of the agriculture is done on the central plains and gentle hills of the island. Red poppies of the island are used to produce small quantities of sharbat and jam. Sheep and goats are grazed at hilly northeastern and southeastern part of the island which is not suitable for agriculture.[79] The number of farmers involved in grape cultivation has gone up from 210 to 397 in the recent years, though the farm area has gone down from 1,800 hectares (18 km2) to 1,200 hectares (12 km2).[154]

Tourism has been an important, but limited, economic activity since the 1970s but it developed rapidly from the 1990s onwards.[147] The island's main attraction is the castle last rebuilt in 1815, illuminated at night, and with a view out to the open sea.[155] The island's past is captured in a small museum, with a room dedicated to its Greek story.[3] The town square boasts a "morning market" where fresh groceries and seafood are sold, along with the island's specialty of tomato jam. Mainlanders from Istanbul run some bars, boutiques and guesthouses.[155] In 2010, the island was named the world's second most-beautiful island by Condé Nast's Reader Choice award.[156] The next year, the island topped the reader's list in the same magazine for the top 10 islands in Europe.[157] In 2012, Condé Nast again selected Bozcaada as one of the 8 best islands in the world on account of its remnants of ancient buildings, less-crowded beaches, and places to stay.[158]

 
Wind farms are a common sight in Bozcaada, which is located on the path of strong wind currents, such as etesians, along the northeastern shoreline of the Aegean Sea.

Fishing plays a role in the island's economy,[159] but similar to other Aegean islands, agriculture is a more significant economic activity.[160] The local fishing industry is small, with the port authority counting 48 boats and 120 fishermen in 2011. Local fishing is year-round and seafood can be obtained in all seasons. The fish population has gone down over the years, resulting in a shrinking fishing industry, though increase in tourism and consequent demand for more seafood has benefited the industry. The sea off the island is one of the major routes by which fish in the Aegean sea migrate seasonally. During the migration period, boats from the outside come to the island for fishing.[159]

 
Handmade ceramics at a shop in Bozcaada

In 2000, a wind farm of 17 turbines was erected at the western cape.[161] It has a nominal power capacity of 10.2 MW energy, and produces 30 GWh of electricity every year.[162] This is much more than what the island needs, and the excess is transferred to mainland Anatolia through an underground and partly undersea cable. Overhead cables and pylons were avoided for esthetic reasons, preserving the scenic view.[161] The land has an average wind speed of 6.4 m/s and a mean energy density of 324 W/mat its meteorological station. This indicates significant wind energy generation potential.[163]

A United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) project, the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET) set up an experimental renewables-hydrogen energy facility at the Bozcaada Governor's building on 7 October 2011. The project, supported by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR), is the first of its kind in the country. The power plant produces energy via a 20 kW solar photovoltaic array, and uses a 50 kW electrolyzer to store this energy as hydrogen. A fuel cell and hydrogen engine can convert this stored energy back into electricity when needed, and the experimental system can supply up to 20 households for a day.[164]

As of 2011, the town's hospital and governor's mansion were the only two buildings in the world using hydrogen energy. A boat and a golf cart are also powered by the same system. At the governor's place, energy is captured with a rooftop 20 Kw solar array and a 30 Kw wind mill. The electricity produced is used to electrolyze water into hydrogen. This gas is stored compressed, and can be used later to generate energy or as fuel in hydrogen-powered cars. In June 2011, Henry Puna, the Prime Minister of the Cook Islands traveled to Tenedos to investigate how the island uses hydrogen energy.[165]

In 2012, the Turkish government opened a customs office on the island, possibly opening the way for future direct travel between Greek ports and the island.[166]

Wine production edit

 
A restaurant in Bozcaada, which is famous for its local varieties of wine.

The island is windy throughout the year and this makes the climate dry and warm enough to grow grapes.[147] In classical antiquity wine production was linked with the cult of Dionysus, while grapes were also depicted in the local currency. The local wine culture outlived the Ottoman period.[167] Vineyards have existed on the island since antiquity and today occupy one-third of the total land of the island and 80% of its agricultural land,[104] In the mid-1800s, the island exported 800,000 barrels of wine annually and was revered as the best wine in the Eastern Mediterranean.[168] Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote in the 16th century that the finest wines in the world were being produced in Tenedos.[169] Today, the island is one of the major wine producing areas in Turkey and grows four local strains of grape: Çavuş, Karasakız (Kuntra), Altınbaş (Vasilaki), and Karalahna. However, in recent years traditional French varieties have increased in prominence, namely Cabernet Sauvignon.[170]

Prior to 1923, wine production on the island was exclusively done by the Greek population; however, after this point, Turkish domestic wine production increased and Greeks on the island taught the Turkish population how to manufacture wine.[104] By 1980, there were 13 wine production plants on the island.[104] High taxes caused many of these to go out of business until 2001 when the state decreased taxes on wine and subsidized some of the producers on the island.[104] In recent years, newer producers have relied upon Italian and French experts to improve production.[147] In 2010, the island produced a record 5,000 tons of wine.[104] Corvus has introduced modern wine making techniques[which?] to Tenedos.[147] Grape harvest festivities are held the first week of September annually.[171]

Transportation edit

The main transportation from mainland Turkey is by ferries from Geyikli and from the town of Çanakkale.[146] The island is roughly 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from mainland Turkey.[172] From the Geyikli pier, ferry travel is available for both passengers and automobiles, and takes about 35 minutes. A passenger-only ferry service from Çanakkale began running in 2009. Both run less often during the winter months.[173] The island is seven hours by bus and then ferry from Istanbul.[147] In 2012, Seabird Airlines began offering flights from Istanbul's Golden Horn to the island.[174]

Culture edit

The Turkish film Akıllı Köpek Max (Max the Smart Dog) was filmed in Bozcaada in 2012.[175] Another Turkish film, Bi Küçük Eylül Meselesi (A Small September Affair) was filmed on the island in 2013.[176]

The Australian author Dmetri Kakmi was born on Tenedos of Greek parents in 1961. His acclaimed memoir Mother Land about his childhood on the island was published in 2008 and reissued in a new edition in 2015.

Notable people edit

See also edit

References edit

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  142. ^ Çaliskan 2010
  143. ^ Kiminas 2009, p. 68
  144. ^ Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi Vakfi v. Turkey (no. 2)
  145. ^ Jenkins 2008, p. 120
  146. ^ a b Rutherford 2009
  147. ^ a b c d e f g h Parla 2012
  148. ^ Calendar, 2012—Overviews and Downloads
  149. ^ Suda, tau.310
  150. ^ Suda, tau.311
  151. ^ NÜFUS DURUMU
  152. ^ Yale 2012; Levine 2010, p. 49
  153. ^ Akpınar, Saygın & Karakaya 2011, p. 333
  154. ^ Akpınar, Saygın & Karakaya 2011, p. 339
  155. ^ a b Rutherford 2011, pp. 189–192
  156. ^ Akpınar, Saygın & Karakaya 2011, p. 340
  157. ^ Top 10 Islands in Europe 2011
  158. ^ Condé Nast Traveler: Reader's Choice Awards 2012
  159. ^ a b Akpınar, Saygın & Karakaya 2011, p. 341
  160. ^ Acer 2003, p. 10
  161. ^ a b Bozcaada Wind Farm
  162. ^ Ozerdem & Turkeli 2005
  163. ^ Gungor 2012; İncecİk & Erdoğmuş 1995
  164. ^ First hydrogen energy production on a Turkish Island has started on Bozcaada 2011
  165. ^ Harte 2011
  166. ^ Tsolakidou 2012
  167. ^ Manheim 1996
  168. ^ Morewood 1838
  169. ^ Madd River Designs
  170. ^ Akpınar, Saygın & Karakaya 2011; Parla 2012
  171. ^ BAĞ BOZUMU FESTİVALİ
  172. ^ Acer 2003, p. 260
  173. ^ Bozcaada Ferry Timetable; Getting to Bozcaada
  174. ^ Turkish Weekly 2012
  175. ^ Akıllı Köpek Max'ın Çekimlerine Başlandı 2011
  176. ^ Hürriyet newspaper, 16 February 2014, Pazar Keyfi supplement, p. 8.
  177. ^ ERÜNSAL 2004
  178. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.17.1
  179. ^ Κατάλογος Πατριαρχών: Μελέτιος Β'
  180. ^ Plutarch, Life of Eumenes, § 7
  181. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library, 18.40.1
  182. ^ Pindar, Nemean Odes, 11, For Aristagoras of Tenedos on his election to the presidency of the senate

Bibliography edit

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Journals

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Newspapers and magazines

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  • Harte, J. (5 August 2011). "Amid doubts, Turkey powers ahead with hydrogen technologies". InsideClimate News.
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  • Tsolakidou, Stella (16 February 2012). "Customs Offices to Open in Gökçeada and Bozcaada Islands". Greek Reporter.

Web sources

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Further reading edit

  • Bora Esiz, ""
  • Hakan Gürüney: From Tenedos to Bozcaada. Tale of a forgotten island. In: Tenedos Local History Research Centre. No. 5, Bozcaada 2012, ISBN 9789752310360.
  • Haluk Şahin, The Bozcaada Book: A Personal, historical and literary guide to the windy island also known as Tenedos, Translated by Ayşe Şahin, Troya Publishing, 2005 ISBN 975-92275-9-2
  • presented to the II. National Symposium on the Aegean Islands, 2–3 July 2004, Gökçeada, Çanakkale.
  • Αλεξάνδρου, Δημήτρης (2002). Ίμβριοι-Τενέδιοι ΟΙ ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΞΕΧΑΣΑΜΕ. Ερωδιός. ISBN 978-960-7942-37-1.

External links edit

  • Bozcaada government website (Turkish)
  • Bozcaada Blog website (Turkish)
  • Bozcaada Museum (private) (Turkish)
  • Bozcaada slide show from New York Times Travel section
  •   Bozcaada travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Une fin de semaine sur l'ile de Bozcaada (slide show)
  • Website, Municipality of Bozcaada (Turkish)

January 01, 1970
tenedos, other, uses, disambiguation, bozcaada, redirects, here, district, bozcaada, çanakkale, greek, Τένεδος, tenedhos, latin, tenedus, bozcaada, turkish, island, turkey, northeastern, part, aegean, administratively, island, constitutes, bozcaada, district, . For other uses see Tenedos disambiguation Bozcaada redirects here For the district see Bozcaada Canakkale Tenedos Greek Tenedos Tenedhos Latin Tenedus or Bozcaada in Turkish is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea Administratively the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of Canakkale Province With an area of 39 9 km2 15 sq mi it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros Gokceada and Marmara 1 In 2022 the district had a population of 3 120 inhabitants 2 The main industries are tourism wine production and fishing The island has been famous for its grapes wines and red poppies for centuries It is a former bishopric and presently a Latin Catholic titular see Tenedos BozcaadaSatellite view of BozcaadaTenedosShow map of MarmaraTenedosShow map of TurkeyTenedosShow map of EuropeCoordinates 39 49 19 N 26 01 44 E 39 82194 N 26 02889 E 39 82194 26 02889Country TurkeyRegionMarmaraProvinceCanakkaleGovernment MayorDr Hakan Can Yilmaz CHP KaymakamMustafa AkinArea 1 39 9 km2 15 4 sq mi Population 2022 2 3 120 Density78 km2 200 sq mi Post code17680Websitewww bozcaada bel tr Bozcaada Clock Tower Tenedos is mentioned in both the Iliad and the Aeneid in the latter as the site where the Greeks hid their fleet near the end of the Trojan War in order to trick the Trojans into believing the war was over and into taking the Trojan Horse within their city walls Despite its small size the island was important throughout classical antiquity due to its strategic location at the entrance of the Dardanelles In the following centuries the island came under the control of a succession of regional powers including the Persian Empire the Delian League the empire of Alexander the Great the Attalid kingdom the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire before passing to the Republic of Venice As a result of the War of Chioggia 1381 between Genoa and Venice the entire population was evacuated and the town was demolished The Ottoman Empire established control over the deserted island in 1455 During Ottoman rule it was resettled by both Greeks and Turks In 1807 the island was temporarily occupied by the Russians During this invasion the town was burnt down and many Turkish residents left the island Under Greek administration between 1912 and 1923 Tenedos was ceded to Turkey with the Treaty of Lausanne 1923 which ended the Turkish War of Independence following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I The treaty called for a quasi autonomous administration to accommodate the local Greek population and excluded the Greeks on the two islands of Imbros and Tenedos from the wider population exchanges that took place between Greece and Turkey Tenedos remained majority Greek until the late 1960s and early 1970s when many Greeks emigrated because of better opportunities elsewhere Starting with the second half of the 20th century there has been immigration from mainland Anatolia especially Romani from the town of Bayramic Contents 1 Name 2 Geography and climate 3 History 3 1 Prehistory 3 2 Antiquity 3 3 Mythology 3 4 Archaic period 3 5 Classical period 3 6 Hellenistic period 3 7 Roman period 3 8 Byzantine period 3 9 Ottoman period 3 10 Between Turkey and Greece 3 10 1 1912 1921 3 10 2 1922 and later 3 11 Turkish rule 3 12 Proverbs of ancient Greeks regarding the island 4 Population 5 Economy 6 Wine production 7 Transportation 8 Culture 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External linksName edit nbsp Ancient silver Tetradrachm from Tenedos depicting Zeus and Hera and bearing the inscription Tenediwn Tenedion on the other side The island is known in English as both Tenedos the Greek name and Bozcaada the Turkish name Over the centuries many other names have been used 3 Documented ancient Greek names for the island are Leukophrys 4 5 Calydna Phoenice and Lyrnessus Pliny HN 5 140 6 The official Turkish name for the island is Bozcaada the Turkish word boz means either a barren land or grey to brown color sources indicate both of these meanings may have been associated with the island and ada meaning island 7 The name Tenedos was derived according to Apollodorus of Athens from the Greek hero Tenes who ruled the island at the time of the Trojan War and was killed by Achilles Apollodorus writes that the island was originally known as Leocophrys until Tenes landed on the island and became the ruler 8 The island became known as Bozcaada when the Ottoman Empire took the island over 9 Tenedos remained a common name for the island along with Bozcaada after the Ottoman conquest of the island often with Greek populations and Turkish populations using different names for the island 10 Geography and climate edit nbsp Rocks along the shore in Akvaryum Beach Tenedos is roughly triangular in shape Its area is 39 9 km2 15 sq mi 1 It is the third largest Turkish island after Marmara Island and Imbros Gokceada 3 It is surrounded by small islets and is situated close to the entrance of the Dardanelles It is the only rural district ilce of Turkey without any villages and has only one major settlement the town center Geological evidence suggests that the island broke away from the mainland producing a terrain that is mainly plains in the west with hills in the Northeast and the highest point is 192 metres 630 ft The central part of the island is the most amenable to agricultural activities 11 There is a small pine forest in the Southwestern part of the island citation needed The westernmost part of the island has large sandy areas not suitable for agriculture 11 The island has a Mediterranean climate with strong northern winds called etesians citation needed Average temperature is 16 C 61 F and the average annual precipitation is around 500 millimetres 20 in There are a number of small streams running from north to south at the southwestern part of the island 11 Freshwater sources though are not enough for the island so water is piped in from the mainland 12 Climate data for Tenedos 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum C F 10 9 51 6 11 5 52 7 13 5 56 3 17 1 62 8 21 6 70 9 25 6 78 1 27 1 80 8 27 2 81 0 24 5 76 1 20 3 68 5 16 1 61 0 12 3 54 1 19 0 66 2 Daily mean C F 8 4 47 1 8 8 47 8 10 6 51 1 13 7 56 7 17 9 64 2 21 8 71 2 23 5 74 3 23 8 74 8 21 2 70 2 17 5 63 5 13 5 56 3 10 0 50 0 15 9 60 6 Mean daily minimum C F 6 1 43 0 6 4 43 5 7 9 46 2 10 8 51 4 14 8 58 6 18 5 65 3 20 4 68 7 20 9 69 6 18 4 65 1 15 0 59 0 11 2 52 2 7 8 46 0 13 2 55 8 Average precipitation mm inches 66 0 2 60 64 74 2 55 58 89 2 32 42 45 1 67 20 15 0 79 12 86 0 51 3 99 0 16 6 57 0 26 20 61 0 81 45 66 1 80 63 92 2 52 91 36 3 60 497 2 19 57 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 6 4 7 0 5 7 5 2 3 1 2 0 1 2 1 6 2 9 4 2 6 1 8 4 53 8 Average relative humidity 78 3 76 7 74 8 74 0 73 6 72 3 72 5 73 0 73 3 77 2 78 1 78 7 75 2 Source NOAA 13 History editPrehistory edit Archeological findings indicate that the first human settlement on the island dates back to the Early Bronze Age II ca 3000 2700 BC Archaeological evidence suggests the culture on the island had elements in common with the cultures of northwestern Anatolia and the Cycladic Islands 14 Most settlement was on the small bays on the east side of the island which formed natural harbours Settlement archaeological work was done quickly and thus did not find definitive evidence of grape cultivation on the island during this period However grape cultivation was common on neighboring islands and the nearby mainland during this time 15 According to a reconstruction based on the myth of Tenes Walter Leaf stated that the first inhabitants of the island could be Pelasgians who were driven out of the Anatolian mainland by the Phrygians 16 According to the same author there are possible traces of Minoan and Mycenaean Greek influence in the island 17 Antiquity edit nbsp Tenedos next to ancient Troy with Imbros to the north and Lesbos to the south Ancient Tenedos is referred to in Greek and Roman mythology and archaeologists have uncovered evidence of its settlement from the Bronze Age It would stay prominent through the age of classical Greece fading by the time of the dominance of ancient Rome Although a small island Tenedos s position in the straits and its two harbors made it important to the Mediterranean powers over the centuries For nine months of the year the currents and the prevailing wind the etesian came and still come from the Black Sea hampering sailing vessels headed for Constantinople They had to wait a week or more at Tenedos waiting for the favorable southerly wind Tenedos thus served as a shelter and way station for ships bound for the Hellespont Propontis Bosphorus and places farther on Several of the regional powers captured or attacked the island including the Athenians the Persians the Macedonians under Alexander the Great the Seleucids and the Attalids 18 Mythology edit Homer mentions Apollo as the chief deity of Tenedos in his time According to him the island was captured by Achilles during the siege of Troy 19 Nestor obtained his slave Hecamede there during one of Achilles s raids Nestor also sailed back from Troy stopping at Tenedos and island hopping to Lesbos 20 The Odyssey mentions the Greeks leaving Troy after winning the war first traveled to nearby Tenedos sacrificed there 18 and then went to Lesbos before pausing to choose between alternative routes 21 Homer in the Iliad mention that between Tenedos and Imbros there was a wide cavern in which Poseidon stayed his horses 22 23 Virgil in the Aeneid described the Achaeans hiding their fleet at the bay of Tenedos toward the end of the Trojan War to trick Troy into believing the war was over and allowing them to take the Trojan Horse within Troy s city walls In Aeneid it is also the island from which twin serpents came to kill the Trojan priest Laocoon and his sons as punishment for throwing a spear at the Trojan Horse 24 According to Pindar Nemean Odes no 11 the island was founded after the war by bronze clad warriors from Amyklai traveling with Orestes 25 According to myth Tenes was the son of Cycnus himself the son of Poseidon and Calyce Philonome Cycnus s second wife and hence Tenes s stepmother tried to seduce Tenes and was rejected She then accused him of rape leading to his abandonment at sea along with his sister They washed up on the island of Leucophrys where he was proclaimed king and the island renamed Tenedos in his honor When Cycnus realized the lie behind the allegations he took a ship to apologize to his son The myths differ on whether they reconciled 26 According to one version when the father landed on the island of Tenedos Tenes cut the cord holding his boat The phrase hatchet of Tenes came to mean resentment that could not be soothed 27 Another myth had Achilles landing on Tenedos while sailing from Aulis to Troy There his navy stormed the island and Achilles fought Tenes in this myth a son of Apollo and killed him not knowing Tenes s lineage and hence unaware of the danger of Apollo s revenge Achilles would also later kill Tenes s father Cycnus at Troy 28 In Sophocles s Philoctetes written in 409 BC a serpent bit Philoctetes in the foot at Tenedos According to Hyginus the goddess Hera upset with Philoctetes for helping Hercules had sent the snake to punish him His wound refused to heal and the Greeks abandoned him before going back to him for help later during the attack on Troy 29 Athenaeus quoted Nymphodorus s remarks on the beauty of the women of Tenedos 23 Callimachus talked of a myth in which Ino s son Melikertes washed up dead in Tenedos after being thrown into the sea by his mother who killed herself too the residents Lelegians built an altar for Melikertes and started a ritual of a woman sacrificing her infant child when the town s need was dire The woman would then be blinded 30 The myths also added that the custom was abolished when Orestes descendants settled the place 31 Neoptolemus stayed two days at Tenedos following the advice of Thetis before he go to the land of the Molossians together with Helenus 32 Archaic period edit It was at Tenedos along with Lesbos that the first coins with Greek writing on them were minted 33 Figures of bunches of grapes and wine vessels such as amphorae and kantharoi were stamped on coins 34 The very first coins had a twin head of a male and a female on the obverse side 35 The early coins were of silver and had a double headed axe imprinted on them Aristotle considered the axe as symbolizing the decapitation of those convicted of adultery a Tenedian decree 36 The axe head was either a religious symbol or the seal of a trade unit of currency 37 Apollo Smintheus a god who both protected against and brought about plague was worshipped in late Bronze Age Tenedos 38 Strabo s Geography writes that Tenedos contains an Aeolian city and has two harbours and a temple of Apollo Smintheus Strabo s Geography Vol 13 The relationship between Tenedos and Apollo is mentioned in Book I of the Iliad where a priest calls to Apollo with the name O god of the silver bow that protectest Chryse and holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might Iliad I 39 During the later part of the Bronze Age and during the Iron Age the place served as a major point between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Homer s Iliad mentions the Tenedos of this era The culture and artisanship of the area as represented by pottery and metal vessels recovered from graves matched that of the northeastern Aegean Archaeologists have found no evidence to substantiate Herodotus s assertion Aeolians had settled in Tenedos by the Bronze Age Homer mentions Tenedos as a base for the Achaean fleet during the Trojan war 40 The Iron Age settlement of the northeast Aegean was once attributed to Aeolians descendants of Orestes and hence of the House of Atreus in Mycenae from across the Aegean from Thessaly Boiotia and Akhaia all in mainland Greece Pindar in his 11th Nemean Ode hints at a group of Peloponnesians the children of the fighters at Troy occupying Tenedos with Orestes the son of Agamemnon landing straight on the island specifically he refers to a Spartan Peisandros and his descendant Aristagoras with Peisandaros having come over with Orestes Strabo places the start of the migration sixty years after the Trojan war initiated by Orestes s son Penthilos with the colonization continuing onto Penthilos s grandson 33 The archaeological record provides no supporting evidence for the theory of Aiolian occupation During the pre archaic period adults in Lesbos were buried by placing them in large jars and later clay coverings were used similar to Western Asia Minor Still later Tenedians began to both bury and cremate their adults in pits buttressed with stone along the walls Children were still buried covered in jars Some items buried with the person such as pottery gifts and safety pin like clasps resemble what is found in Anatolia in both style and drawings and pictures more than they resemble burial items in mainland Greece 33 While human specifically infant sacrifice has been mentioned in connection with Tenedos s ancient past it is now considered mythical in nature The hero Paleomon in Tenedos was worshipped by a cult in that island and the sacrifices were attributed to the cult 41 At Tenedos people did sacrifice a newborn calf dressed in buskins after treating the cow like a pregnant women giving birth the person who killed the calf was then stoned and driven out into a life on the sea 31 According to Harold Willoughby a belief in the calf as a ritual incarnation of God drove this practice 42 Classical period edit From the Archaic to Classical period the archaeological evidence of well stocked graves establishes Tenedos s continuing affluence Tall broad mouthed containers show grapes and olives were likely processed during this time They were also used to bury dead infants By the fourth century BC grapes and wine had become relevant to the economy of the island Tenedians likely exported surplus wine Writings from this era talk of a shortage of agricultural land indicating a booming settlement A dispute with the neighboring island of Sigeum was arbitrated by Periander of Corinth who handed over political control of a swath of the mainland to Tenedos In the first century BC this territory was eventually incorporated into Alexandria Troas 43 According to some accounts Thales of Greece died in Tenedos Cleostratus an astronomer lived and worked in Tenedos though it is unknown whether he met Thales there Cleostratus is one of the founders of Greek astronomy influenced as it was by the reception of Babylonian knowledge 44 Athens had a naval base on the island in the fifth and fourth century BC Demosthenes mentions Apollodorus a trierarch commanding a ship talking of buying food during a stopover at Tenedos where he would pass the trierarchy to Polycles 18 In 493 BCE the Persians overran Tenedos along with other Greek islands 45 During his reign Philip II of Macedon father of Alexander the Great sent a Macedonian force sailing against the Persian fleet Along with other Aegean islands such as Lesbos Tenedos also rebelled against the Persian dominance at this time 46 Athens seemingly augmented its naval base with a fleet at the island around 450 BC 18 During the campaign of Alexander the Great against the Persians Pharnabazus the Persian commander laid siege to Tenedos with a hundred ships and eventually captured it as Alexander could not send a fleet in time to save the island The island s walls were demolished and the islanders had to accept the old treaty with the Persian emperor Artaxerxes II the Peace of Antalcidas 47 Later Alexander s commander Hegelochus of Macedon captured the island from the Persians 48 Alexander made an alliance with the people in Tenedos in order to limit the Persian naval power 49 He also took on board 3000 Greek mercenaries and oarsmen from Tenedos in his army and navy 50 The land was not suitable for large scale grazing or extensive agriculture Local grapes and wines were mentioned in inscriptions and on coins But Pliny and other contemporary writers did not mention grapes and wines at the island Most exports were via sea and both necessities and luxuries had to imported again by sea 18 Unlike in Athens it is unclear whether Tenedos ever had a democracy 51 Marjoram Oregano from Tenedos was one of the relishes used in Greek cuisine 52 The Tenedians punished adulterers by cutting off their heads with an axe 53 Aristotle wrote about the social and political structure of Tenedos 19 He found it notable a large part of the populace worked in occupations related to ferries possibly hundreds in a population of thousands 18 Pausanias noted some common proverbs in Greek originated from customs of the Tenedians He is a man of Tenedos was used to allude to a person of unquestionable integrity and to cut with the Tenedian axe was a full and final no 54 Lykophron writing in the second century BC referred to the deity Melikertes as the baby slayer 30 Xenophon described the Spartans sacking the place in 389 BC but being beaten back by an Athenian fleet when trying again two years later 18 The Periplus of Pseudo Scylax states that the astronomer Kleostratos Ancient Greek Kleostratos was from Tenedos 55 Hellenistic period edit In the Hellenistic period the Egyptian goddess Isis was also worshipped at Tenedos There she was associated closely with the sun with her name and title reflecting that position 56 Roman period edit During the Roman occupation of Greece Tenedos too came under their rule The island became a part of the Roman Republic in 133 BC when Attalus III the king of Pergamon died leaving his territory to the Romans 18 The Romans constructed a new port at Alexandria Troas on the Dardanelle Strait This led to Tenedos s decline 57 Tenedos lost its importance during this period Virgil in Aeneid stated the harbour was deserted and ships could not moor in the bay during his time Processing of grapes seems to have been abandoned Olive cultivation and processing did possibly continue though there was likely no surplus to export Archaeological evidence indicates the settlement was mostly in the town with only a few scattered sites in the countryside 58 According to Strabo there was a kinship between the peoples of Tenedos and Tenea a town at Corinth 59 According to Cicero a number of deified human beings were worshipped in Greece in Tenedos there was Tenes 60 Pausanias mention at his work Description of Greece that Periklyto who was from Tenedos has dedicated some axes at Delphoi 61 During the Third Mithridatic War in around 73 BC Tenedos was the site of a large naval battle between Roman commander Lucullus and the fleet of the king of Pontus Mithridates commanded by Neoptolemus This Battle of Tenedos was won decisively by the Romans 62 Around 81 75 BC Verres legate of the Governor of Cilicia Gaius Dolabella plundered the island carrying off the statue of Tenes and some money 18 Towards 6 BC geographical change made the mainland port less useful and Tenedos became relevant again 57 According to Dio Chrysostom and Plutarch Tenedos was famous for its pottery ca AD 100 63 Under Rome s protection Tenedos restarted its mint after a break of more than a century The mint continued with the old designs improving on detail and precision 64 Cicero writing in this era noted the temple built to honor Tenes the founder whose name the island received and of the harsh justice system of the populace 18 Byzantine period edit When Constantinople became a prominent city in the Roman Empire from AD 350 on Tenedos became a crucial trading post Emperor Justinian I ordered the construction of a large granary on Tenedos and ferries between the island and Constantinople became a major activity on the island 18 Ships carrying grain from Egypt to Constantinople stopped at Tenedos when the sea was unfavorable The countryside was likely not heavily populated or utilized There were vineyards orchards and corn fields at times abandoned due to disputes 65 The Eastern Orthodox Church placed the diocese of Tenedos under the metropolitanate of Mytilini during the ninth century and promoted it to its own metropolitanate in early fourteenth century 66 By this time Tenedos was part of the Byzantine Empire but its location made it a key target of the Venetians the Genoese and the Ottoman Empire The weakened Byzantine Empire and wars between Genoa and Venice for trade routes made Tenedos a key strategic location 67 In 1304 Andrea Morisco a Genoese adventurer backed by a title from the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III took over Tenedos 68 Later sensing political tension in the Byzantine empire just before the Second Byzantine Civil War the Venetians offered 20 000 ducats in 1350 to John V Palaiologos for control of Tenedos When John V was captured in the Byzantine civil war he was deported to Tenedos by John VI Kantakouzenos 67 John V eventually claimed victory in the civil war but the cost was significant debt mainly to the Venetians 67 In the summer of 1369 John V sailed to Venice and apparently offered the island of Tenedos in exchange for twenty five thousand ducats and his own crown jewels 69 However his son Andronikos IV Palaiologos acting as the regent in Constantinople rejected the deal possibly because of Genoese pressure 67 Andronikos tried but failed to depose his father In 1376 John V sold the island to Venice on the same terms as before This upset the Genoese of Galata The Genoese helped the imprisoned Andronikos to escape and depose his father Andronikos repaid the favor ceding them Tenedos But the garrison on the island refused the agreement and gave control over to the Venetians 69 The Venetians established an outpost on the island a move that caused significant tension with the Byzantine Empire then represented by Andronikos IV and the Genoese In the Treaty of Turin which ended the War of Chioggia between Venice and Genoa the Venetians were to hand over control of the island to Amadeo of Savoy and the Genoese were to pay the bill for the removal of all fortifications on the island 70 The Treaty of Turin specified that the Venetians would destroy all the island s castles walls defences houses and habitations from top to bottom in such fashion that the place can never be rebuilt or reinhabited 71 The Greek populace was not a party to the negotiations but were to be paid for being uprooted The baillie of Tenedos Zanachi Mudazzo refused to evacuate the place and the Doge of Venice Antonio Venier protested the expulsion The senators of Venice reaffirmed the treaty the proposed solution of handing the island back to the Emperor seen as unacceptable to the Genoese Toward the end of 1383 the population of almost 4000 was shipped out to Euboea and Crete Buildings on the island were then razed leaving it empty Venetians continued to use the harbor 72 The Venetians were zealous guarding the right to Tenedos the Treaty of Turin provided them The Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes wanted to build a fortification at the island in 1405 with the knights bearing the cost but the Venetians refused to allow this 73 The island remained largely uninhabited for the next decades When Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo visited the island in 1403 he remarked that because of the Treaty of Turin Tenedos has since come to be uninhabited 74 29 May 1416 saw the first battle at sea between the Venetians and the emerging Ottoman fleet at Gallipoli The Venetian captain general Pietro Loredan won wiped out the Turks on board and retired down the coast to Tenedos where he killed all the non Turk prisoners who had voluntarily joined the Turks 75 In the treaty of 1419 between Sultan Mehmed and the Venetians Tenedos was the dividing line beyond which the Turkish fleet was not to advance 76 Spanish adventurer Pedro Tafur visited the island in 1437 and found it deserted with many rabbits the vineyards covering the island in disrepair but the port well maintained He mentioned frequent Turkish attacks on shipping in the harbor 77 In 1453 the port was used by the commander of a single ship Venetian fleet Giacomo Loredan as a monitoring point to observe the Turkish fleet on his way to Constantinople in what would become the final defense of that city against the Turks 78 Ottoman period edit nbsp Map of Tenedos Bozcaada by the Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis 16th century nbsp Map of Tenedo by Flemish painter Jacob Peeters 1690 Tenedos was occupied by Sultan Mehmet II in 1455 two years after his Conquest of Constantinople ending the Byzantine empire 57 It became the first island controlled by the Ottoman Empire in the Aegean sea 79 The island was still uninhabited at that time almost 75 years after it had been forcefully evacuated 66 Mehmet II rebuilt the island s fort 57 During his reign the Ottoman navy used the island as a supply base The Venetians realizing the strategic importance of the island deployed forces on it Giacopo Loredano took Tenedos for Venice in 1464 80 The same year Ottoman Admiral Mahmud Pasha recaptured the island 81 During the Ottoman regime the island was repopulated by granting a tax exemption 82 The Ottoman fleet admiral and cartographer Piri Reis in his book Kitab i Bahriye completed in 1521 included a map of the shore and the islands off it marking Tenedos as well He noted that ships heading north from Smyrna to the Dardanelles passed usually through the seven mile strip of sea between the island and the mainland 83 Tommaso Morosini of Venice set out with 23 ships from Crete on 20 March 1646 heading to Istanbul They stopped at Tenedos but failed to establish a foothold there when their ship caught fire killing many of the crew 84 In 1654 Hozam Ali of the Turkish fleet landed at the island gathering Turkish forces for a naval battle against the Venetians 85 This the Battle of the Dardanelles 1654 the first of four in a series the Ottomans won 86 After the Battle of the Dardanelles in 1656 Barbaro Badoer of the Venetians seized the island on 8 July 87 The Ottoman defeat weakened its Sultan Mehmed IV then aged 16 88 and strengthened the Grand Vizier Koprulu Mehmed Pasha 89 nbsp Bozcaada Castle In March 1657 an Ottoman Armada emerged through the Dardanelles slipping through a Venetian blockade with the objective of retaking the island but did not attempt to do so concerned by the Venetian fleet 90 In July 1657 Koprulu made a decision to break the Venetian blockade and retake the territory 91 The Peace Party in the Venetian senate thought it best to not defend Tenedos and Lemnos and debated this with the War Party Koprulu ended the argument by recapturing Tenedos on 31 August 1657 in the Battle of the Dardanelles 1657 the fourth and final one 92 nbsp Close up of Bozcaada Clock Tower Following the victory the Grand Vizier visited the island and oversaw its repairs during which he funded construction of a mosque 93 which was to be called by his name According to the Mosque s Foundation s book it was built on the site of an older mosque called Mihci Mosque which was destroyed during Venetian occupation 94 By the time Koprulu died in September 1661 he had built on the island the businesses of a coffee house a bakery 84 shops and nine mills a watermill two mosques a school a rest stop for travelers and a stable and a bath house 95 Rabbits which drew the attention of Tafur two and a half centuries ago were apparently still abundant in the mid 17th century In 1659 the traveler Evliya Celebi was sent to the island with the task of collecting game for the Sultan Mehmed IV 96 The disorder of the 1600s hampered supply lines and caused grain shortages in Bozcaada 97 As a result of the series of setbacks Ottomans faced in Rumelia during the later years of the reign of Mehmed IV with the Grand Vizier being Sari Suleyman Pasha the forces at the island are reported to have mutinied in 1687 with parts of the rest of the army These widespread mutinies would result in the deposing of the Sultan and the Grand Vizier that year 98 In 1691 the Venetians and allies formed a war council to discuss retaking the island The council met regularly at the galley of Domenico Mocenigo the captain general of the Venetian fleet By this time the only people on the island were those in the fort 99 Mocenigo estimated their number to be around 300 and the fort to be weakly buttressed 99 On 17 July 1691 the war council met off the waters of the island and decided to retake Tenedos since it was per their estimate weakly defended but famous 100 As a first step they decided to gather information At their next meeting six days later they learned from captured slaves that the Turkish garrison numbering around 3000 had drug trenches and strengthened their defenses The plan to retake the island was abandoned 101 Venetians would try to capture Tenedos unsuccessfully in 1697 102 The Peace of Karlowitz which for the first time brought the Ottomans into the mainstream of European diplomacy was signed on 26 January 1699 by the Ottomans the Venetians and a large number of Europeans powers The Venetian senate sent its ambassador Soranzo to Istanbul via Tenedos At the island he was greeted with a royal reception of cannon fire and by the Pasha of the island himself 103 During the classical Ottoman period the island was a kadiluk The Ottomans built mosques fountains hammams and a medrese 104 The Ottomans adopted the Byzantine practice of using islands as places for the internal exile of state prisoners such as Constantine Mourousis and Halil Hamid Pasha 105 In October 1633 Cyril Contari Metropolitan of Aleppo in the Orthodox Church was made the patriarch after promising to pay the Ottoman central authority 50 000 dollars His inability to pay led to his being exiled to the island for a short time 106 In 1807 a joint fleet of the Russians and British captured the island during the Russo Turkish Wars 107 with the Russians using it as their military base to achieve the victories at the Dardanelles and Athos 108 but they ceded control as part of the Treaty of Armistice with the Ottoman Porte 109 However the Russian occupations proved to be destructive for the island The town was burnt down the harbor was almost filled in and almost all buildings were destroyed The islanders fled and Tenedos became deserted once more 108 In 1822 during the Greek War of Independence the revolutionaries under Konstantinos Kanaris managed to attack an Ottoman fleet and burn one of its ships off Tenedos 110 This event was a major morale booster for the Greek Revolution and attracted the attention of the European Powers 111 The trees that covered the island were destroyed during the war 112 During the 19th century the wine production remained a profitable business while the island s annual wheat production was only enough for three months of the islanders consumption 113 Apart from wine the only export item of the island was a small quantity of wool 112 Also in the 19th century there had been attempts to introduce pear fig and mulberry trees 93 However there are reports of fruit especially fig trees being present on the island prior to those attempts 108 The 1852 law of the Tanzimat reorganized Turkish islands and Tenedos ended up in the sanjak of Bosje Adassi Bozcaada in the Vilayet Jazaǐri 114 In July 1874 a fire destroyed the place 115 In 1876 a middle school was added to those on the island with 22 students and teaching Turkish Arabic and Persian 116 By 1878 the island had 2015 males of whom almost a quarter were Muslim in around 800 houses 117 The place also hosted a company of the Ottoman foot artillery division 118 along with an Austrian and French vice consulate The island was in the sanjak of Bigha which seated a General Governor Around 500 casks of gunpowder left behind by the Russians in a military storehouse were still there The fort accommodated the Turkish military camp a grain silo and two wells 115 In 1854 there were some 4 000 inhabitants on the island of Tenedos of which one third were Turks Also there was only one Greek school on the island with about 200 students 119 120 According to the Ottoman general census of 1893 the population of the island was divided as follows 2 479 Greeks 1 247 Turks 103 Foreign Nationals and 6 Armenians 119 By the early 20th century the island still under the Turks had around 2000 people living in wooden houses with gardens The port provided shelter for ships from the violent northerly winds The British had a vice consul at the island The town served as a telegraph station with an Austrian ship coming in every two weeks In 1906 the town imports were at 17 950 liras and exports mainly wine and raisins worth 6 250 liras There were telegraph cables laid in the sea near the port 121 Between Turkey and Greece edit 1912 1921 edit nbsp Naval battle between Greek and Ottoman fleets near Tenedos During the First Balkan War on 20 October 1912 Tenedos was the first island of the north Aegean that came under the control of the Greek Navy 122 The Turks that constituted part of Tenedos population did not welcome the Greek control 123 By taking over the islands in the Northern Aegean sea the Greek Navy limited the ability of the Ottoman fleet to move through the Dardanelles 124 Greek administration of the island lasted until 12 November 1922 125 Negotiations to end the Balkan war started in December 1912 in London and the issue of the Aegean islands was one persistent problem The issue divided the great powers with Germany Austria Hungary and Italy supporting the Ottoman position for return of all the Aegean islands and Britain and France supporting the Greek position for Greek control of all the Aegean islands 126 With Italy controlling key islands in the region major power negotiations deadlocked in London and later in Bucharest Romania threatened military action with the Greeks against the Ottomans in order to force negotiations in Athens in November 1913 126 Eventually Greece and Great Britain pressured the Germans to support an agreement where the Ottomans would retain Tenedos Kastelorizo and Imbros and the Greeks would control the other Aegean islands The Greeks accepted the plan while the Ottoman Empire rejected the ceding of the other Aegean islands 126 This agreement would not hold but the outbreak of World War I and the Turkish War of Independence put the issue to the side During the World War I Gallipoli Campaign the British used the island as a supply base and built a 600 m long airstrip for military operations 127 After the Turkish War of Independence ended in Greek defeat in Anatolia and the fall of Lloyd George and his Middle Eastern policies the western powers agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne with the new Turkish Republic in 1923 This treaty made Tenedos and Imbros part of Turkey and it guaranteed a special autonomous administrative status there to accommodate the local Greek population 128 129 The treaty excluded the Orthodox Christians on the islands from the population exchange that took place between Greece and Turkey Article 14 of the treaty provided specific guarantees safeguarding the rights of minorities in both the nations 130 In 1912 when the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople conducted its own census the population of the island was estimated to be 5 420 Greeks and 1 200 Turks 131 119 1922 and later edit Greece returned the island to Turkey in 1922 125 The inhabitants substantially Greek Orthodox were exempt from compulsory expulsion per the Lausanne Treaty s article 14 paragraph 2 132 Despite the treaty the state of international relations between Greece and Turkey wider world issues and domestic pressures influenced how the Greek minority of Tenedos was treated 133 Acting reciprocally with Greece Turkey made systematic attempts to evacuate the Greeks on the isle 134 Turkey never implemented either the Article 14 guarantee of some independence for the place in local rules or the Article 39 guarantee to Turkish citizens of all ethnicities of the freedom to choose the language they wanted to use in their daily lives 135 In early 1926 conscripts and reservists of the army from Tenedos were transported to Anatolia Great panic was engendered and Greek youths fearing oppression fled the island Others who tried to hide in the mountains were soon discovered and moved to Anatolia 119 Turkish law 1151 in 1927 specifically put administration of the islands in the hands of the Turkish government and not local populations 136 outlawed schooling in the Greek language and closed the Greek schools 134 137 According to the official Turkish census in 1927 there were 2 500 Greeks and 1 247 Turks on the island 138 The Greco Turkish rapprochement of 1930 which marks a significant turning point in the relations of the two countries helped Tenedos reap some benefits too In September 1933 moreover certain islanders who had emigrated to America were allowed to return to and settle in their native land 119 Responding to the Greek good will over the straits Turkey permitted the regular election of a local Greek mayor and seven village elders as well as a number of local employees 119 In the 1950s tension between Greece and Turkey eased and law 1151 1927 was abolished and replaced by law no 5713 in 1951 according to the law regular Greek language classes were added to the curriculum of the schools on Tenedos 119 Also as restriction of travel to the island was relaxed a growing number of Greek tourists from Istanbul and abroad visited Tenedos These tourists did not only bring much needed additional revenues but they also put an end to the twenty seven year long isolation of the islands from the outside world 119 However when tensions increased in 1963 over Cyprus the Turkish government again invoked a ban against Greek language education 139 and appropriated community property held by Greeks on the island 136 In 1964 Turkey closed the Greek speaking schools on the island again 131 Furthermore with the 1964 Law On Land Expropriation No 6830 the farm property of the Greeks on the island was taken away from their owners 140 These policies better economic options elsewhere presence of a larger Greek community in Greece fear and pressure resulted in an exodus of the Greek population from the isle The migrants retain Turkish citizenship but their descendants are not entitled to it 134 Greeks who left the island in the 1960s often sold their properties at particularly low prices to their Turkish neighbours which reflected the situation of duress under which they had to leave 131 In 1992 the Human Rights Watch report concluded that the Turkish government has denied the rights of the Greek community on Imbros and Tenedos in violation of the Lausanne Treaty and international human rights laws and agreements 141 In recent years there has been some progress in the relations between the different religious groups on the islands In 2005 a joint Greek and Turkish delegation visited Tenedos and later that year Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan visited the island After that visit the Turkish government funded the restoration of the bell tower of the Orthodox Church in Tenedos built originally in 1869 142 In 1925 the Orthodox church became part of the Metropolis of Imbros and Tenedos 125 Cyril Dragounis has been its bishop since 2002 143 In 2009 the Foundation of the Bozcaada Koimisis Theotokou Greek Orthodox Church won a judgement in the European Court of Human Rights for recognition and financial compensation over their degraded cemetery 144 Turkish rule edit Turkey continued the old practice of exiling people to the island The Democratic Party exiled Kemal Pilavoglu the leader of a religious sect Ticani to Tenedos for life when for sacrilege against Ataturk 145 Foreigners were prohibited from visiting the islands until the 1990s 146 However in the mid 1990s the Turkish government financially supported the expansion of wineries and tourist opportunities on the island 104 Today the island is a growing summer tourist location for wine enthusiasts and others 147 Since 2011 an annual half marathon has been run on the island 148 Proverbs of ancient Greeks regarding the island edit Greeks used the proverb Tenedian human Ancient Greek Tenedios ἄn8rwpos in reference to those with frightening appearance because when Tenes laid down laws at the island he stipulated that a man with an axe should stand behind the judge and strike the man being convicted after he had spoken in vain 149 In addition they used the proverb Tenedian advocate Ancient Greek Tenedios synhgoros meaning a harsh advocate There are many explanations regarding this proverb Some say because the Tenedians honor two axes in their dedications Aristotle said because a Tenedian king used to try lawsuits with an axe so that he could execute wrongdoers on the spot or because there was a place in Tenedos called Asserina where there was a small river in which crabs have shell which was like an axe or because a certain king laid down a law that adulterers should both be beheaded and he observed this in the case of his son Others said because of what Tenes suffered at the hands of his stepmother he used to judge homicide suits with an axe 150 Population edit nbsp A street in Bozcaada nbsp A street in Bozcaada nbsp Traditional houses on a street of Bozcaada In 1854 there were some 4 000 inhabitants on the island of Bozcaada of which one third were Turks According to the Ottoman general census of 1893 the population of the island was divided as follows 2 479 Greeks 1 247 Turks 103 Foreign Nationals and 6 Armenians 119 In 1912 when the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople conducted its own census the population of the island was estimated to be 5 420 Greeks and 1 200 Turks 119 In 1927 according to the official Turkish census there were 2 500 Greeks and 1 247 Turks on the island 138 By 2000 the official count of ethnic Greeks permanently residing on the island had dropped to 22 151 As of 2022 Bozcaada s population was 3 120 2 During summer many more visit the island ballooning its population to over 10 000 people Historically the Turkish mahalle quarter has been located to the south and the Greek one to the north Each quarter has its own religious institutions mosques on the Turkish side and churches on the Greek side The Greek quarter was burned to the ground in the fire of 1874 and rebuilt while the Turkish quarter has an older design The houses are architecturally different in the two districts 104 The grid planned Greek district has businesses galleries and hotels 147 This district is dominated by the bell tower of the Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God On 26 July every year the Greeks gather here to eat dance and celebrate the feast day of St Paraskevi 152 The Turkish quarter has largely houses 147 The district in its present version dates to 1702 and contains the grave of a grand vizier Halil Hamid Pasha Pasha was executed on Tenedos after being exiled for scheming to replace sultan Abdulhamid I with the șehzade crown prince Selim the future Sultan 3 The grave is in the courtyard of the Alaybey Mosque a historical monument Another mosque Koprulu Mehmet Pasa Mosque also called Yali Mosque is also a monument 94 The Turkish district Alaybey also has hammams and the Namazgah fountain 153 The island has native islanders from families who have lived on the island for centuries new wealthy immigrants from Istanbul and wage labor immigrants from mainland Anatolia especially Romani people in Turkey from Bayramic 104 Economy edit nbsp Bozcaada Castle and the port of the island Traditional economic activities are fishing and wine production The remainder of arable land is covered by olive trees and wheat fields Most of the agriculture is done on the central plains and gentle hills of the island Red poppies of the island are used to produce small quantities of sharbat and jam Sheep and goats are grazed at hilly northeastern and southeastern part of the island which is not suitable for agriculture 79 The number of farmers involved in grape cultivation has gone up from 210 to 397 in the recent years though the farm area has gone down from 1 800 hectares 18 km2 to 1 200 hectares 12 km2 154 Tourism has been an important but limited economic activity since the 1970s but it developed rapidly from the 1990s onwards 147 The island s main attraction is the castle last rebuilt in 1815 illuminated at night and with a view out to the open sea 155 The island s past is captured in a small museum with a room dedicated to its Greek story 3 The town square boasts a morning market where fresh groceries and seafood are sold along with the island s specialty of tomato jam Mainlanders from Istanbul run some bars boutiques and guesthouses 155 In 2010 the island was named the world s second most beautiful island by Conde Nast s Reader Choice award 156 The next year the island topped the reader s list in the same magazine for the top 10 islands in Europe 157 In 2012 Conde Nast again selected Bozcaada as one of the 8 best islands in the world on account of its remnants of ancient buildings less crowded beaches and places to stay 158 nbsp Wind farms are a common sight in Bozcaada which is located on the path of strong wind currents such as etesians along the northeastern shoreline of the Aegean Sea Fishing plays a role in the island s economy 159 but similar to other Aegean islands agriculture is a more significant economic activity 160 The local fishing industry is small with the port authority counting 48 boats and 120 fishermen in 2011 Local fishing is year round and seafood can be obtained in all seasons The fish population has gone down over the years resulting in a shrinking fishing industry though increase in tourism and consequent demand for more seafood has benefited the industry The sea off the island is one of the major routes by which fish in the Aegean sea migrate seasonally During the migration period boats from the outside come to the island for fishing 159 nbsp Handmade ceramics at a shop in Bozcaada In 2000 a wind farm of 17 turbines was erected at the western cape 161 It has a nominal power capacity of 10 2 MW energy and produces 30 GWh of electricity every year 162 This is much more than what the island needs and the excess is transferred to mainland Anatolia through an underground and partly undersea cable Overhead cables and pylons were avoided for esthetic reasons preserving the scenic view 161 The land has an average wind speed of 6 4 m s and a mean energy density of 324 W mat its meteorological station This indicates significant wind energy generation potential 163 A United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO project the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies ICHET set up an experimental renewables hydrogen energy facility at the Bozcaada Governor s building on 7 October 2011 The project supported by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources MENR is the first of its kind in the country The power plant produces energy via a 20 kW solar photovoltaic array and uses a 50 kW electrolyzer to store this energy as hydrogen A fuel cell and hydrogen engine can convert this stored energy back into electricity when needed and the experimental system can supply up to 20 households for a day 164 As of 2011 update the town s hospital and governor s mansion were the only two buildings in the world using hydrogen energy A boat and a golf cart are also powered by the same system At the governor s place energy is captured with a rooftop 20 Kw solar array and a 30 Kw wind mill The electricity produced is used to electrolyze water into hydrogen This gas is stored compressed and can be used later to generate energy or as fuel in hydrogen powered cars In June 2011 Henry Puna the Prime Minister of the Cook Islands traveled to Tenedos to investigate how the island uses hydrogen energy 165 In 2012 the Turkish government opened a customs office on the island possibly opening the way for future direct travel between Greek ports and the island 166 Wine production edit nbsp A restaurant in Bozcaada which is famous for its local varieties of wine The island is windy throughout the year and this makes the climate dry and warm enough to grow grapes 147 In classical antiquity wine production was linked with the cult of Dionysus while grapes were also depicted in the local currency The local wine culture outlived the Ottoman period 167 Vineyards have existed on the island since antiquity and today occupy one third of the total land of the island and 80 of its agricultural land 104 In the mid 1800s the island exported 800 000 barrels of wine annually and was revered as the best wine in the Eastern Mediterranean 168 Ottoman traveler Evliya Celebi wrote in the 16th century that the finest wines in the world were being produced in Tenedos 169 Today the island is one of the major wine producing areas in Turkey and grows four local strains of grape Cavus Karasakiz Kuntra Altinbas Vasilaki and Karalahna However in recent years traditional French varieties have increased in prominence namely Cabernet Sauvignon 170 Prior to 1923 wine production on the island was exclusively done by the Greek population however after this point Turkish domestic wine production increased and Greeks on the island taught the Turkish population how to manufacture wine 104 By 1980 there were 13 wine production plants on the island 104 High taxes caused many of these to go out of business until 2001 when the state decreased taxes on wine and subsidized some of the producers on the island 104 In recent years newer producers have relied upon Italian and French experts to improve production 147 In 2010 the island produced a record 5 000 tons of wine 104 Corvus has introduced modern wine making techniques which to Tenedos 147 Grape harvest festivities are held the first week of September annually 171 Transportation editThe main transportation from mainland Turkey is by ferries from Geyikli and from the town of Canakkale 146 The island is roughly 5 kilometres 3 1 mi from mainland Turkey 172 From the Geyikli pier ferry travel is available for both passengers and automobiles and takes about 35 minutes A passenger only ferry service from Canakkale began running in 2009 Both run less often during the winter months 173 The island is seven hours by bus and then ferry from Istanbul 147 In 2012 Seabird Airlines began offering flights from Istanbul s Golden Horn to the island 174 Culture editThe Turkish film Akilli Kopek Max Max the Smart Dog was filmed in Bozcaada in 2012 175 Another Turkish film Bi Kucuk Eylul Meselesi A Small September Affair was filmed on the island in 2013 176 The Australian author Dmetri Kakmi was born on Tenedos of Greek parents in 1961 His acclaimed memoir Mother Land about his childhood on the island was published in 2008 and reissued in a new edition in 2015 Notable people editAbudimus 4th century Christian martyr Bozcaadali Hasan Husnu Pasha 1832 1903 son of Bozcaadali Huseyin Pasha Naval Minister founder of the Istanbul Naval Museum 177 Bozcaadali Huseyin Pasha 19th century Ottoman staff admiral Riyale Cleostratus ancient Greek astronomer Democrates Ancient Greek Dhmokraths ancient Olympic winner in the men s wrestling At Leonidaion there was a statue of him which was made by Dionysicles Ancient Greek Dionysiklῆs of Miletus 178 Harpalus ancient Greek engineer Meletius II Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1768 1769 179 Phoenix of Tenedos ancient Greek general 180 181 Aristagoras of Tenedos prytanis 182 See also editGreco Turkish relations Greek wine Imbros Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of Sevres Turkish wine Bozcaada CastleReferences edit a b c Turkey s Statistical Yearbook 2013 PDF in Turkish and English Turkish Statistical Institute 2014 p 7 a b c Address based population registration system ADNKS results dated 31 December 2022 Favorite Reports XLS TUIK Retrieved 19 September 2023 a b c d Yale 2012 Suda Encyclopedia tau 311 Conon Narrations Photius 28 Tenedos 2012 Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 p 44 Apollodorus 1976 Sugar 1996 Bozcaada 2012 a b c Takaoglu amp Bamyaci 2007 ALTYAPI DURUMU World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991 2020 Bozcaada National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 13 January 2024 Sevinc amp Takaoglu 2004 Takaoglu amp Bamyaci 2007 pp 119 120 Leaf amp Strabo 1923 p 218 Leaf et al p 220sfn error no target CITEREFLeafStrabo1923Book XIII Cap I help a b c d e f g h i j k Barnes 2006 a b Cramer 1832 p 112 Neilson 2009 p 54 Tozer 1897 p 23 Homer The Iliad Book XIII a b Cramer 1832 p 113 Vergil 19 BCE Nagy 2012 Thorburn 2005 p 163 Lempriere 1804 Thorburn 2005 p 7 Thorburn 2005 pp 433 434 a b Pache 2004 a b Hughes 1991 p 86 Apollodorus Library e 6 12 a b c Rose 2008 Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 p 338 Hands 1907 p 58 Ridgeway 1892 p 318 Ridgeway 1892 p 318 Hands 1907 p 58 Wood 1996 p 234 Farnell 1907 CITEREF sfnm error no target CITEREF help Price 2006 Takaoglu amp Bamyaci 2007 p 120 Hughes 1991 p 134 Willoughby 1929 Takaoglu amp Bamyaci 2007 pp 121 122 Sarton 1952 p 178 Sarton 1952 p 222 Ashley 1998 pp 161 162 Ashley 1998 pp 106 107 Ashley 1998 p 95 Engels 1980 Ashley 1998 p 50 Quinn 1971 Michell 1940 p 233 Muller 1839 p 236 Disraeli amp Disraeli 1859 p 57 Pseudo Scylax Periplus 95 Witt 1971 a b c d Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 p 332 Takaoglu amp Bamyaci 2007 p 122 Strabo Geography And it seems also that there is a kinship between the peoples of Tenedos and Tenea through Tennes the son of Kyknos as Aristotle says and the similarity in the worship of Apollon among the two peoples affords strong indications of such kinship Cicero De Natura Deorum In Greece they worship a number of deified human beings Alabandus at Alabanda Tennes at Tenedos Leucothea formerly Ino and her son Palaemon throughout the whole of Greece Pausanias Description of Greece Ussher 2003 Jaques 2007 p 1006 Williams 1989 p 19 Cook 1903 p 535 Takaoglu amp Bamyaci 2007 p 123 a b Kiminas 2009 p 67 a b c d Nicol 1992 Nicol 1992 p 222 a b Treadgold 1997 p 780 Nicol 1992 Treadgold 1997 pp 776 781 Jacoby 2001 Nicol 1992 pp 318 319 Nicol 1992 p 349 Clavijo 1859 Crowley 2011 pp 5 6 Pitcher 1968 p 67 Tafur 2004 Nicol 1992 pp 396 397 a b Takaoglu amp Bamyaci 2007 pp 115 116 Pitcher 1968 p 85 Stavrides 2001 p 156 Pekin amp Yilmaz 2008 Korfmann 1986 pp 5 6 Setton 1991 p 139 Setton 1991 p 171 Setton 1991 p 172 Setton 1991 p 184 The Sultan s Procession The Swedish Embassy to Sultan Mehmed IV in 1657 1658 and the Ralamb paintings 2006 p 67 Turnbull 2003 p 81 Setton 1991 p 185 Setton 1991 pp 186 187 Setton 1991 p 188 189 Turnbull 2003 p 81 a b Durmus 2006 a b Islam Ansiklopedisi volume 26 sfn error no target CITEREFIslam Ansiklopedisi volume 26 help Finkel 2005 p 264 Dankoff 2004 White 2011 pp 277 278 Setton 1991 p 287 a b Setton 1991 p 382 Setton 1991 p 385 Setton 1991 pp 385 386 Finkel 2005 p 320 Setton 1991 p 410 a b c d e f g h i Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 Bagis 1984 p 26 Runciman 1968 p 283 Tyrrell 1859 p 415 a b c McArthur amp Stanier 2010 The Annual Register of World Events A Review of the Year 1807 Volume 49 1809 p 741 Vaughn amp Allon 1877 Gunther 2000 Biographisches Lexikon 1976 a b Newton 1865 Newton 1865 pp 272 273 The Geographical Magazine Volume V 1878 1878 p 165 a b The Geographical Magazine Volume V 1878 1878 p 198 The Geographical Magazine Volume V 1878 1878 p 201 The Geographical Magazine Volume V 1878 1878 pp 167 198 The Geographical Magazine Volume V 1878 1878 p 170 a b c d e f g h i j Imbros and Tenedos A Study of Turkish Attitudes Toward Two Ethnic Greek Island Communities Since 1923 by Alexis Alexandris Archived from the original on 6 December 2020 Retrieved 23 February 2022 Newton 1865 pp 273 274 Hydrographic Office Admiralty Great Britain 1908 p 109 Hall 2000 The Governor of Tenedos 1912 Hall 2000 Veremis amp Thanos 2010 a b c Kiminas 2009 a b c Kaldis 1979 Jones 1928 Babul 2004 Clogg 2003 Immigration and Asylum From 1900 to the Present Volume 2 2005 a b c Gokceada Imbros and Bozcaada Tenedos preserving the bicultural character of the two Turkish islands as a model for co operation between Turkey and Greece in the interest of the people concerned Oran 2003 p 100 Alexandris 2003 p 120 a b c Oran 2003 p 102 The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey 2012 p 291 a b Human Rights Watch 1992 Miszczak Izabela 9 January 2017 Gallipoli Peninsula and the Troad TAN Travel Guide ASLAN ISBN 9788394426927 a b Discriminatory policy against the Greek inhabitants of Imbros and Tenedos in Turkey Rethinking Violence States and Non State Actors in Conflict 2010 p 137 Arat Zehra F Kabasakal April 2007 Human Rights in Turkey University of Pennsylvania Press p 65 ISBN 978 0812240009 DENYING HUMAN RIGHTS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY THE GREEKS OF TURKEY A Helsinki Watch Report 1992 Caliskan 2010 Kiminas 2009 p 68 Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi Vakfi v Turkey no 2 Jenkins 2008 p 120 a b Rutherford 2009 a b c d e f g h Parla 2012 Calendar 2012 Overviews and Downloads Suda tau 310 Suda tau 311 NUFUS DURUMU Yale 2012 Levine 2010 p 49 Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 p 333 Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 p 339 a b Rutherford 2011 pp 189 192 Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 p 340 Top 10 Islands in Europe 2011 Conde Nast Traveler Reader s Choice Awards 2012 a b Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 p 341 Acer 2003 p 10 a b Bozcaada Wind Farm Ozerdem amp Turkeli 2005 Gungor 2012 IncecIk amp Erdogmus 1995 First hydrogen energy production on a Turkish Island has started on Bozcaada 2011 Harte 2011 Tsolakidou 2012 Manheim 1996 Morewood 1838 Madd River Designs Akpinar Saygin amp Karakaya 2011 Parla 2012 BAG BOZUMU FESTIVALI Acer 2003 p 260 Bozcaada Ferry Timetable Getting to Bozcaada Turkish Weekly 2012 Akilli Kopek Max in Cekimlerine Baslandi 2011sfn error no target CITEREFAkilli Kopek Max in Cekimlerine Baslandi2011 help Hurriyet newspaper 16 February 2014 Pazar Keyfi supplement p 8 ERUNSAL 2004 Pausanias Description of Greece 6 17 1 Katalogos Patriarxwn Meletios B Plutarch Life of Eumenes 7 Diodorus Siculus Library 18 40 1 Pindar Nemean Odes 11 For Aristagoras of Tenedos on his election to the presidency of the senateBibliography editBooks Acer Y 2003 The Aegean Maritime Disputes and International Law Burlington VT Ashgate ISBN 978 0 7546 2273 4 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Akpinar F Saygin N Karakaya E 2011 Evaluation of the conservation activities in the historical settlement Tenedos Bozcaada Island In Brebbia C A Beriatos E eds Sustainable Development and Planning V Southampton UK WIT Press ISBN 978 1 84564 544 1 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Alexandris Alexis 2003 Religion or Ethnicity The Identity Issue of the Minorities in Greece and Turkey In Hirschon Renee 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Clavijo R G 1859 Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand A D 1403 6 Hakluyt Society Retrieved 10 July 2014 Clogg R 2003 Minorities in Greece aspects of a plural society Londres Hurst pp xiii ISBN 9781850657064 Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 Cook E T 1903 A Popular Handbook to the Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum London UK MacMillan Retrieved 10 July 2014 Cramer J A 1832 A Geographical and Historical description of Asia Minor With a Map Oxford University Press Retrieved 10 July 2014 Crowley R 2011 City of Fortune How Venice Ruled the Seas New York NY Random House ISBN 978 0 679 64426 2 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Dankoff R 2004 An Ottoman Mentality The World of Evliya Celebi Brill ISBN 9789004137158 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Disraeli I Disraeli B 1859 Curiosities of Literature Volume 3 London Frederick Warne and company Retrieved 10 July 2014 Durmus Huseyin 2006 Bozcaada nin sosyo ekonomik yapisi ve kulturu Osmangazi Universitesi p 92 Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Engels D W 1980 Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army Berkeley University of California Press p 31 Farnell L R 1907 The Cults of the Greek States Oxford Clarendon Press pp 161 166 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Finkel C 2005 The History of the Ottoman Empire Osman s Dream Cambridge MA Basic Books ISBN 978 0 465 02397 4 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Clements R Markham ed 1878 The Geographical Magazine Volume V 1878 London UK Trubner amp Co Gunther Dionysios Solomos Ubers und kommentiert von Hans Christian 2000 Werke Stuttgart Steiner pp 272 273 ISBN 978 3 515 07249 6 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Hall R C 2000 Balkan Wars 1912 1913 Prelude to the First World War New York Routledge p 64 ISBN 9780203138052 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Hands A W 1907 Common Greek Coins Volume 1 The Coinage of Athens Corinth Aegina London UK Spink amp Son Retrieved 10 July 2014 Hughes D D 1991 Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece New York NY Routledge ISBN 9780415034838 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Human Rights Watch 1992 Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity The Greeks in Turkey Human Rights Watch p 27 ISBN 9781564320568 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Matthew J Gibney Randall Hansen eds 2005 Immigration and Asylum From 1900 to the Present Volume 2 Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1576077962 permanent dead link Islam Ansiklopedisi volume 26 Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi 2002 ISBN 9789753894067 Jacoby D 2001 Changing economic patterns in Latin Romania The impact of the West PDF In Angeliki E Laiou Roy Parviz Mottahedeh eds The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World Washington DC Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Archived from the original PDF on 18 March 2009 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Jaques T 2007 Dictionary of Battles and Sieges P Z Westport CT Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 33536 5 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Jenkins G 2008 Political Islam in Turkey Running West Heading East New York NY MacMillan ISBN 978 1 4039 6883 8 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Jones H A 1928 The War in the Air being the story of the part played in the great war by the Royal Air Force Oxford Clarendon Press p 25 Korfmann M 1986 Troy Topography and navigation In Machteld J Mellink ed Troy and the Trojan War Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College 1984 Bryn Mawr PA Bryn Mawr College Kiminas D 2009 Orthodox Christianity Vol I The Ecumenical Patriarchate Wildside Press ISBN 9781434458766 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Leaf Walter Strabo 1923 Strabo on the Troad Cambridge University Press Retrieved 10 July 2014 Lempriere John 1804 A Classical Dictionary Containing a Copious Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned London p 61 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Levine L A 2010 Frommer s Turkey Hoboken NJ Wiley ISBN 978 0 470 40360 0 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Manheim C K 1996 Dionysos archetypal image of the indestructible life 1st paperback printing in the Mythos series ed Princeton N J Princeton University Press pp 190 191 ISBN 9780691029153 Retrieved 10 July 2014 McArthur J Stanier J 2010 The Naval Chronicle Volume 28 July December 1812 Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects Cambridge University Press p 21 ISBN 9781108018678 Hydrographic Office Admiralty Great Britain 1908 Mediterranean Pilot Volume IV fourth edition Great Britain Hydrographic Department Admiralty Retrieved 10 July 2014 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Michell H 1940 The Economics of Ancient Greece Cambridge University Press ASIN B0006D8AYO Retrieved 10 July 2014 Morewood S 1838 A Philosophical and Statistical History of the Inventions and Customs of Ancient and Modern Nations in the Manufacture and Use of Inebriating Lliquors London Longman and Company p 417 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Muller K O 1839 The History and the Antiquities of the Doric Race London John Murray Albemarle Street Retrieved 10 July 2014 Nagy Gregory 2012 Homer the Preclassic Berkeley CA University of California Press p 184 Neilson R 2009 Bronze Age Connections PDF University of Canterbury PhD thesis Retrieved 10 July 2014 Newton C T 1865 Travels and Discoveries in the Levant Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 01742 8 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Nicol D M 1992 Byzantium and Venice A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations London Cambridge University Press p 278 ISBN 9780521428941 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Oran Baskin 2003 The Story of Those who Stayed Lessons from Articles 1 and 2 of the 1923 Convention In Hirschon Renee ed Crossing the Aegean An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey Berghahn Books pp 97 115 ISBN 9780857457028 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Pache C O 2004 Baby and Child Heroes in Ancient Greece University of Illinois pp 141 142 ISBN 978 0 252 02929 5 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Pekin F Yilmaz H 2008 Turkiye nin kultur mirasi 100 kale NTV p 59 ISBN 9789756690901 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Pitcher D E 1968 An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire from Earliest Times to the End London UK Shield Press Retrieved 10 July 2014 Price R S 2006 Homeric Whispers Intimations of Orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey Skylax Press p 36 ISBN 9780910865111 The line of the silver bow is a specific reference to the Sminthian cult of Apollo as opposed to other Greek versions of the God Erica Chenoweth and Adria Lawrence ed 2010 Rethinking Violence States and Non State Actors in Conflict Cambridge MA MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 01420 5 Ridgeway W 1892 The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards Cambridge University Press Retrieved 10 July 2014 Metin Heper Sabri Sayari eds 2012 The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey New York NY Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 55817 4 Runciman S 1968 The Great Church in Captivity A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 31310 0 Retrieved 10 July 2014 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September 2012 IncecIk S Erdogmus F 1995 An investigation of the wind power potential on the western coast of Anatolia Renewable Energy 6 7 863 865 doi 10 1016 0960 1481 94 00058 E Kaldis W P 1979 Background for Conflict Greece Turkey and the Aegean Islands 1912 1914 Journal of Modern History 51 2 D1119 D1146 doi 10 1086 242039 JSTOR 1881125 S2CID 144142861 Ozerdem B Turkeli H M 2005 Wind energy potential estimation and micrositting on Izmir Institute of Technology Campus Turkey PDF Renewable Energy 30 10 1623 1633 doi 10 1016 j renene 2004 11 010 hdl 11147 2009 Quinn T J 1971 Political groups in Lesbos during the Peloponnesian war Historia Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 20 4 405 417 JSTOR 4435207 Rose C B 2008 Separating fact from fiction in the Aiolian migration Hesperia 77 3 399 430 doi 10 2972 hesp 77 3 399 S2CID 59428004 Sevinc N Takaoglu T 1 January 2004 The early bronze age on Tenedos Bozcaada Studia Troica 135 140 Vaughn Robert Allon Henry 1877 British Quarterly Review Vol 66 p 456 Caliskan V 2010 Opportunism for Tourism and Dialogue between Civilisations PDF Shima The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures 4 2 Newspapers and magazines The Governor of Tenedos PDF New York Times 23 December 1912 Harte J 5 August 2011 Amid doubts Turkey powers ahead with hydrogen technologies InsideClimate News Parla Katie 6 July 2012 On a Turkish Isle Winds Tend the Vines The New York Times Rutherford T 12 September 2009 Unspoilt and Cheap can Bozcaada really be in the Med The Independent Tsolakidou Stella 16 February 2012 Customs Offices to Open in Gokceada and Bozcaada Islands Greek Reporter Web sources Akilli Kopek Mexin Cekimlerine Baslandi Ezine Turk 2011 Retrieved 6 September 2012 permanent dead link Altyapi durumu Bozcaada Kaymakamligi Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 Retrieved 6 September 2012 BAG BOZUMU FESTIVALI Bozcaada Belediyesi ne aittir Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 Retrieved 30 October 2012 Bozcaada Ferry Timetable GESTA Deniz Ula m Tur Archived from the original on 8 June 2012 Retrieved 6 September 2012 Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi Vakfi v Turkey no 2 European Court of Human Rights Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 Retrieved 13 August 2012 Bozcaada Wind Farm The Wind Power Retrieved 6 September 2012 Calendar 2012 Overviews and Downloads European Athletics Archived from the original on 30 August 2012 Retrieved 23 September 2012 Conde Nast Reader s Choice Awards Top Islands in the World Conde Nast Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 Retrieved 30 October 2012 First hydrogen energy production on a Turkish Island has started on Bozcaada United Nations Industrial Development Organization 7 October 2011 Retrieved 22 September 2012 Getting to Bozcaada Bozcaada Rehberi Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 Retrieved 6 September 2012 Katalogos Patriarxwn Meletios B Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Retrieved 6 September 2012 Madd River Designs Tenedos Bozcaada Grape amp Wine Tenedos ege com Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 Retrieved 6 January 2009 NUFUS DURUMU T C BOZCAADA KAYMAKAMLIGI Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 Retrieved 30 October 2012 Top 10 Islands in Europe Conde Nast Traveler 2011 Archived from the original on 13 October 2012 Retrieved 23 September 2012 Seaplane Company Ready to Fly to Dry Capital Ankara The Journal of Turkish Weekly 2012 Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 Retrieved 8 November 2012 Yale Pat 2012 Return to Tenedos A look at Bozcaada Today s Zaman Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 Retrieved 2 September 2012 Weatherbase Bozcaada Turkey weatherbase com Canty and Associates LLC Retrieved 1 September 2011 Further reading editBora Esiz Bozcaada An Island for Those who Love the Aegean Hakan Guruney From Tenedos to Bozcaada Tale of a forgotten island In Tenedos Local History Research Centre No 5 Bozcaada 2012 ISBN 9789752310360 Haluk Sahin The Bozcaada Book A Personal historical and literary guide to the windy island also known as Tenedos Translated by Ayse Sahin Troya Publishing 2005 ISBN 975 92275 9 2 Papers presented to the II National Symposium on the Aegean Islands 2 3 July 2004 Gokceada Canakkale Ale3androy Dhmhtrhs 2002 Imbrioi Tenedioi OI ELLHNES POY 3EXASAME Erwdios ISBN 978 960 7942 37 1 External links editBozcaada government website Turkish Bozcaada Blog website Turkish Bozcaada Museum private Turkish Bozcaada slide show from New York Times Travel section nbsp Bozcaada travel guide from Wikivoyage Bozcaada Guide Une fin de semaine sur l ile de Bozcaada slide show Website Municipality of Bozcaada Turkish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tenedos amp oldid 1218950003, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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